1
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Huang Y, Wang J, Guo Y, Shen L, Li Y. Fibrinogen binding to activated platelets and its biomimetic thrombus-targeted thrombolytic strategies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133286. [PMID: 38908635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Thrombosis is associated with various fatal arteriovenous syndromes including ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism. However, current clinical thrombolytic treatment strategies still have many problems in targeting and safety to meet the thrombolytic therapy needs. Understanding the molecular mechanism that underlies thrombosis is critical in developing effective thrombolytic strategies. It is well known that platelets play a central role in thrombosis and the binding of fibrinogen to activated platelets is a common pathway in the process of clot formation. Based on this, a concept of biomimetic thrombus-targeted thrombolytic strategy inspired from fibrinogen binding to activated platelets in thrombosis was proposed, which could selectively bind to activated platelets at a thrombus site, thus enabling targeted delivery and local release of thrombolytic agents for effective thrombolysis. In this review, we first summarized the main characteristics of platelets and fibrinogen, and then introduced the classical molecular mechanisms of thrombosis, including platelet adhesion, platelet activation and platelet aggregation through the interactions of activated platelets with fibrinogen. In addition, we highlighted the recent advances in biomimetic thrombus-targeted thrombolytic strategies which inspired from fibrinogen binding to activated platelets in thrombosis. The possible future directions and perspectives in this emerging area are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
| | - Jiahua Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Lingyue Shen
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stoma-tology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, PR China.
| | - Yuehua Li
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
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2
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Ma Z, Elango J, Hao J, Wu W. Purification and Characterization of a Novel Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Marine Bacterium Bacillus sp. S-3685 Isolated from the South China Sea. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:267. [PMID: 38921578 PMCID: PMC11204972 DOI: 10.3390/md22060267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel fibrinolytic enzyme, BSFE1, was isolated from the marine bacterium Bacillus sp. S-3685 (GenBank No.: KJ023685) found in the South China Sea. This enzyme, with a molecular weight of approximately 42 kDa and a specific activity of 736.4 U/mg, exhibited its highest activity at 37 °C in a phosphate buffer at pH 8.0. The fibrinolytic enzyme remained stable over a pH range of 7.5 to 10.0 and retained about 76% of its activity after being incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. The Km and Vmax values of the enzyme at 37 °C were determined to be 2.1 μM and 49.0 μmol min-1 mg-1, respectively. The fibrinolytic activity of BSFE1 was enhanced by Na+, Ba2+, K+, Co2+, Mn2+, Al3+, and Cu2+, while it was inhibited by Fe3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, and Fe2+. These findings indicate that the fibrinolytic enzyme isolated in this study exhibits a strong affinity for fibrin. Moreover, the enzyme we have purified demonstrates thrombolytic enzymatic activity. These characteristics make BSFE1 a promising candidate for thrombolytic therapy. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study suggest that our work holds potential in the development of agents for thrombolytic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibin Ma
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Taizhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Taizhou 318020, China;
| | - Jeevithan Elango
- Department of Marine Biopharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
- Center of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, India
- Department of Biomaterials Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Marine Biopharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
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3
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Cheng S, Yuan L, Li-Gao R, Chen S, Li H, Du M. Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease: The Potential Role of Marine Bioactive Proteins and Peptides in Thrombosis Prevention. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6815-6832. [PMID: 38523314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Thrombus and cardiovascular diseases pose a significant health threat, and dietary interventions have shown promising potential in reducing the incidence of these diseases. Marine bioactive proteins and peptides have been extensively studied for their antithrombotic properties. They can inhibit platelet activation and aggregation by binding to key receptors on the platelet surface. Additionally, they can competitively anchor to critical enzyme sites, leading to the inhibition of coagulation factors. Marine microorganisms also offer alternative sources for the development of novel fibrinolytic proteins, which can help dissolve blood clots. The advancements in technologies, such as targeted hydrolysis, specific purification, and encapsulation, have provided a solid foundation for the industrialization of bioactive peptides. These techniques enable precise control over the production and delivery of bioactive peptides, enhancing their efficacy and safety. However, it is important to note that further research and clinical studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of marine bioactive proteins and peptides in mitigating thrombotic events. The challenges and future application perspectives of these bioactive peptides also need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Cheng
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Lushun Yuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Siru Chen
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Li
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Du
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
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4
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Hazare C, Bhagwat P, Singh S, Pillai S. Diverse origins of fibrinolytic enzymes: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26668. [PMID: 38434287 PMCID: PMC10907686 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes cleave fibrin which plays a crucial role in thrombus formation which otherwise leads to cardiovascular diseases. While different fibrinolytic enzymes have been purified, only a few have been utilized as clinical and therapeutic agents; hence, the search continues for a fibrinolytic enzyme with high specificity, fewer side effects, and one that can be mass-produced at a lower cost with a higher yield. In this context, this review discusses the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation and fibrinolysis, and current thrombolytic drugs in use. Additionally, an overview of the optimization, production, and purification of fibrinolytic enzymes and the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in optimization and the patents granted is provided. This review classifies microbial as well as non-microbial fibrinolytic enzymes isolated from food sources, including fermented foods and non-food sources, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Despite holding immense potential for the discovery of novel fibrinolytic enzymes, only a few fermented food sources limited to Asian countries have been studied, necessitating the research on fibrinolytic enzymes from fermented foods of other regions. This review will aid researchers in selecting optimal sources for screening fibrinolytic enzymes and is the first one to provide insights and draw a link between the implication of source selection and in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Hazare
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
| | - Prashant Bhagwat
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
| | - Suren Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
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Kumar V, Kumar R, Sharma S, Shah A, Chaturvedi CP, Verma D. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel thermo-acidophilic l-asparaginase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa CSPS4. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:54. [PMID: 38282912 PMCID: PMC10808081 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, a soil isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa CSPS4 was used for retrieving the l-asparaginase encoding gene (Asn_PA) of size 1089 bp. The gene was successfully cloned into the pET28a (+) vector and expressed into E. coli BL21(DE3) for characterization of the protein. The recombinant rAsn_PA enzyme was purified by affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA2+ resins. Molecular weight analysis using SDS-PAGE unveiled rAsn_PA as a monomeric protein of molecular weight ~ 35 kDa. On characterization, the recombinant rAsn_PA showed optimum pH and temperature of 6.0 and 60 °C, respectively, along with significant stability at 50-70 °C, along with 50% residual activity at 80 °C after 3 h of incubation. Similarly, the rAsn_PA exhibited asparaginase activity over a broad pH range between 4 and 8. The enzyme was not significantly inhibited in the presence of detergents. The rAsn_PA was grouped into the asparaginase-glutaminase family II due to the glutaminase activity. The purified rAsn_PA showed antitumor activity by exhibiting a cytotoxic effect on three different cell lines, where IC50 of purified rAsn_PA was 2.3 IU, 3.7 IU, and 20.5 IU for HL-60, MOLM-13, and K-562 cell lines, respectively. Thus, recombinant rAsn_PA of P. aeruginosa CSPS4 may also be explored as an antitumor agent after reducing or minimizing the glutaminase activity. Thermo-acidophilic properties of rAsn_PA make it a novel enzyme that needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025 India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities (Faculty of Technology), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shilpa Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities (Faculty of Technology), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Arunim Shah
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Chandra Prakash Chaturvedi
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Digvijay Verma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025 India
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6
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Jiang H, Shi R, Li X, Tang J, Min D. Insight into the thrombolytic ability of an extracellular fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GXU-1 isolated from Sipunculus nudus. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 213:106371. [PMID: 37709210 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial fibrinolytic enzymes have an important role in thrombolytic therapy due to their ability to dissolve fibrin. Therefore, purification, characterization and activity determination are of prime importance for bacterial fibrinolytic enzymes. In the current study, marine Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was first screened from Sipunculus nudus living in the Beibu Gulf of China and denoted as Guangxi University-1 (GXU-1). Then, an extracellular fibrinolytic enzyme (FEB-1) was purified from GXU-1 using ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. The specific activity of FEB-1 was determined to be as high as 6789.74 U/mg. The relative molecular weight of FEB-1 was measured as 30 kDa through SDS‒PAGE. The optimum in vitro fibrinolytic activity of FEB-1 was identified at 37 °C and pH = 8. Furthermore, the activity of FEB-1 can be well preserved at 20-45 °C and pH = 6.0 to 9.0. The combination analysis of SDS‒PAGE and the molecular docking calculation revealed that FEB-1 can cleave more Aα- and Bβ-chains of fibrinogen than γ-chain. It is noteworthy that FEB-1 is comparatively stable under human-body environmental conditions, indicating its potential application in thrombosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Jiang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ruiyuan Shi
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jiale Tang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Douyong Min
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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7
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Guo J, Shang X, Chen P, Huang X. How does carrageenan cause colitis? A review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120374. [PMID: 36604052 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carrageenan is a common additive, but mounting studies have reported that it may cause or aggravate inflammation in the intestines. The safety of carrageenan remains controversial and its inflammatory mechanisms are unclear. In this review, the pathogenesis of colitis by carrageenans was discussed. We analyzed the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, followed that line of thought, the existing evidence of carrageenans causing colitis in cellular and animal models was summarized to draw its colitis pathogenesis. Two pathways were described including: 1) carrageenan changed the composition of intestinal microbiota, especially Akkermansia muciniphila, which destroyed the mucosal barrier and triggered the inflammatory immune response; and 2) carrageenan directly contacted with receptors on epithelial cells and activated the NF-κB inflammatory pathway. This review aim to provide guidance for exploring the treatment of colitis caused by carrageenan, and safe processing and utilization of carrageenan in food industry, which is worthy of study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Guo
- College of Oceanology and Food Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China; College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Xuke Shang
- College of Oceanology and Food Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China; College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Peilin Chen
- College of Oceanology and Food Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Xiaozhou Huang
- College of Oceanology and Food Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
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8
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Salunke AS, Nile SH, Kharat AS. A comparative study on fibrinolytic enzymes extracted from six Bacillus spp. isolated from fruit-vegetable waste biomass. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Zhao L, Lin X, Fu J, Zhang J, Tang W, He Z. A Novel Bi-Functional Fibrinolytic Enzyme with Anticoagulant and Thrombolytic Activities from a Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus versicolor ZLH-1. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060356. [PMID: 35736159 PMCID: PMC9229710 DOI: 10.3390/md20060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes are important components in the treatment of thrombosis-associated disorders. A new bi-functional fibrinolytic enzyme, versiase, was identified from a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus versicolor ZLH-1. The enzyme was isolated from the fungal culture through precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 90% saturation. Additionally, it was further purified by DEAE-based ion-exchange chromatography, with a recovery of 20.4%. The fibrinolytic enzyme presented as one band on both SDS-PAGE and fibrin-zymogram, with a molecular mass of 37.3 kDa. It was elucidated as a member of metalloprotease in M35 family by proteomic approaches. The homology-modeling analysis revealed that versiase shares significant structural homology wuth the zinc metalloendopeptidase. The enzyme displayed maximum activity at 40 °C and pH 5.0. The activity of versiase was strongly inhibited by the metalloprotease inhibitors EDTA and BGTA. Furthermore, versiase hydrolyzed fibrin directly and indirectly via the activation of plasminogen, and it was able to hydrolyze the three chains (α, β, γ) of fibrin(ogen). Additionally, versiase demonstrated promising thrombolytic and anticoagulant activities, without many side-effects noticed. In conclusion, versiase appears to be a potent fibrinolytic enzyme deserving further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.Z.); (J.F.); (J.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Xiuping Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;
| | - Jingyun Fu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.Z.); (J.F.); (J.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.Z.); (J.F.); (J.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Wei Tang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.Z.); (J.F.); (J.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Zengguo He
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.Z.); (J.F.); (J.Z.); (W.T.)
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China
- Qingdao Bioantai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-186-1113-7588
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10
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Marine Microbial Fibrinolytic Enzymes: An Overview of Source, Production, Biochemical Properties and Thrombolytic Activity. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20010046. [PMID: 35049901 PMCID: PMC8779250 DOI: 10.3390/md20010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have emerged as a major threat to global health resulting in a decrease in life expectancy with respect to humans. Thrombosis is one of the foremost causes of CVDs, and it is characterized by the unwanted formation of fibrin clots. Recently, microbial fibrinolytic enzymes due to their specific features have gained much more attention than conventional thrombolytic agents for the treatment of thrombosis. Marine microorganisms including bacteria and microalgae have the significant ability to produce fibrinolytic enzymes with improved pharmacological properties and lesser side effects and, hence, are considered as prospective candidates for large scale production of these enzymes. There are no studies that have evaluated the fibrinolytic potential of marine fungal-derived enzymes. The current review presents an outline regarding isolation sources, production, features, and thrombolytic potential of fibrinolytic biocatalysts from marine microorganisms identified so far.
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Karami Z, Tamri H, Badoei-dalfard A. Immobilization of Protease KHB3 onto Magnetic Metal–Organic Frameworks and Investigation of Its Biotechnological Applications. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Diwan D, Usmani Z, Sharma M, Nelson JW, Thakur VK, Christie G, Molina G, Gupta VK. Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10468. [PMID: 34638809 PMCID: PMC8508633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme therapies are attracting significant attention as thrombolytic drugs during the current scenario owing to their great affinity, specificity, catalytic activity, and stability. Among various sources, the application of microbial-derived thrombolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes to prevent and treat vascular occlusion is promising due to their advantageous cost-benefit ratio and large-scale production. Thrombotic complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and peripheral occlusive diseases resulting from blood vessel blockage are the major cause of poor prognosis and mortality. Given the ability of microbial thrombolytic enzymes to dissolve blood clots and prevent any adverse effects, their use as a potential thrombolytic therapy has attracted great interest. A better understanding of the hemostasis and fibrinolytic system may aid in improving the efficacy and safety of this treatment approach over classical thrombolytic agents. Here, we concisely discuss the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation, thrombo-, and fibrinolysis, thrombolytic and fibrinolytic agents isolated from bacteria, fungi, and algae along with their mode of action and the potential application of microbial enzymes in thrombosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Diwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (D.D.); (J.W.N.)
| | - Zeba Usmani
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India; (Z.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India; (Z.U.); (M.S.)
| | - James W. Nelson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (D.D.); (J.W.N.)
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK;
| | - Gustavo Molina
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- Centre for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
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13
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Altaf F, Wu S, Kasim V. Role of Fibrinolytic Enzymes in Anti-Thrombosis Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:680397. [PMID: 34124160 PMCID: PMC8194080 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.680397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis, a major cause of deaths in this modern era responsible for 31% of all global deaths reported by WHO in 2017, is due to the aggregation of fibrin in blood vessels which leads to myocardial infarction or other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Classical agents such as anti-platelet, anti-coagulant drugs or other enzymes used for thrombosis treatment at present could leads to unwanted side effects including bleeding complication, hemorrhage and allergy. Furthermore, their high cost is a burden for patients, especially for those from low and middle-income countries. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop novel and low-cost drugs for thrombosis treatment. Fibrinolytic enzymes, including plasmin like proteins such as proteases, nattokinase, and lumbrokinase, as well as plasminogen activators such as urokinase plasminogen activator, and tissue-type plasminogen activator, could eliminate thrombi with high efficacy rate and do not have significant drawbacks by directly degrading the fibrin. Furthermore, they could be produced with high-yield and in a cost-effective manner from microorganisms as well as other sources. Hence, they have been considered as potential compounds for thrombosis therapy. Herein, we will discuss about natural mechanism of fibrinolysis and thrombus formation, the production of fibrinolytic enzymes from different sources and their application as drugs for thrombosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farwa Altaf
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shourong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Vivi Kasim
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Khankari S, Badoei-Dalfard A, Karami Z. Cross-linked Enzyme Aggregates of Fibrinolytic Protease BC1 Immobilized on Magnetic Chitosan Nanoparticles (CLEAs-Fib-mChi): Synthesis, Purification, and Characterization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2004-2027. [PMID: 33538961 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial fibrinolytic proteases achieved more attention in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, so purification, characterization, and activity enhancement are of prime importance. In this study, a fibrinolytic serine metalloprotease was purified from the culture supernatant from Bacillus sp. BC1. It was purified to homogeneity by a two-step procedure with a 24-fold increase in specific activity and a 33.1% yield. It showed 28 kDa molecular weight, while its optimal pH and temperature were obtained 8 and 50-60 °C. The cross-link enzyme aggregates of this fibrinolytic BC1 successfully immobilized on magnetic chitosan nanoparticles. A 52% activity enhancement was obtained by immobilized enzyme at pH 6.0, compared to free protease. Km values of the free and immobilized proteases were obtained about 0.638 and 0.61 mg/ml, respectively. The free and immobilized enzymes did not show any activity concerning transferrin, γ-globulins, and hemoglobin, as blood plasma proteins. The in vitro blood clot lysis test of the free and immobilized proteases showed a maximum of 42 and 50% clot lysis, which was comparatively higher than that revealed by streptokinase and heparin at the same condition. These results indicated that the free and immobilized proteases have the potential to be effective fibrinolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Khankari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arastoo Badoei-Dalfard
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Zahra Karami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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