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Patrichi CAM, Cioroiu Tirpan DR, Aljanabi AAA, Trica B, Gifu IC, Dobre T. Extraction of Cellulose from Ulva lactuca Algae and Its Use for Membrane Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4673. [PMID: 38139925 PMCID: PMC10748162 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Green algae are a sustainable source of biopolymers for the global demand due to their high photosynthetic efficiency. This article describes the extraction of cellulose from plant systems represented by Ulva lactuca species. In order to extract various substances, algae were finely ground with the help of solvents (liquid media). This was carried out to achieve the necessary conditions that help reduce the resistance this phase shows in regard to the transport and transfer of the species being extracted. The highest yield of extracted cellulose (20,944%) was obtained for the following factors: S/L = 1/20; conc. ethanol = 90%, conc. salts = 4 g/L. Hydrogel membranes are a unique class of macromolecular networks that contain a large fraction of aqueous solvent within their structure. With the cellulose extracted from algae, we obtained membranes which underwent the process of swelling in liquid media (ethyl alcohol) of different concentrations. The swelling of biocellulose membranes in alcoholic solutions of high concentrations was investigated. It was observed that the process of absorption of the alcoholic solution by the membrane occurred rapidly in the first part. After stabilization, the membranes continued to absorb at a slower rate until stabilization or saturation concentration was reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ana Maria Patrichi
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-6 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (B.T.); (I.C.G.); (T.D.)
| | - Doinita Roxana Cioroiu Tirpan
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Ovidius University of Constanta,124 Mamaia Street, 900527 Constanta, Romania
| | - Ali A. Abbas Aljanabi
- Al Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babylon P.O. Box 51006, Iraq;
| | - Bogdan Trica
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-6 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (B.T.); (I.C.G.); (T.D.)
- National Research & Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, Splaiul Independentei No. 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Catalina Gifu
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-6 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (B.T.); (I.C.G.); (T.D.)
- National Research & Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, Splaiul Independentei No. 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tanase Dobre
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-6 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (B.T.); (I.C.G.); (T.D.)
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Liang S. Advances in drug delivery applications of modified bacterial cellulose-based materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1252706. [PMID: 37600320 PMCID: PMC10436498 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1252706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is generated by certain species of bacteria and comprises polysaccharides with unique physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics. Due to its outstanding biocompatibility, high purity, excellent mechanical strength, high water absorption, and highly porous structure, bacterial cellulose has been recently investigated for biomedical application. However, the pure form of bacterial cellulose is hardly used as a biomedical material due to some of its inherent shortcomings. To extend its applications in drug delivery, modifications of native bacterial cellulose are widely used to improve its properties. Usually, bacterial cellulose modifications can be carried out by physical, chemical, and biological methods. In this review, a brief introduction to bacterial cellulose and its production and fabrication is first given, followed by up-to-date and in-depth discussions of modification. Finally, we focus on the potential applications of bacterial cellulose as a drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Li J, Zhang F, Zhong Y, Zhao Y, Gao P, Tian F, Zhang X, Zhou R, Cullen PJ. Emerging Food Packaging Applications of Cellulose Nanocomposites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194025. [PMID: 36235973 PMCID: PMC9572456 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, which is synthesized by plants, bacteria, and animals, with source-dependent properties. Cellulose containing β-1,4-linked D-glucoses further assembles into hierarchical structures in microfibrils, which can be processed to nanocellulose with length or width in the nanoscale after a variety of pretreatments including enzymatic hydrolysis, TEMPO-oxidation, and carboxymethylation. Nanocellulose can be mainly categorized into cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) produced by acid hydrolysis, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) prepared by refining, homogenization, microfluidization, sonification, ball milling, and the aqueous counter collision (ACC) method, and bacterial cellulose (BC) biosynthesized by the Acetobacter species. Due to nontoxicity, good biodegradability and biocompatibility, high aspect ratio, low thermal expansion coefficient, excellent mechanical strength, and unique optical properties, nanocellulose is utilized to develop various cellulose nanocomposites through solution casting, Layer-by-Layer (LBL) assembly, extrusion, coating, gel-forming, spray drying, electrostatic spinning, adsorption, nanoemulsion, and other techniques, and has been widely used as food packaging material with excellent barrier and mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, and stimuli-responsive performance to improve the food quality and shelf life. Under the driving force of the increasing green food packaging market, nanocellulose production has gradually developed from lab-scale to pilot- or even industrial-scale, mainly in Europe, Africa, and Asia, though developing cost-effective preparation techniques and precisely tuning the physicochemical properties are key to the commercialization. We expect this review to summarise the recent literature in the nanocellulose-based food packaging field and provide the readers with the state-of-the-art of this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Feifan Zhang
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yaqi Zhong
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yadong Zhao
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Pingping Gao
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Fang Tian
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Rusen Zhou
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patrick J. Cullen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Qin C, Zeng H, Liu B, Zhu J, Wang F, Wang S, Liang C, Huang C, Ma J, Yao S. Efficient removal of residual lignin from eucalyptus pulp via high-concentration chlorine dioxide treatment and its effect on the properties of residual solids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127621. [PMID: 35842067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In fact, effectively removing lignin from pulp fibers facilitates the conversion and utilization of cellulose. In this study, the residual lignin in eucalyptus pulp was separated using a high concentration of chlorine dioxide. The effects of chlorine dioxide dosage, temperature, and time on lignin removal were investigated. The optimal conditions are chlorine dioxide dosage 5.0%, reaction temperature 40 °C, and reaction time 30 min. The lignin removal yield is 88.21%. The removal yields of cellulose and hemicellulose are 2.28 and 17.00%, respectively. The treated eucalyptus pulp has higher fiber crystallinity and thermal stability. The carbon content on the fiber surface is significantly reduced. The results show that lignin is removed by efficient oxidation, and the degradation of carbohydrates is inhibited using high concentrations of chlorine dioxide at low temperatures and short reaction times. This provides theoretical support for high value conversion of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrong Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Huali Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Baojie Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Jiatian Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Chen Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Jiliang Ma
- College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Shuangquan Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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