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Kadokawa JI. An overview on acylation methods of α-chitin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130166. [PMID: 38360241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
This article overviews the acylation methods of α-chitin developed over the last four decades. The acylation of polysaccharides has been identified as a useful approach for conferring properties such as thermoplasticity. Owing to the poor solubility of α-chitin, its acylation using acid anhydrides and acyl chlorides has been traditionally investigated under heterogeneous conditions in strong acidic media. Although chitin chains depolymerize under acidic conditions, the resultant derivatives exhibit certain properties and functions. Solvents, such as LiCl/N,N-dimethyladcetamide, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents, are suitable for α-chitin dissolution; therefore, acylation methods for α-chitin under homogeneous conditions have been developed using these solvents as reaction media. The functional materialization of the resultant derivatives was achieved by introducing appropriate substituents and controlling their ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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Thabet OA, Alenzi FK, Alshubramy MA, Alamry KA, Hussein MA, Hoogenboom R. New sorbent-based hydrophobic alginic acid derivatives for fat removal in multi-pesticide residues: analysis of a fatty food sample. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2491-2503. [PMID: 38223695 PMCID: PMC10786262 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07442k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobic alginic acid derivatives were synthesized with various aliphatic hydrocarbon chains for fat removal in an analysis of multi-pesticide residues in a fatty food sample. First, alginic acid was chemically modified using eco-friendly ultrasound-assisted esterification with different alcohols, namely, hydrophobic alginic acid-methanol (HAA-C1), hydrophobic alginic acid-butanol (HAA-C4), and hydrophobic alginic acid-octadecanol (HAA-C18). The degree of esterification (DE) was determined by titration, and the results ranged from 57.3% to 63.7%. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized hydrophobic alginic acids (HAAs) were studied using FT-IR, XRD, TGA, and FE-SEM. Subsequently, the performance of the HAAs was checked and evaluated for the removal of fat from a fatty food sample by calculating the fat removal percentage and the determination of 214 pesticide residues in the fatty food sample. For the fat removal percentage application, the HAAs were able to efficiently remove between 77% and 83% of the fat; HAA-C18 had the highest percentage. Regarding the pesticide residue application, HAAs were also able to remove the fat content from the fatty food sample without a significant effect on the pesticide substances. The recoveries of the detected pesticide compounds were between 80% and 120% for all HAAs. However, there were various missing pesticide compounds for HAAs. The number of missing pesticide compounds was 19, 6, and 33 for HAA-C1, HAA-C4, and HAA-C18, respectively. HAA-C4 had medium hydrophobicity and it lost fewer pesticides than the other HAAs. This was because the multi-pesticide mixture had various classes of chemical structure; hence, it had different polarity powers. We concluded that HAAs are developable and applicable to be safely used as a green material in diverse fatty food sample analysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Thabet
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority Jeddah 22311 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maha A Alshubramy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Alamry
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University Assiut 71516 Egypt
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
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Egi Y, Kadokawa JI. Synthesis of Mixed Chitin Esters via Acylation of Chitin in Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2023; 28:8132. [PMID: 38138620 PMCID: PMC10745496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient derivatization methods of chitin, such as acylation, has been identified to confer new properties and functions to chitin. In this study, we investigate the synthesis of mixed chitin esters via the acylation of chitin in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) comprising 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolum chloride and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine based on a previous study that reported the development of efficient acylation of chitin in the DES to obtain single chitin esters. A stearoyl group was selected as the first substituent, which was combined with several bulky acyl and long oleoyl groups as the second substituents. After dissolution of chitin in the DES (2 wt%), the acylation reactions were conducted using stearoyl and the desired acyl chlorides for 1 h + 24 h at 100 °C in the resulting solutions. The IR and 1H NMR spectra of the isolated products confirmed the structures of mixed chitin esters with two different substituents. The substituent ratios in the derivatives, which were estimated via the 1H NMR analysis, were changed according to the feed ratios of two acyl chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Abstract
Mixed chitin esters, that is, chitin benzoate stearates, exhibiting thermoplasticity, were synthesized by the acylation of chitin using benzoyl and stearoyl chlorides in the presence of pyridine and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine for 1 h + 24 h at 100 °C in an ionic liquid, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide. IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic analyses confirmed the formation of the desired chitin benzoate stearates. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis of the products indicated that the crystalline structures of the chitin main-chains and stearoyl side-chains were strongly affected by the benzoyl/stearoyl substituent ratios. Introducing a small number of benzoyl groups, in addition to a large ratio of stearoyl groups, contributed to disrupting the intrinsic chitin crystals and enabling the chitin main chains and stearoyl side chains to form regularly controlled layered and parallel arrays, respectively. The resulting products exhibited meting points, associated with regular stearoyl packings, and formed melt-pressed films during the melt-pressing process. These results suggest that chitin benzoate stearates with appropriate benzoyl/stearoyl substituent ratios exhibit thermoplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shigenobu
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Aoi Nakashima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Hou F, Gong Z, Jia F, Cui W, Song S, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang W. Insights into the relationships of modifying methods, structure, functional properties and applications of chitin: A review. Food Chem 2023; 409:135336. [PMID: 36586263 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chitin as the second plentiful polysaccharide has arouse widely attention due to its remarkable availability and biocompatibility. While the strong inter/intra molecular hydrogen bonds and crystallinity severely restrict its applications. Recently, multiple emerging technologies are increasingly used to modify chitin structure for the sake of obtaining excellent functional properties, as well as broadening the corresponding applications. Firstly, this review systematically outlines the features of single and combined methods for chitin modification. Then, the impacts of various modifying methods on the structural characteristics of chitin, including molecular weight, degree of acetylation and functional groups, are further summarized. In addition, the effects of these structural characteristics on the functional properties as well as its potential related applications are illustrated. The conclusion of this review provides better understanding of the relationships among the modifying methods, structure, properties and applications, contributing to chitin modification for the targeted purpose in the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhiqing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Fengjuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenjia Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shasha Song
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yansheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
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Nakashima A, Kohori K, Yamamoto K, Kadokawa JI. Synthesis of thermoplastic chitin hexanoate-graft-poly(ε-caprolactone). Carbohydr Polym 2022; 280:119024. [PMID: 35027126 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report that chitin hexanoate-graft-poly(ε-caprolactone) (ChHex-g-PCL) is thermoplastic, as confirmed by the formation of a melt-pressed film. Chitin hexanoates with degrees of substitution (DSs) of 1.4-1.8 and bearing free hydroxy groups were first prepared by the hexanoylation of chitin using adjusted feed equivalents of hexanoyl chloride in the presence of pyridine and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, an ionic liquid. Surface-initiated ring-opening graft polymerization of ε-caprolactone from the hydroxy groups of the chitin hexanoates was conducted in the presence of tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate as the catalyst at 100 °C to produce (ChHex-g-PCL)s. The feed equivalent of the catalyst, reaction time, and DS value were found to affect the molar substitution and degree of polymerization of the PCL graft chains. Longer PCL graft chains formed their crystalline structures and the (ChHex-g-PCL)s largely contained uncrystallized chitin chains. Accordingly, these (ChHex-g-PCL)s exhibited melting points associated with the PCL graft chains, leading to thermoplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Nakashima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kaho Kohori
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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