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Campbell LI, Nwezeobi J, van Brunschot SL, Kaweesi T, Seal SE, Swamy RAR, Namuddu A, Maslen GL, Mugerwa H, Armean IM, Haggerty L, Martin FJ, Malka O, Santos-Garcia D, Juravel K, Morin S, Stephens ME, Muhindira PV, Kersey PJ, Maruthi MN, Omongo CA, Navas-Castillo J, Fiallo-Olivé E, Mohammed IU, Wang HL, Onyeka J, Alicai T, Colvin J. Comparative evolutionary analyses of eight whitefly Bemisia tabaci sensu lato genomes: cryptic species, agricultural pests and plant-virus vectors. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:408. [PMID: 37468834 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The group of > 40 cryptic whitefly species called Bemisia tabaci sensu lato are amongst the world's worst agricultural pests and plant-virus vectors. Outbreaks of B. tabaci s.l. and the associated plant-virus diseases continue to contribute to global food insecurity and social instability, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Published B. tabaci s.l. genomes have limited use for studying African cassava B. tabaci SSA1 species, due to the high genetic divergences between them. Genomic annotations presented here were performed using the 'Ensembl gene annotation system', to ensure that comparative analyses and conclusions reflect biological differences, as opposed to arising from different methodologies underpinning transcript model identification. RESULTS We present here six new B. tabaci s.l. genomes from Africa and Asia, and two re-annotated previously published genomes, to provide evolutionary insights into these globally distributed pests. Genome sizes ranged between 616-658 Mb and exhibited some of the highest coverage of transposable elements reported within Arthropoda. Many fewer total protein coding genes (PCG) were recovered compared to the previously published B. tabaci s.l. genomes and structural annotations generated via the uniform methodology strongly supported a repertoire of between 12.8-13.2 × 103 PCG. An integrative systematics approach incorporating phylogenomic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial markers supported a monophyletic Aleyrodidae and the basal positioning of B. tabaci Uganda-1 to the sub-Saharan group of species. Reciprocal cross-mating data and the co-cladogenesis pattern of the primary obligate endosymbiont 'Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum' from 11 Bemisia genomes further supported the phylogenetic reconstruction to show that African cassava B. tabaci populations consist of just three biological species. We include comparative analyses of gene families related to detoxification, sugar metabolism, vector competency and evaluate the presence and function of horizontally transferred genes, essential for understanding the evolution and unique biology of constituent B. tabaci. s.l species. CONCLUSIONS These genomic resources have provided new and critical insights into the genetics underlying B. tabaci s.l. biology. They also provide a rich foundation for post-genomic research, including the selection of candidate gene-targets for innovative whitefly and virus-control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahcen I Campbell
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Joachim Nwezeobi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Sharon L van Brunschot
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tadeo Kaweesi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
- Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Susan E Seal
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
| | - Rekha A R Swamy
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
| | - Annet Namuddu
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gareth L Maslen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Habibu Mugerwa
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Irina M Armean
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leanne Haggerty
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fergal J Martin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Osnat Malka
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Diego Santos-Garcia
- CNRS, Laboratory of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology UMR 5558, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- Center for Biology and Management of Populations, INRAe UMR1062, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Ksenia Juravel
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Paul Visendi Muhindira
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul J Kersey
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
| | - M N Maruthi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
| | | | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Algarrobo-Costa, Spain
| | - Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Algarrobo-Costa, Spain
| | | | - Hua-Ling Wang
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Joseph Onyeka
- National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Nigeria
| | - Titus Alicai
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
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Zhao J, Sun X, Dai H, Zhang X, Zhang D, Zhu X. Changes in Gene Expression of Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci MED Feeding on Tomato Plants Infected by One of the Criniviruses, Tomato Chlorosis Virus through Transcriptome Analysis. Int J Genomics 2023; 2023:3807812. [PMID: 37261104 PMCID: PMC10228217 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3807812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), transmitted by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) has been continuously emerging on tomato plants and causing a significant economic loss throughout China. In the current study, RNA-Seq analysis was used to explore the gene expression profiles of B. tabaci Mediterranean (MED) that fed on both ToCV-infected and -uninfected tomato plants for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours, respectively. The results revealed that dynamic changes occurred in the gene expressions of whiteflies at different time intervals after they acquired the virus. A total of 1709, 461, 4548, and 1748 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after a 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours feeding interval for the viral acquisition, respectively. The least number of expressed genes appeared in whiteflies with the 12 hours feeding treatment, and the largest numbers of those found in those with 24 hours feeding treatment. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that B. tabaci MED responded to ToCV acquisition through altering its nerve system development, fertility, detoxification, glucose metabolism, and immune function before it lost its ability to transmit the virus. The number of DEGs, degree of differential gene expressions, expression level of the same gene, involved biological processes, and metabolic functions in whiteflies post the 12 hours feeding, and viral acquisition were different from those from other three feeding treatments, which could be a significant finding suggesting an effective control of B. tabaci MED should be done less than 12 hours after whiteflies started feeding on ToCV-infected tomatoes. Our results further provided a clarified understanding in how B. tabaci was protected from viral acquisitions through comparison of the differential profile of gene expressions in whiteflies feeding on plants that were infected by semipersistent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Biology of University in Shandong, College of Seed and Facility Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Xiaoan Sun
- Facility Horticulture of University in Shandong, College of Agriculture, Weifang University of Science & Technology, Shouguang 262700, China
| | - Huijie Dai
- Facility Horticulture of University in Shandong, College of Agriculture, Weifang University of Science & Technology, Shouguang 262700, China
| | - Xianping Zhang
- Shandong Provincial key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Dezhen Zhang
- Facility Horticulture of University in Shandong, College of Agriculture, Weifang University of Science & Technology, Shouguang 262700, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Shandong Provincial key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae-Bruchinae) after heat and cold stress exposure. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103479. [PMID: 36796922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Callosobruchus chinensis is regarded as one of the cosmopolitan pests of legume crops and can cause tremendous losses to a variety of beans. This study focused on comparative transcriptome analyses of C. chinensis exposed to 45 °C (heat stress), 27 °C (ambient temperature) and -3 °C (cold stress) for 3 h to investigate the gene differences and underlying molecular mechanisms. There were 402 and 111 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in the heat and cold stress treatments, respectively. "cell process", "cell" and "binding" were the main enriched functions and biological processes revealed by gene ontology (GO) analysis. The clusters of orthologous genes (COG) showed that DEGs were assigned to the categories: "posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones", "lipid transport and metabolism", and "general function prediction only". With respect to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), the "longevity regulating pathway-multiple species", "carbon metabolism", "peroxisome", "protein processing in endoplasmic", "glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism" pathways were significantly enriched. The annotation and enrichment analysis revealed that genes encoding heat shock proteins (Hsps) and cuticular proteins were significantly upregulated under high and low-temperature stresses, respectively. In addition, some DEGs encoding "Protein lethal essential for life", "Reverse transcriptase", "DnaJ domain", "Cytochrome" and "Zinc finger protein" were also upregulated to varying degrees. Transcriptomic data were validated using qRT‒PCR, which confirmed that they were consistent. In this paper, the temperature tolerance of C. chinensis adults was evaluated and the results showed that female adults were more sensitive to heat and cold stress than males, and the upregulation of heat shock protein and epidermal protein was the largest in DEGs after heat and cold stress, respectively. These findings provide a reference for further understanding the biological characteristics of C. chinensis adults and the molecular mechanisms underlying the response to low and high temperatures.
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Meng JY, Yang CL, Wang HC, Cao Y, Zhang CY. Molecular characterization of six heat shock protein 70 genes from Arma chinensis and their expression patterns in response to temperature stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2022; 27:659-671. [PMID: 36264419 PMCID: PMC9672165 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Arma chinensis is an important predatory enemy of many agricultural and forest pests. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) plays an essential role in insect adaptation to various stress factors. To explore the functions of Hsp70s in relation to thermal tolerance of A. chinensis, full-length cDNAs of six Hsp70 genes (AcHsp70Ba, AcHsp70-4, AcHsp68a, AcHsp68b, AcHsp70-2, and AcHsc70-4) were cloned. Their open reading frames (ORFs) were 1902, 2454, 1884, 1905, 1872, and 1947 bp, respectively. Developmental expression profiles showed that AcHsp70Ba, AcHsp70-4, and AcHsc70-4 were extremely highly expressed in adult stages. AcHsp68a and AcHsp70-2 showed the highest level of expression in nymph stages, and AcHsp68b was mainly expressed in male adults. Tissue distribution analysis demonstrated that the AcHsp70s were ubiquitously expressed but showing gene-specific and sex-driven patterns of expression. High temperature induced the expression of the six AcHsp70s. Among them, AcHsp70Ba, AcHsp70-4, AcHsp68a, and AcHsc70-4 were significantly induced at 38 °C for 6 h, while all six AcHsp70s were significantly induced at 38 °C for 24 h. There were differences in responses of the six AcHsp70s to low-temperature stress. The expressions of AcHsp70-4, AcHsp68a, and AcHsp68b in male adults were significantly repressed at 4 °C for 6 h, whereas AcHsp70Ba and AcHsp70-2 were significantly induced. The levels of AcHsp70Ba, AcHsp68b, and AcHsp70-2 in female adults were significantly repressed at 4 °C for 24 h, whereas AcHsc70-4 was significantly induced. These results suggested that AcHsp70s play important roles in various developmental stages and tissue function, and contribute to the tolerance of A. chinensis to extreme temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yu Meng
- Guizhou Tobacco Science Research Institute, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Chang-Li Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Han-Cheng Wang
- Guizhou Tobacco Science Research Institute, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Guizhou Tobacco Science Research Institute, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Chang-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Yuan JW, Song HX, Chang YW, Yang F, Du YZ. Transcriptome analysis and screening of putative sex-determining genes in the invasive pest, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 43:101008. [PMID: 35752128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The invasive insect pest, Frankliniella occidentalis, is a well-known vector that transmits a variety of ornamental and vegetable viruses. The mechanistic basis of sex determination in F. occidentalis is not well understood, and this hinders our ability to deploy sterile insect technology as an integrated pest management strategy. In this study, six cDNA libraries from female and male adults of F. occidentalis (three biological replicates each) were constructed and transcriptomes were sequenced. A total of 6000 differentially-expressed genes were identified in the two sexes including 2355 up- and 3645 down-regulated genes. A total of 149 sex-related genes were identified based on GO enrichment data and included transformer-2 (tra2), fruitless (fru), male-specific lethal (msl) and sex lethal (sxl); several of these exhibited sex-specific and/or sex-biased expression in F. occidentalis. This study contributes to our understanding of the sex-determined cascade in F. occidentalis and other members of the Thysanoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Yuan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hai-Xia Song
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ya-Wen Chang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yu-Zhou Du
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Yang CL, Meng JY, Zhou L, Zhang CY. Induced heat shock protein 70 confers biological tolerance in UV-B stress-adapted Myzus persicae (Hemiptera). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:1146-1154. [PMID: 36041575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As an environmental stress factor, ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation directly affects insect growth, development, and reproduction. Heat shock protein 70s kDa (Hsp70s) plays an important role in the environmental adaptation of insects. To determine the role of MpHsp70s in the UV-B tolerance of Myzus persicae (Sulzer), we identified the complete complementary DNA sequences of seven MpHsp70s. They were found to be ubiquitously expressed during different developmental stages and were highly expressed in second-instar nymphs and wingless adults. The expression levels of the MpHsp70s were significantly upregulated when exposed to different durations of UV-B stress. Nanocarrier-mediated dsMpHsp70 suppressed the expression of the MpHsp70s and reduced the body length, weight, survival rate, and fecundity of M. persicae under UV-B exposure. When the combinational RNAi approach was adopted, the effects on the survival rate and fecundity were greater under UV-B stress, except for MpHsc70-4. These results suggest that MpHsp70s are essential for the resistance of M. persicae to UV-B stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Li Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Jian-Yu Meng
- Guizhou Tobacco Science Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, China
| | - Lv Zhou
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Chang-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
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Zheng HY, Qin PH, Yang K, Liu TX, Zhang YJ, Chu D. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the Heat-Shock Protein Gene Superfamily in Bemisia tabaci and Expression Pattern Analysis under Heat Shock. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070570. [PMID: 35886746 PMCID: PMC9319060 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bemisia tabaci MED is an invasive pest that had caused considerable economic damage in the past decades. Its successful colonization is closely related to heat-shock proteins (HSPs), which are related to heat resistance. In this study, 33 BtaHsps were identified based on the sequenced genome of B. tabaci MED belonging to six HSP families, among which 22 BtaHsps were newly identified. Analysis of the secondary structure and evolutionary relationship showed that they were all closely related. In addition, BtaHsp90A3 of the HSP90 family was screened by analyzing the expression level changes of these genes under 42 °C heat shock and RNAi was performed on the BtaHsp90A3. The results showed that the silencing of BtaHsp90A3 is closely related to the heat resistance of B. tabaci MED. Taken together, this study conducted an in-depth identification of BtaHsps that clarifies their evolutionary relationships and their response to thermal stress in B. tabaci MED. Abstract The thermal tolerance of Bemisia tabaci MED, an invasive whitefly species with worldwide distribution, plays an important role in its ecological adaptation during the invasion process. Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are closely related to heat resistance. In this study, 33 Hsps (BtaHsps) were identified based on sequenced genome of B. tabaci MED belonging to six HSP families, among which 22 Hsps were newly identified. The secondary structures of a further 22 BtaHsps were also predicted. The results of RT-qPCR showed that heat shock could affect the expression of 14 of the 22 Hsps newly identified in this study. Among them, the expression level of six Hsps increased under 42 °C treatment. As the unstudied gene, BtaHsp90A3 had the highest increase rate. Therefore, BtaHsp90A3 was chosen for the RNAi test, and silencing BtaHsp90A3 by RNAi decreased the survival rate of adult B. tabaci at 42 °C. The results indicated that only a few Hsps were involved in the thermal tolerance of host whitefly although many Hsps would response under heat stress. This study conducted a more in-depth and comprehensive identification that demonstrates the evolutionary relationship of BtaHsps and illustrates the response of BtaHsps under the influence of thermal stress in B. tabaci MED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yuan Zheng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (H.-Y.Z.); (P.-H.Q.); (K.Y.); (T.-X.L.)
| | - Peng-Hao Qin
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (H.-Y.Z.); (P.-H.Q.); (K.Y.); (T.-X.L.)
| | - Kun Yang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (H.-Y.Z.); (P.-H.Q.); (K.Y.); (T.-X.L.)
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (H.-Y.Z.); (P.-H.Q.); (K.Y.); (T.-X.L.)
| | - You-Jun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Dong Chu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (H.-Y.Z.); (P.-H.Q.); (K.Y.); (T.-X.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-58957712
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