1
|
Silva TAFDA, Silva PEDACE, Nascimento TP, Costa RMPB, Converti A, Porto ALF, Bezerra RP. Cost-effective fibrinolytic enzyme production by microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta using medium supplemented with corn steep liquor. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220552. [PMID: 37585969 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A fibrinolytic enzyme from the microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta was produced under mixotrophic conditions using different corn steep liquor (CSL) concentrations ( 0 ≤ CLS ≤ 0.75%), purified using a combination of salting out and ion-exchange chromatography, and then biochemical characterized. Cultivation of this microalga using 0.5% CSL led to the highest maximum cell concentration (1.960±0.010 mg L-1) and cell productivity (0.140g L-1 day-1), besides a high fibrinolytic activity of the extract obtained by the homogenization method (102 ±1 U mL-1). The enzyme extracted from the microalgal biomass was 5-fold purified with a 20% yield and was found to have a specific activity of 670 U mg-1. The enzyme, whose molecular weight determined by fibrin zymography was 10 kDa, was shown to be stable at pH 3.0-9.0 and up to 70°C with optimal pH and temperature values of 8.0 and 50°C, respectively. When compared to other fibrinolytic enzymes, this protease stood out for its high fibrinolytic activity, which was enhanced by Fe2+, inhibited by Zn2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, and strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, suggesting that it belongs to the serine metalloprotease family. Moreover, thanks to its thermal stability, the enzyme may be easily preserved and activated under high-temperature conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Túlio A F DA Silva
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco-UFRPE, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Ave., s/n, Dois irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Páblo E DA C E Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Prof. Moraes Ave., s/n, Várzea, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Nascimento
- Federal University of Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Br 135, Km 3, Planalto Horizonte, 64900-000 Bom Jesus, PI, Brazil
| | - Romero M P B Costa
- University of Pernambuco-UPE, Institute of Biological Sciences, 310, Arnóbio Marquês St., Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Attilio Converti
- University of Genoa, Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pole of Chemical Engineering, via Opera Pia 15, 16145, 50100-130 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ana Lúcia F Porto
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco-UFRPE, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Ave., s/n, Dois irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Prof. Moraes Ave., s/n, Várzea, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Raquel P Bezerra
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco-UFRPE, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Ave., s/n, Dois irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Zeng Y, Yang J, Chen P, Sun Y, Wang M, Ma Y. A bioflocculant from Corynebacterium glutamicum and its application in acid mine wastewater treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1136473. [PMID: 36926688 PMCID: PMC10011464 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1136473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many microorganisms have been found to produce bioflocculants, and bioflocculants have been considered as attractive alternatives to chemical flocculants in wastewater treatment, there are few reports on bioflocculants from the safe strain C. glutamicum, and the application of bioflocculants in acid wastewater treatment is also rare attributed to the high content of metal ions and high acidity of the water. In this study, a novel bioflocculant produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum Cg1-P30 was investigated. An optimal production of this bioflocculant with a yield of 0.52 g/L was achieved by Box-Behnken design, using 12.20 g/L glucose, 4.00 g/L corn steep liquor and 3.60 g/L urea as carbon and nitrogen source. The structural characterization revealed that the bioflocculant was mainly composed of 37.50% neutral sugar, 10.03% uronic acid, 6.32% aminosugar and 16.51% protein. Carboxyl, amine and hydroxyl groups were the functional groups in flocculation. The biofocculant was thermally stable and dependent on metal ions and acidic pH, showing a good flocculating activity of 91.92% at the dosage of 25 mg/L by aid of 1.0 mM Fe3+ at pH 2.0. Due to these unique properties, the bioflocculant could efficiently remove metal ions such as Fe, Al, Zn, and Pb from the real acid mine wastewater sample without pH adjustment, and meanwhile made the acid mine wastewater solution become clear with an increased neutral pH. These findings suggested the great potential application of the non-toxic bioflocculant from C. glutamicum Cg1-P30 in acid mine wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinlu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiangang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Salunke AS, Nile SH, Kharat AS. A comparative study on fibrinolytic enzymes extracted from six Bacillus spp. isolated from fruit-vegetable waste biomass. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
4
|
Vaitkevicius-Antão V, Moreira-Silva J, Reino IBDSM, de Melo MGN, da Silva-Júnior JN, de Andrade AF, de Araújo PSR, Bezerra RP, Marques DDAV, Ferreira S, Pessoa-e-Silva R, de Lorena VMB, de Paiva-Cavalcanti M. Therapeutic Potential of Photosynthetic Microorganisms for Visceral Leishmaniasis: An Immunological Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891495. [PMID: 35844611 PMCID: PMC9280147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic strategies for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been studied, and the development of an immunotherapeutic agent that modulates the host’s immune response is necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the bioactive extracts of photosynthetic microorganisms (PMs) for their leishmanicidal/leishmanistatic and immunomodulatory potentials. Bioactive extracts from PMs (Arthrospira platensis and Dunaliella tertiolecta) were obtained by sonication. Reference drugs, miltefosine (MTF) and N-methylglucamine antimoniate (SbV), were also evaluated. The selectivity index (SI) of treatments was determined by assays of inhibitory concentration (IC50) in Leishmania infantum cells and cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by the MTT method. The immune response was evaluated in healthy human cells by the production of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) and the gene expression of Tbx21, GATA3, RORc, and FOXP3, using four concentrations (CC50, ½ CC50, ¼ CC50, and IC50) for in-vitro stimulation. Based on the data obtained, we observed that the extracts of D. tertiolecta (SI = 4.7) and A. platensis (SI = 3.8) presented better results when compared to SbV (SI = 2.1). When analyzing the immune response results, we identified that the extracts of PMs stimulated the production of cytokines of the Th1 profile more than the reference drugs. The extracts also demonstrated the ability to stimulate NO synthesis. Regarding gene expression, in all concentrations of A. platensis extracts, we found a balance between the Th1/Th2 profile, with the average expression of the Tbx21 gene more than the GATA3 in the highest concentration (CC50). Regarding the extract of D. tertiolecta, we can observe that, in the lowest concentrations, a balance between all the genes was present, with the average expression of the GATA3 gene being lower than the others. The best result was found in the ½ CC50 concentration, stimulating a balanced positive expression between the Th1×Th17×Treg profiles, with a negative expression of GATA3. Thus, PM extracts showed promising results, presenting low toxicity, leishmanicidal/leishmanistatic activity, and induction of the immune response, which could be potential therapeutic candidates for VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jady Moreira-Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Silvana Ferreira
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milena de Paiva-Cavalcanti
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Milena de Paiva-Cavalcanti,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Acosta GA, Fonseca MI, Fariña JI, Zapata PD. Exploring Agaricomycetes from the Paranaense rainforest (Misiones, Argentina) as an unconventional source of fibrinolytic enzymes. Mycologia 2022; 114:242-253. [PMID: 35394849 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2035148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungal fibrinolytic enzymes, secreted by some Agaricomycetes, are recognized as important thrombolytic agents due to their ability to rapidly dissolve thromboembolic clots. The present work evaluated fibrinolytic and proteolytic secretion abilities of 35 Agaricomycetes isolates from the Paranaense rainforest (Misiones, Argentina). We detected proteolytic activity in 40% of the strains while nine strains showed fibrinolytic activity. Schizophyllum commune LBM 026, Schizophyllum commune LBM 223, and Hornodermoporus martius LBM 224 exhibited the highest levels of fibrinolytic activity. Fibrin zymography from S. commune LBM 026 and LBM 223 showed an enzyme of 27.5 kDa, while H. martius LBM 224 presented an enzyme of 29 kDa. The evaluation of the enzymatic stability of culture supernatant of these strains revealed that the fibrinolytic activity was highly stable over a wide temperature and pH range. Long-term stability of fibrinolytic activity at physiological conditions evidenced that the strains had a half-life of at least 72 h. Fibrinolytic enzymes produced by S. commune LBM 026 and LBM 223 were inhibited in the presence of EDTA indicating that they are metalloproteases. This work reveals the potential of S. commune LBM 026, S. commune LBM 223, and H. martius LBM 224 as an unconventional source of thrombolytic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alejandra Acosta
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones "Dra. María Ebe Reca" (InBioMis), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Misiones 3300, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones "Dra. María Ebe Reca" (InBioMis), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Misiones 3300, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Julia Inés Fariña
- Laboratorio de Micodiversidad y Micoprospección, Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (PROIMI-CONICET), S.M. Tucumán, Tucumán 4001, Argentina
| | - Pedro Darío Zapata
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones "Dra. María Ebe Reca" (InBioMis), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Misiones 3300, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou K, Yu J, Ma Y, Cai L, Zheng L, Gong W, Liu QA. Corn Steep Liquor: Green Biological Resources for Bioindustry. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:3280-3295. [PMID: 35349086 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Corn steep liquor (CSL) is a by-product of the wet milling process and contains mostly crude proteins, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, reducing sugars, organic acids, enzymes and other nutrients. The concentration of organic matter in the CSL is high and the yield is large. If directly discharged into the integrated wastewater treatment system, the load and cost of wastewater treatment will be greatly increased. On the other hand, most of the organic matter in the CSL is a valuable resource that can be reused and recovered, and has a significant resource potential. How to develop and utilize CSL has become a major problem faced by enterprises and society. In recent years, people have done a lot of research on the comprehensive utilization of CSL. CSL is commonly used as an inexpensive source of nitrogen, carbon or vitamins in the production of glutamate, antibiotics, lactic acid and other biotechnologies. This article reviews the active ingredients of CSL and their analytical methods, as well as its use for microbial culture medium, low-cost animal feed, biosurfactant, and biostimulant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kemeng Zhou
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensors, 250103, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yu
- Shandong Agricultural University Fertilizer Science & Technology Co. Ltd, Tai'an, 27100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohong Ma
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensors, 250103, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Cai
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensors, 250103, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensors, 250103, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weili Gong
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensors, 250103, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Ai Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensors, 250103, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marine Microbial Fibrinolytic Enzymes: An Overview of Source, Production, Biochemical Properties and Thrombolytic Activity. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20010046. [PMID: 35049901 PMCID: PMC8779250 DOI: 10.3390/md20010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have emerged as a major threat to global health resulting in a decrease in life expectancy with respect to humans. Thrombosis is one of the foremost causes of CVDs, and it is characterized by the unwanted formation of fibrin clots. Recently, microbial fibrinolytic enzymes due to their specific features have gained much more attention than conventional thrombolytic agents for the treatment of thrombosis. Marine microorganisms including bacteria and microalgae have the significant ability to produce fibrinolytic enzymes with improved pharmacological properties and lesser side effects and, hence, are considered as prospective candidates for large scale production of these enzymes. There are no studies that have evaluated the fibrinolytic potential of marine fungal-derived enzymes. The current review presents an outline regarding isolation sources, production, features, and thrombolytic potential of fibrinolytic biocatalysts from marine microorganisms identified so far.
Collapse
|
8
|
Diwan D, Usmani Z, Sharma M, Nelson JW, Thakur VK, Christie G, Molina G, Gupta VK. Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10468. [PMID: 34638809 PMCID: PMC8508633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme therapies are attracting significant attention as thrombolytic drugs during the current scenario owing to their great affinity, specificity, catalytic activity, and stability. Among various sources, the application of microbial-derived thrombolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes to prevent and treat vascular occlusion is promising due to their advantageous cost-benefit ratio and large-scale production. Thrombotic complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and peripheral occlusive diseases resulting from blood vessel blockage are the major cause of poor prognosis and mortality. Given the ability of microbial thrombolytic enzymes to dissolve blood clots and prevent any adverse effects, their use as a potential thrombolytic therapy has attracted great interest. A better understanding of the hemostasis and fibrinolytic system may aid in improving the efficacy and safety of this treatment approach over classical thrombolytic agents. Here, we concisely discuss the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation, thrombo-, and fibrinolysis, thrombolytic and fibrinolytic agents isolated from bacteria, fungi, and algae along with their mode of action and the potential application of microbial enzymes in thrombosis therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Diwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (D.D.); (J.W.N.)
| | - Zeba Usmani
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India; (Z.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India; (Z.U.); (M.S.)
| | - James W. Nelson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (D.D.); (J.W.N.)
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK;
| | - Gustavo Molina
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- Centre for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lim HR, Khoo KS, Chew KW, Chang CK, Munawaroh HSH, Kumar PS, Huy ND, Show PL. Perspective of Spirulina culture with wastewater into a sustainable circular bioeconomy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117492. [PMID: 34261213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spirulina biomass accounts for 30% of the total algae biomass production globally. In conventional process of Spirulina biomass production, cultivation using chemical-based culture medium contributes 35% of the total production cost. Moreover, the environmental impact of cultivation stage is the highest among all the production stages which resulted from the extensive usage of chemicals and nutrients. Thus, various types of culture medium such as chemical-based, modified, and alternative culture medium with highlights on wastewater medium is reviewed on the recent advances of culture media for Spirulina cultivation. Further study is needed in modifying or exploring alternative culture media utilising waste, wastewater, or by-products from industrial processes to ensure the sustainability of environment and nutrients source for cultivation in the long term. Moreover, the current development of utilising wastewater medium only support the growth of Spirulina however it cannot eliminate the negative impacts of wastewater. In fact, the recent developments in coupling with wastewater treatment technology can eradicate the negative impacts of wastewater while supporting the growth of Spirulina. The application of Spirulina cultivation in wastewater able to resolve the global environmental pollution issues, produce value added product and even generate green electricity. This would benefit the society, business, and environment in achieving a sustainable circular bioeconomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Ren Lim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chih-Kai Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, No. 135, Yuan-Tung Road, Chungli, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan.
| | - Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi 229, Bandung, 40154, Indonesia.
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai-603110, India.
| | - Nguyen Duc Huy
- Institute of Biotechnology, Hue University, Hue, 49000, Viet Nam.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Altaf F, Wu S, Kasim V. Role of Fibrinolytic Enzymes in Anti-Thrombosis Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:680397. [PMID: 34124160 PMCID: PMC8194080 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.680397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis, a major cause of deaths in this modern era responsible for 31% of all global deaths reported by WHO in 2017, is due to the aggregation of fibrin in blood vessels which leads to myocardial infarction or other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Classical agents such as anti-platelet, anti-coagulant drugs or other enzymes used for thrombosis treatment at present could leads to unwanted side effects including bleeding complication, hemorrhage and allergy. Furthermore, their high cost is a burden for patients, especially for those from low and middle-income countries. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop novel and low-cost drugs for thrombosis treatment. Fibrinolytic enzymes, including plasmin like proteins such as proteases, nattokinase, and lumbrokinase, as well as plasminogen activators such as urokinase plasminogen activator, and tissue-type plasminogen activator, could eliminate thrombi with high efficacy rate and do not have significant drawbacks by directly degrading the fibrin. Furthermore, they could be produced with high-yield and in a cost-effective manner from microorganisms as well as other sources. Hence, they have been considered as potential compounds for thrombosis therapy. Herein, we will discuss about natural mechanism of fibrinolysis and thrombus formation, the production of fibrinolytic enzymes from different sources and their application as drugs for thrombosis therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farwa Altaf
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shourong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Vivi Kasim
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu M, Gao Z, Xing S, Long J, Li C, He L, Wang X. Purification, characterization, and chemical modification of Bacillus velezensis SN-14 fibrinolytic enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:601-609. [PMID: 33636270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fermented bean foods are a crucial source of fibrinolytic enzymes. The presented study aimed to purify, characterize, and chemically modify Bacillus velezensis SN-14 fibrinolytic enzyme. The fibrinolytic enzyme was purified using CTAB/isooctane/hexyl alcohol/n-butyl alcohol reverse micellar system, and the purified enzyme was chemically modified to improve its enzymatic activity and stability. Enzyme activity recovery and the purification fold for this enzyme were 44.5 ± 1.9% and 4.93 ± 0.05 fold, respectively. SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of the purified fibrinolytic enzyme was around 28 kDa. Besides, the optimum temperature and pH of the purified fibrinolytic enzyme were 37 °C and 8-9, respectively. Fe2+, mPEG5000, and pepsin were used for chemical modification and for improving the activity and stability of the purified enzyme. Thermal and acid-base stability of chemically modified enzymes increased significantly, whereas enzymatic activity increased by 7.3 times. After 30 d of frozen storage, the modified enzyme's activity was remarkably lower (33.2%) than the unmodified enzyme (60.6%). The current study on B. velezensis SN-14 fibrinolytic enzyme and chemical modification method using Fe2+, mPEG5000, and pepsin provide a reference for developing fibrinolytic drugs and foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Zexin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Shuqi Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Jia Long
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Cuiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Laping He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| |
Collapse
|