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Andrés MT, Fierro P, Antuña V, Fierro JF. The Antimicrobial Activity of Human Defensins at Physiological Non-Permeabilizing Concentrations Is Caused by the Inhibition of the Plasma Membrane H +-ATPases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7335. [PMID: 39000442 PMCID: PMC11242853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Human defensins are cysteine-rich peptides (Cys-rich peptides) of the innate immune system. Defensins contain an ancestral structural motif (i.e., γ-core motif) associated with the antimicrobial activity of natural Cys-rich peptides. In this study, low concentrations of human α- and β-defensins showed microbicidal activity that was not associated with cell membrane permeabilization. The cell death pathway was similar to that previously described for human lactoferrin, also an immunoprotein containing a γ-core motif. The common features were (1) cell death not related to plasma membrane (PM) disruption, (2) the inhibition of microbicidal activity via extracellular potassium, (3) the influence of cellular respiration on microbicidal activity, and (4) the influence of intracellular pH on bactericidal activity. In addition, in yeast, we also observed (1) partial K+-efflux mediated via Tok1p K+-channels, (2) the essential role of mitochondrial ATP synthase in cell death, (3) the increment of intracellular ATP, (4) plasma membrane depolarization, and (5) the inhibition of external acidification mediated via PM Pma1p H+-ATPase. Similar features were also observed with BM2, an antifungal peptide that inhibits Pma1p H+-ATPase, showing that the above coincident characteristics were a consequence of PM H+-ATPase inhibition. These findings suggest, for the first time, that human defensins inhibit PM H+-ATPases at physiological concentrations, and that the subsequent cytosolic acidification is responsible for the in vitro microbicidal activity. This mechanism of action is shared with human lactoferrin and probably other antimicrobial peptides containing γ-core motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T. Andrés
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology (LMO), University Clinic of Dentistry (CLUO), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (M.T.A.); (P.F.); (V.A.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- SamerLabs SL, Asturias Technology Park, 33428 Llanera, Spain
| | - Patricia Fierro
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology (LMO), University Clinic of Dentistry (CLUO), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (M.T.A.); (P.F.); (V.A.)
- Primary Care Emergency Service, Cantabrian Health Service, 39000 Santander, Spain
| | - Victoria Antuña
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology (LMO), University Clinic of Dentistry (CLUO), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (M.T.A.); (P.F.); (V.A.)
| | - José F. Fierro
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology (LMO), University Clinic of Dentistry (CLUO), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (M.T.A.); (P.F.); (V.A.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Deparment of Functional Biology (Microbiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Ekchariyawat P, Saengfak R, Sanongkiet S, Charoenwongpaiboon T, Khongpraphan S, Mala S, Luangjindarat C, Munyoo B, Chabang N, Charoensutthivarakul S, Borwornpinyo S, Tuchinda P, Ponpuak M, Pudla M, Utaisincharoen P. ECDD-S16 targets vacuolar ATPase: A potential inhibitor compound for pyroptosis-induced inflammation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292340. [PMID: 38011122 PMCID: PMC10681236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleistanthin A (CA), extracted from Phyllanthus taxodiifolius Beille, was previously reported as a potential V-ATPase inhibitor relevant to cancer cell survival. In the present study, ECDD-S16, a derivative of cleistanthin A, was investigated and found to interfere with pyroptosis induction via V-ATPase inhibition. OBJECTIVE This study examined the ability of ECDD-S16 to inhibit endolysosome acidification leading to the attenuation of pyroptosis in Raw264.7 macrophages activated by both surface and endosomal TLR ligands. METHODS To elucidate the activity of ECDD-S16 on pyroptosis-induced inflammation, Raw264.7 cells were pretreated with the compound before stimulation with surface and endosomal TLR ligands. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was determined by LDH assay. Additionally, the production of cytokines and the expression of pyroptosis markers were examined by ELISA and immunoblotting. Moreover, molecular docking was performed to demonstrate the binding of ECDD-S16 to the vacuolar (V-)ATPase. RESULTS This study showed that ECDD-S16 could inhibit pyroptosis in Raw264.7 cells activated with surface and endosomal TLR ligands. The attenuation of pyroptosis by ECDD-S16 was due to the impairment of endosome acidification, which also led to decreased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. Furthermore, molecular docking also showed the possibility of inhibiting endosome acidification by the binding of ECDD-S16 to the vacuolar (V-)ATPase in the region of V0. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate the potential of ECDD-S16 for inhibiting pyroptosis and prove that vacuolar H+ ATPase is essential for pyroptosis induced by TLR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeraya Ekchariyawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sucharat Sanongkiet
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | | | - Supaporn Mala
- Research Office, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Bumrung Munyoo
- Excellence Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napason Chabang
- School of Bioinnovation and Bio-Based Product Intelligence, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sitthivut Charoensutthivarakul
- Excellence Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- School of Bioinnovation and Bio-Based Product Intelligence, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellence Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patoomratana Tuchinda
- Excellence Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Matsayapan Pudla
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Santos-Pereira C, Guedes JP, Ferreira D, Rodrigues LR, Côrte-Real M. Lactoferrin perturbs intracellular trafficking, disrupts cholesterol-rich lipid rafts and inhibits glycolysis of highly metastatic cancer cells harbouring plasmalemmal V-ATPase. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:1589-1604. [PMID: 36116593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The milk-derived bovine lactoferrin (bLf) is an iron-binding glycoprotein with remarkable selective anticancer activity towards highly metastatic cancer cells displaying the proton pump V-ATPase at the plasma membrane. As studies aiming to dissect the bLf mechanisms of action are critical to improve its efficacy and boost its targeted clinical use, herein we sought to further uncover the molecular basis of bLf anticancer activity. We showed that bLf co-localizes with V-ATPase and cholesterol-rich lipid rafts at the plasma membrane of highly metastatic cancer cells. Our data also revealed that bLf perturbs cellular trafficking, induces intracellular accumulation of cholesterol and lipid rafts disruption, downregulates PI3K, and AKT or p-AKT and inhibits glycolysis of cancer cells harbouring V-ATPase at the plasma membrane lipid rafts. Altogether, our results can lay the foundation for future bLf-based targeted anticancer strategies as they unravel a novel cascade of molecular events that explains and further reinforces bLf selectivity for cancer cells displaying plasmalemmal V-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Santos-Pereira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana P Guedes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Débora Ferreira
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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A review on lactoferrin as a proton pump inhibitor. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:309-317. [PMID: 35038474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a versatile natural milk-derived protein that exhibits multiple interesting biological activities. Since it is safe for human administration and currently manufactured using low cost and well-established large-scale processes, the Lf scientific community has been devoted at dissecting its mechanisms of action towards its more rational and efficient use for various applications. Emerging literature has identified proton pumping ATPases as molecular targets of Lf in different cellular models linked to distinct activities of this natural protein. Information on this subject has not been systematically analysed before, hence herein we review the current state of art on the effect of Lf on proton pumping ATPases. Though structurally different, we propose that Lf holds a proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-like activity based on the functional resemblance with the classical inhibitors of the stomach H+/K+-ATPase. The downstream events and outcomes of the PPI-like activity of Lf, as well as its impact for the development of improved Lf applications are also discussed.
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Current Methods to Unravel the Functional Properties of Lysosomal Ion Channels and Transporters. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060921. [PMID: 35326372 PMCID: PMC8946281 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinct set of channels and transporters regulates the ion fluxes across the lysosomal membrane. Malfunctioning of these transport proteins and the resulting ionic imbalance is involved in various human diseases, such as lysosomal storage disorders, cancer, as well as metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. As a consequence, these proteins have stimulated strong interest for their suitability as possible drug targets. A detailed functional characterization of many lysosomal channels and transporters is lacking, mainly due to technical difficulties in applying the standard patch-clamp technique to these small intracellular compartments. In this review, we focus on current methods used to unravel the functional properties of lysosomal ion channels and transporters, stressing their advantages and disadvantages and evaluating their fields of applicability.
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Rzeszotek S, Trybek G, Tarnowski M, Serwin K, Jaroń A, Schneider G, Kolasa A, Wiszniewska B. Colostrum-Induced Temporary Changes in the Expression of Proteins Regulating the Epithelial Barrier Function in the Intestine. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050685. [PMID: 35267318 PMCID: PMC8909690 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal wall and epithelial cells are interconnected by numerous intercellular junctions. Colostrum (Col), in its natural form, is a secretion of the mammary gland of mammals at the end of pregnancy and up to 72 h after birth. Recently, it has been used as a biologically active dietary supplement with a high content of lactoferrin (Lf). Lf, a glycoprotein with a broad spectrum of activity, is becoming more popular in health-promoting supplements. This study aims to investigate whether Col supplementation can affect small and large intestine morphology by modulating the expression of selected proteins involved in tissue integrity. We examined the thickness of the epithelium, and the length of the microvilli, and assessed the expression of CDH1, CDH2, CTNNB, CX43, VCL, OCLN, HP, MYH9, and ACTG2 gene levels using qRT-PCR and at the protein level using IHC. Additionally, to evaluate whether the effect of Col supplementation is temporary or persistent, we performed all analyses on tissues collected from animals receiving Col for 1, 3, or 6 months. We noticed a decrease in CDH1 and CDH2 expression, especially after 3 months of supplementation in the large intestine and in CTNNB in the small intestine as well as increased levels of CX43 and CTNNB1 in the small intestine. The present data indicate that Col can temporarily alter some components of the cell adhesion molecules involved in the formation of the cellular barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Rzeszotek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-663-861-490
| | - Grzegorz Trybek
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (G.T.); (A.J.)
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Karol Serwin
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Arkońska 4, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Jaroń
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (G.T.); (A.J.)
| | - Gabriela Schneider
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center and Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (B.W.)
| | - Barbara Wiszniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (B.W.)
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Santos-Pereira C, Rodrigues LR, Côrte-Real M. Plasmalemmal V-ATPase as a Potential Biomarker for Lactoferrin-Based Anticancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010119. [PMID: 35053267 PMCID: PMC8773557 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a milk-derived protein with well-recognized potential as a therapeutic agent against a wide variety of cancers. This natural protein exhibits health-promoting effects and has several interesting features, including its selectivity towards cancer cells, good tolerability in humans, worldwide availability, and holding a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. To prompt the rational clinical application of this promising anticancer compound, previous works aimed to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying its selective anticancer activity, where plasmalemmal V-ATPase was identified as an Lf target in cancer cells. V-ATPase is a proton pump critical for cellular homeostasis that migrates to the plasma membrane of highly metastatic cancer cells contributing to the acidity of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells were found to be susceptible to Lf only when this proton pump is present at the plasma membrane. Plasmalemmal V-ATPase can thus be an excellent biomarker for driving treatment decisions and forecasting clinical outcomes of Lf-based anticancer strategies. Future research endeavors should thus seek to validate this biomarker by thorough preclinical and clinical studies, as well as to develop effective methods for its detection under clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Santos-Pereira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Lígia R. Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-253604310
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