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Colombi S, Sáez I, Borras N, Estrany F, Pérez-Madrigal MM, García-Torres J, Morgado J, Alemán C. Glyoxal crosslinking of electro-responsive alginate-based hydrogels: Effects on the properties. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122170. [PMID: 38710559 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
To improve the features of alginate-based hydrogels in physiological conditions, Ca2+-crosslinked semi-interpenetrated hydrogels formed by poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid and alginate (PEDOT/Alg) were subjected to a treatment with glyoxal to form a dual ionic/covalent network. The covalent network density was systematically varied by considering different glyoxalization times (tG). The content of Ca2+ was significantly higher for the untreated hydrogel than for the glyoxalized ones, while the properties of the hydrogels were found to largely depend on tG. The porosity and swelling capacity decreased with increasing tG, while the stiffness and electrical conductance retention capacity increased with tG. The potentiodynamic response of the hydrogels notably depended on the amount of conformational restraints introduced by the glyoxal, which is a very short crosslinker. Thus, the re-accommodation of the polymer chains during the cyclic potential scans became more difficult with increasing number of covalent crosslinks. This information was used to improve the performance of untreated PEDOT/Alg as electrochemical sensor of hydrogen peroxide by simply applying a tG of 5 min. Overall, the control of the properties of glyoxalized hydrogels through tG is very advantageous and can be used as an on-demand strategy to improve the performance of such materials depending on the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Colombi
- IMEM-BRT Group, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sáez
- IMEM-BRT Group, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Borras
- IMEM-BRT Group, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Estrany
- IMEM-BRT Group, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria M Pérez-Madrigal
- IMEM-BRT Group, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José García-Torres
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Morgado
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Alemán
- IMEM-BRT Group, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Multitasking smart hydrogels based on the combination of alginate and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) properties: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:312-332. [PMID: 35934076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), a very stable and biocompatible conducting polymer, and alginate (Alg), a natural water-soluble polysaccharide mainly found in the cell wall of various species of brown algae, exhibit very different but at the same complementary properties. In the last few years, the remarkable capacity of Alg to form hydrogels and the electro-responsive properties of PEDOT have been combined to form not only layered composites (PEDOT-Alg) but also interpenetrated multi-responsive PEDOT/Alg hydrogels. These materials have been found to display outstanding properties, such as electrical conductivity, piezoelectricity, biocompatibility, self-healing and re-usability properties, pH and thermoelectric responsiveness, among others. Consequently, a wide number of applications are being proposed for PEDOT-Alg composites and, especially, PEDOT/Alg hydrogels, which should be considered as a new kind of hybrid material because of the very different chemical nature of the two polymeric components. This review summarizes the applications of PEDOT-Alg and PEDOT/Alg in tissue interfaces and regeneration, drug delivery, sensors, microfluidics, energy storage and evaporators for desalination. Special attention has been given to the discussion of multi-tasking applications, while the new challenges to be tackled based on aspects not yet considered in either of the two polymers have also been highlighted.
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