1
|
Yang X, Yang M, Ye P, Li H, Li Z, Zeng S, Wang Y. Characterization of dicaffeoylspermidine derivatives related glucosyltransferases during fruit development of goji berry. Food Chem 2024; 442:138432. [PMID: 38241991 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The fruit of Lycium barbarum (Lb), known as red goji berry, is a "superfruit" due to its abundance of bioactive compounds. Among these compounds, dicaffeoylspermidine derivatives (DCSPDs) have anti-oxidant and anti-Alzheimer's Disease activity. This study employed ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to investigate metabolic changes during the development and ripening stages of red goji berries. Totally 97 compounds, including 51 DCSPDs, were tentatively identified. Correlation analysis of these DCSPDs revealed that glycosyltransferases (GTs) play an important role in the formation of glycosylated DCSPDs. In vitro experiments characterized 3 novel GTs could add a glucosyl moiety to N1-caffeoyl-N10-dihydrocaffeoyl spermidine. Homologous GTs from L. ruthenicum (Lr) exhibited similar activity, despite the absence of abundant glycosylated DCSPDs in Lr. These findings provide insights into the metabolic changes and interconnections among active compounds in red goji berries. The identified GTs hold potential for metabolic engineering of DCSPDs and functional food development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Meizhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Peng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Hanxiang Li
- Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Zhongxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Shaohua Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; GNNU-SCBG Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; GNNU-SCBG Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gharabli H, Welner DH. The sugar donor specificity of plant family 1 glycosyltransferases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1396268. [PMID: 38756413 PMCID: PMC11096472 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1396268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant family 1 glycosyltransferases (UGTs) represent a formidable tool to produce valuable natural and novel glycosides. Their regio- and stereo-specific one-step glycosylation mechanism along with their inherent wide acceptor scope are desirable traits in biotechnology. However, their donor scope and specificity are not well understood. Since different sugars have different properties in vivo and in vitro, the ability to easily glycodiversify target acceptors is desired, and this depends on our improved understanding of the donor binding site. In the aim to unlock the full potential of UGTs, studies have attempted to elucidate the structure-function relationship governing their donor specificity. These efforts have revealed a complex phenomenon, and general principles valid for multiple enzymes are elusive. Here, we review the studies of UGT donor specificity, and attempt to group the information into key concepts which can help shape future research. We zoom in on the family-defining PSPG motif, on two loop residues reported to interact with the C6 position of the sugar, and on the role of active site arginines in donor specificity. We continue to discuss attempts to alter and expand the donor specificity by enzyme engineering, and finally discuss future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ditte Hededam Welner
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ohashi H, Koma D, Yamanaka H, Ohmoto T. Enzymatic properties of UDP-glycosyltransferase 89B1 from radish and modulation of enzyme catalytic activity via loop region mutation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299755. [PMID: 38416725 PMCID: PMC10901349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs), crucial enzymes in plants, alter natural substances through glycosylation, a process with extensive applications in pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. This study narrows its focus to GT family 1, specifically UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), which are known for glycosylating small phenolic compounds, especially hydroxybenzoates. We delve into the workings of Raphanus sativus glucosyltransferase (Rs89B1), a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana UGT89B1, and its mutant to explore their glycosyltransferase activities toward hydroxybenzoates. Our findings reveal that Rs89B1 glycosylates primarily the para-position of mono-, di-, trihydroxy benzoic acids, and its substrate affinity is swayed by the presence and position of the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring of hydroxybenzoate. Moreover, mutations in the loop region of Rs89B1 impact both substrate affinity and catalytic activity. The study demonstrates that insertional/deletional mutations in non-conserved regions, which are distant from the UGT's recognition site, can have an effect on the UGT's substrate recognition site, which in turn affects acceptor substrate selectivity and glycosyltransferase activity. This research uncovers new insights suggesting that mutations in the loop region could potentially fine-tune enzyme properties and enhance its catalytic activity. These findings not only have significant implications for enzyme engineering in biotechnological applications but also contribute to a more profound understanding of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ohashi
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koma
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hayato Yamanaka
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohmoto
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka-City, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Du NH, Xiong RL, Zhu TT, Liu XY, Zhang JZ, Fu J, Wang HL, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Efficient Production of Flavonoid Glucuronides in Escherichia coli Using Flavonoid O-Glucuronosyltransferases Characterized from Marchantia polymorpha. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:228-237. [PMID: 38266493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
As a model liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha contains various flavone glucuronides with cardiovascular-promoting effects and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the related glucuronosyltransferases have not yet been reported. In this study, two bifunctional UDP-glucuronic acid/UDP-glucose:flavonoid glucuronosyltransferases/glucosyltransferases, MpUGT742A1 and MpUGT736B1, were identified from M. polymorpha. Extensive enzymatic assays found that MpUGT742A1 and MpUGT736B1 exhibited efficient glucuronidation activity for flavones, flavonols, and flavanones and showed promiscuous regioselectivity at positions 3, 6, 7, 3', and 4'. These enzymes catalyzed the production of a variety of flavonoid glucuronides with medicinal value, including apigenin-7-O-glucuronide and scutellarein-7-O-glucuronide. With the use of MpUGT736B1, apigenin-4'-O-glucuronide and apigenin-7,4'-di-O-glucuronide were prepared by scaled-up enzymatic catalysis and structurally identified by NMR spectroscopy. MpUGT742A1 also displayed glucosyltransferase activity on the 7-OH position of the flavanones using UDP-glucose as the sugar donor. Furthermore, we constructed four recombinant strains by combining the pathway for increasing the UDP-glucuronic acid supply with the two novel UGTs MpUGT742A1 and MpUGT736B1. When apigenin was used as a substrate, the extracellular apigenin-4'-O-glucuronide and apigenin-7,4'-di-O-glucuronide production obtained from the Escherichia coli strain BB2 reached 598 and 81 mg/L, respectively. Our study provides new candidate genes and strategies for the biosynthesis of flavonoid glucuronides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Hong Du
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Rui-Lin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xin-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jiao-Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ali MY, Liaqat F, Khazi MI, Sethupathy S, Zhu D. Utilization of glycosyltransferases as a seamless tool for synthesis and modification of the oligosaccharides-A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125916. [PMID: 37527764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) catalyze the transfer of active monosaccharide donors to carbohydrates to create a wide range of oligosaccharide structures. GTs display strong regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in producing glycosidic bonds, making them extremely valuable in the in vitro synthesis of oligosaccharides. The synthesis of oligosaccharides by GTs often gives high yields; however, the enzyme activity may experience product inhibition. Additionally, the higher cost of nucleotide sugars limits the usage of GTs for oligosaccharide synthesis. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the structure and mechanism of GTs based on recent literature and the CAZY website data. To provide innovative ideas for the functional studies of GTs, we summarized several remarkable characteristics of GTs, including folding, substrate specificity, regioselectivity, donor sugar nucleotides, catalytic reversibility, and differences between GTs and GHs. In particular, we highlighted the recent advancements in multi-enzyme cascade reactions and co-immobilization of GTs, focusing on overcoming problems with product inhibition and cost issues. Finally, we presented various types of GT that have been successfully used for oligosaccharide synthesis. We concluded that there is still an opportunity for improvement in enzymatically produced oligosaccharide yield, and future research should focus on improving the yield and reducing the production cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Yassin Ali
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Fakhra Liaqat
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mahammed Ilyas Khazi
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Sivasamy Sethupathy
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Clayton-Cuch D, McDougal D, Schwerdt JG, Yu L, Shirley N, Bradley D, Bruning JB, Böttcher C, Bulone V. Identification and characterisation of MdUGT78T2 as a galactosyltransferase with dual activity on flavonol and anthocyanidin substrates in red-skinned apple fruit (Malus domestica L.). Food Chem 2023; 424:136388. [PMID: 37220682 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanidin and flavonol glycosides have been linked to the health-promoting effects associated with apple consumption. However, very few enzymes involved in flavonoid glycosylation have been characterised to date. Here, we present the identification and phylogenetic analysis of 234 putative glycosyltransferases involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, and detail the biochemical and structural characterisation of MdUGT78T2 as a strict galactosyltransferase involved in the formation of quercetin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, the major glycoconjugates of flavonoids in apple. The enzyme is also active on other flavonoids but with a lower catalytic efficiency. Our data, complemented with gene expression analysis suggest that MdUGT78T2 synthesises the glycoconjugates at both the early and late stages of fruit development. This newly discovered type of catalytic activity can potentially be exploited for in vitro modification of flavonoids to increase their stability in food products and to modify apple fruits and other commercial crops through breeding approaches to enhance their health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Clayton-Cuch
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia; CSIRO, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Daniel McDougal
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Julian G Schwerdt
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Long Yu
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Neil Shirley
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - David Bradley
- Agilent Technologies Australia Pty Ltd, Mulgrave, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John B Bruning
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | | | - Vincent Bulone
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia; Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tao Y, Xu J, Shao J, He X, Cai R, Chen K, Li Y, Jia H. Three Glycosyltransferase Mutants in a One-Pot Multi-enzyme System with Enhanced Efficiency for Biosynthesis of Quercetin-3,4'- O-diglucoside. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6662-6672. [PMID: 37079496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside (Q3,4'G), among the major dietary flavonoids, is superior to quercetin aglycone or quercetin monoglucoside in solubility. However, its low content in nature makes it hard to be prepared in large quantities by traditional extraction methods. In the present study, the F378S mutant of UGT78D2 (78D2_F378S) derived from Arabidopsis thaliana with improved regioselectivity and the V371A mutant of UGT73G1 (73G1_V371A) derived from Allium cepa were adopted to realize a two-step continuous glycosylation of quercetin to produce Q3,4'G. The mutation S31D was introduced to the sucrose synthase from Micractinium conductrix with enhanced activity, which was responsible for regenerating UDP-glucose by coupling with 78D2_F378S and 73G1_V371A. Using the aforementioned enzymes, prepared from the three-enzyme co-expression strain, 4.4 ± 0.03 g/L (7.0 ± 0.05 mM, yield 21.2%) Q3,4'G was produced from 10 g/L quercetin after reaction for 24 h at 45 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Tao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Junlan Shao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaoying He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ruxin Cai
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Honghua Jia
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ren J, Barton CD, Zhan J. Engineered production of bioactive polyphenolic O-glycosides. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108146. [PMID: 37028465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds (such as quercetin and resveratrol) possess potential medicinal values due to their various bioactivities, but poor water solubility hinders their health benefits to humankind. Glycosylation is a well-known post-modification method to biosynthesize natural product glycosides with improved hydrophilicity. Glycosylation has profound effects on decreasing toxicity, increasing bioavailability and stability, together with changing bioactivity of polyphenolic compounds. Therefore, polyphenolic glycosides can be used as food additives, therapeutics, and nutraceuticals. Engineered biosynthesis provides an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach to generate polyphenolic glycosides through the use of various glycosyltransferases (GTs) and sugar biosynthetic enzymes. GTs transfer the sugar moieties from nucleotide-activated diphosphate sugar (NDP-sugar) donors to sugar acceptors such as polyphenolic compounds. In this review, we systematically review and summarize the representative polyphenolic O-glycosides with various bioactivities and their engineered biosynthesis in microbes with different biotechnological strategies. We also review the major routes towards NDP-sugar formation in microbes, which is significant for producing unusual or novel glycosides. Finally, we discuss the trends in NDP-sugar based glycosylation research to promote the development of prodrugs that positively impact human health and wellness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA
| | - Caleb Don Barton
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
UDP-Glycosyltransferases in Edible Fungi: Function, Structure, and Catalytic Mechanism. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are the most studied glycosyltransferases, and belong to large GT1 family performing the key roles in antibiotic synthesis, the development of bacterial glycosyltransferase inhibitors, and in animal inflammation. They transfer the glycosyl groups from nucleotide UDP-sugars (UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UDP-xylose, and UDP-rhamnose) to the acceptors including saccharides, proteins, lipids, and secondary metabolites. The present review summarized the recent of UDP-glycosyltransferases, including their structures, functions, and catalytic mechanism, especially in edible fungi. The future perspectives and new challenges were also summarized to understand of their structure–function relationships in the future. The outputs in this field could provide a reference to recognize function, structure, and catalytic mechanism of UDP-glycosyltransferases for understanding the biosynthesis pathways of secondary metabolites, such as hydrocarbons, monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, and polysaccharides in edible fungi.
Collapse
|
10
|
Luo Y, Jiang Y, Chen L, Li C, Wang Y. Applications of protein engineering in the microbial synthesis of plant triterpenoids. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 8:20-32. [PMID: 36381964 PMCID: PMC9634032 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are a class of natural products widely used in fields related to medicine and health due to their biological activities such as hepatoprotection, anti-inflammation, anti-viral, and anti-tumor. With the advancement in biotechnology, microorganisms have been used as cell factories to produce diverse natural products. Despite the significant progress that has been made in the construction of microbial cell factories for the heterogeneous biosynthesis of triterpenoids, the industrial production of triterpenoids employing microorganisms has been stymied due to the shortage of efficient enzymes as well as the low expression and low catalytic activity of heterologous proteins in microbes. Protein engineering has been demonstrated as an effective way for improving the specificity, catalytic activity, and stability of the enzyme, which can be employed to overcome these challenges. This review summarizes the current progress in the studies of Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), cytochrome P450s (P450s), and UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), the key enzymes in the triterpenoids synthetic pathway. The main obstacles restricting the efficient catalysis of these key enzymes are analyzed, the applications of protein engineering for the three key enzymes in the microbial synthesis of triterpenoids are systematically reviewed, and the challenges and prospects of protein engineering are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaozhu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Linhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li Y, Kong F, Liu Z, Peng L, Shu Q. PhUGT78A22, a novel glycosyltransferase in Paeonia 'He Xie', can catalyze the transfer of glucose to glucosylated anthocyanins during petal blotch formation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:405. [PMID: 35982415 PMCID: PMC9386992 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flower color patterns play an important role in the evolution and subsequent diversification of flowers by attracting animal pollinators. This interaction can drive the diversity observed in angiosperms today in many plant families such as Liliaceae, Paeoniaceae, and Orchidaceae, and increased their ornamental values. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the differential distribution of anthocyanins within petals remains unclear in Paeonia. RESULTS In this study, we used an intersectional hybrid between the section Moutan and Paeonia, hereafter named Paeonia 'He Xie', which has purple flowers with dark purple blotches. After Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) analysis of blotched and non-blotched parts of petals, we found the anthocyanin content in the blotched part was always higher than that in the non-blotched part. Four kinds of anthocyanins, namely cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G), cyanidin-3,5-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), and peonidin-3,5-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G) were detected in the blotched parts, while only Cy3G5G and Pn3G5G were detected in the non-blotched parts. This suggests that glucosyltransferases may play a vital role in the four kinds of glucosylated anthocyanins in the blotched parts. Moreover, 2433 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from transcriptome analysis of blotched and non-blotched parts, and a key UDP-glycosyltransferase named PhUGT78A22 was identified, which could use Cy3G and Pn3G as substrates to produce Cy3G5G and Pn3G5G, respectively, in vitro. Furthermore, silencing of PhUGT78A22 reduced the content of anthocyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside in P. 'He Xie'. CONCLUSIONS A UDP-glycosyltransferase, PhUGT78A22, was identified in P. 'He Xie', and the molecular mechanism underlying differential distribution of anthocyanins within petals was elucidated. This study provides new insights on the biosynthesis of different kinds of anthocyanins within colorful petals, and helps to explain petal blotch formation, which will facilitate the cultivar breeding with respect to increasing ornamental value. Additionally, it provides a reference for understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for precise regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis and distribution patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Fan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zheng'an Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Liping Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Qingyan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dimunová D, Matoušková P, Podlipná R, Boušová I, Skálová L. The role of UDP-glycosyltransferases in xenobiotic-resistance. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:282-298. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2083632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dimunová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Podlipná
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Praha 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Boušová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
UGT72, a Major Glycosyltransferase Family for Flavonoid and Monolignol Homeostasis in Plants. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030441. [PMID: 35336815 PMCID: PMC8945231 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Phenylpropanoids are specialized metabolites playing crucial roles in plant developmental processes and in plant defense towards pathogens. The attachment of sugar moieties to these small hydrophobic molecules renders them more hydrophilic and increases their solubility. The UDP-glycosyltransferase 72 family (UGT72) of plants has been shown to glycosylate mainly two classes of phenylpropanoids, (i) the monolignols that are the building blocks of lignin, the second most abundant polymer after cellulose, and (ii) the flavonoids, which play determinant roles in plant interactions with other organisms and in response to stress. The purpose of this review is to bring an overview of the current knowledge of the UGT72 family and to highlight its role in the homeostasis of these molecules. Potential applications in pharmacology and in wood, paper pulp, and bioethanol production are given within the perspectives. Abstract Plants have developed the capacity to produce a diversified range of specialized metabolites. The glycosylation of those metabolites potentially decreases their toxicity while increasing their stability and their solubility, modifying their transport and their storage. The UGT, forming the largest glycosyltransferase superfamily in plants, combine enzymes that glycosylate mainly hormones and phenylpropanoids by using UDP-sugar as a sugar donor. Particularly, members of the UGT72 family have been shown to glycosylate the monolignols and the flavonoids, thereby being involved in their homeostasis. First, we explore primitive UGTs in algae and liverworts that are related to the angiosperm UGT72 family and their role in flavonoid homeostasis. Second, we describe the role of several UGT72s glycosylating monolignols, some of which have been associated with lignification. In addition, the role of other UGT72 members that glycosylate flavonoids and are involved in the development and/or stress response is depicted. Finally, the importance to explore the subcellular localization of UGTs to study their roles in planta is discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang LJ, Wang DG, Zhang P, Wu C, Li YZ. Promiscuity Characteristics of Versatile Plant Glycosyltransferases for Natural Product Glycodiversification. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:812-819. [PMID: 35076210 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycodiversification can optimize the properties of pharmaceutical compounds, and versatile glycosyltransferases (GTs) are the key enzymatic toolkits to achieve this goal. Plant GTs in the GT1 family (GT1-pGTs) have attracted much attention due to their promising substrate promiscuity, but previous investigations on GT1-pGTs were mainly conducted sporadically and without systematic phylogenetic comparisons. In this study, we exemplified the phylogeny-guided characterization of highly promiscuous GT1-pGTs from the contemporary surge of genomic information. All the available GT1-pGT sequences in the database were analyzed to explore the relationships between the substrate promiscuity and the phylogeny of GT1-pGTs. This systematic phylogenetic analysis directed us to choose 29 anonymous GT sequences from different evolutionary branches to probe their substrate promiscuity toward 10 aromatic compounds differing in chemical scaffolds. We found that promiscuous plant GTs (PPGTs) active toward ≥3 substrates were widely distributed in different clades but particularly enriched in the one containing the known promiscuous enzyme GuGT10. Ten highly promiscuous plant GTs were found to tolerate a wide spectrum (≥8) of substrates and inclusively catalyze the formation of O-, N-, and S-glycosidic bonds. The promiscuity of these 10 PPGTs was further tested using 15 sugar donors. Finally, we characterized FiGT2 that simultaneously exhibited pronounced promiscuity in terms of both the sugar acceptor and sugar donor. All in all, this study paves the way to unearth many more PPGTs and thus strengthen the enzymatic toolkit for the sustainable production of valuable glycosides through a synthetic biological approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - De-Gao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang W, He Y, Jiang R, Deng Z, Long F. Functional and Structural Dissection of a Plant Steroid 3-O-Glycosyltransferase Facilitated the Engineering Enhancement of Sugar Donor Promiscuity. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yue He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Renwang Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Feng Long
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A thermostable glycosyltransferase from Paenibacillus polymyxa NJPI29: recombinant expression, characterization, and application in synthesis of glycosides. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:314. [PMID: 34109099 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a prominent biological mechanism, affecting the structural and functional diversity of many natural products. In this study, a novel thermostable uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferase gene PpGT1 was cloned from Paenibacillus polymyxa NJPI29 and recombinantly expressed in B. subtilis WB600. The purified PpGT1 had a molecular weight of 45 kDa, as estimated using SDS-PAGE. The PpGT1 could catalyze the glycosylation of vanillic acid, methyl vanillate, caffeic acid, cinnamic alcohol, and ferulic acid. Moreover, PpGT1 possessed good thermostability and retained 80% of its original activity even after 12 h of incubation at 45 °C. In addition, PpGT1 remained stable within a neutral to alkaline pH range as well as in the presence of metal ions. The synthesis of methyl vanillate 4-O-β-D-glucoside by purified PpGT1 reached a yield 3.58 mM in a system with pH 8.0, 45 °C, 12 mM UDP-Glc, and 4 mM methyl vanillate. 3D-structure-based amino acid sequence alignments revealed that the catalytic residues and C-terminated PSPG motif were conserved. These unusual properties indicated that PpGT1 is a candidate UGT for valuable natural product industrial applications. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02855-z.
Collapse
|