1
|
Xu M, Sun Y, Cong B, Zhang X, Li Z, Liu Y, Geng L, Qin Q, Wu Y, Gao M, Wang W, Wang Y, Xu Y. The mechanism of low molecular weight fucoidan-incorporated nanofiber scaffolds inhibiting oral leukoplakia via SR-A/Wnt signal axis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1397761. [PMID: 39104391 PMCID: PMC11298705 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1397761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral leukoplakia (OLK) is the most common oral precancerous lesion, and 3%-17% of OLK patients progress to oral squamous cell carcinoma. OLK is susceptible to recurrence and has no effective treatment. However, conventional drugs have significant side effects and limitations. Therefore, it is important to identify drugs that target OLK. In this study, scavenger receptor A (SR-A) was found to be abnormally highly expressed in the oral mucosal epithelial cells of OLK patients, whereas molecular biology studies revealed that low molecular weight fucoidan (LMWF) promoted apoptosis of dysplastic oral keratinocytes (DOK) and inhibited the growth and migration of DOK, and the inhibitory effect of LMWF on OLK was achieved by regulating the SR-A/Wnt signaling axis and related genes. Based on the above results and the special situation of the oral environment, we constructed LMWF/poly(caprolactone-co-lactide) nanofiber membranes with different structures for the in-situ treatment of OLK using electrospinning technology. The results showed that the nanofiber membranes with a shell-core structure had the best physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and therapeutic effect, which optimized the LMWF drug delivery and ensured the effective concentration of the drug at the target point, thus achieving precise treatment of local lesions in the oral cavity. This has potential application value in inhibiting the development of OLK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Beibei Cong
- Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaopei Zhang
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- Experimental Center for Medical Research, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yingnan Liu
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lihua Geng
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Qin
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingtao Wu
- Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meihua Gao
- Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wanchun Wang
- Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingjie Xu
- Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang R, Sun Y, Liu R, Zhu B, Zhang H, Wu H. ZeXieYin formula alleviates atherosclerosis by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in APOE-/- mice to attenuate vascular inflammation and increase plaque stability. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 327:117969. [PMID: 38437888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zexieyin formula (ZXYF), a traditional Chinese herbal formula recorded in the Huangdi Neijing to have efficacy in relieving spleen dampness and heat accumulation syndrome, which is also the key pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). The efficacy has demonstrated by our previous studies. However, the intrinsic mechanism of ZXYF for treating vascular inflammation and the effect of inflammatory response on plaque are not known. Currently, plaque stabilization is crucial for the prognosis of AS. AIM OF THE STUDY Our study mainly focused on the therapeutic effects of ZXYF on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced vascular inflammation and vulnerable plaques (VP) in mice and explored its underlying mechanism. METHODS AND MATERIALS Male apolipoprotein E knockout (APOE-/-) mice were fed HFD for 8 weeks to establish a VP model. During this period, the mice were also administered ZXYF, while atorvastatin (ATO) was used as a positive control. Aortic plaque area and morphology were detected by oil red staining and HE staining. Aortic plaque collagen content was detected by Masson staining. M1/M2 type macrophages were detected using immunofluorescence (IF). The study analyzed the levels of inflammation-related cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6), MAPK/NF-κB pathway proteins, and NLRP3 inflammasomes (NLRP3, Caspase-1) using Western blot. Additionally, the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the aorta were analyzed using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The plaque instability index was calculated for each group using the vulnerable plaque formula. RESULTS In this study, APOE-/- mice were fed high-fat diet for 8 weeks. The results of oil-red and HE staining indicated a significant increase in the aortic plaque area of the mice, which exhibited a typical VP phenotype. ZXYF and ATO significantly improved AS plaques and prevented plaque rupture. HFD exacerbated vascular inflammation, stimulated macrophage conversion to M1-type through the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, and released pro-inflammatory factors such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1α, and IL-6. These factors activated NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to cellular death. However, ZXYF could reverse this trend and promote the conversion of macrophages to the anti-inflammatory M2 type. The anti-inflammatory effect of ATO was not significant. Moreover, HFD promoted the release of MMP-2 and MMP-9 from macrophages, which degraded plaque collagen, and induced a decrease in plaque SMC content, resulting in a thinning of the plaque fibrous cap. In contrast, ZXYF inhibited the decomposition of plaque collagen and increased the content of plaque smooth muscle cells (SMC) by reducing macrophage secretion of MMPs, thereby stabilizing plaques. Although ATO could reverse the decrease in plaque collagen and SMC content, its effect on MMPs was not significant. Finally, we calculated the vulnerability index to assess the overall risk of the plaque vulnerability phenotype. In line with these findings, ZXYF and ATO were able to effectively reverse the increase in the vulnerability index caused by HFD and lower the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that ZXYF could reduce inflammation and increase plaque stability by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, which provided a theoretical basis for clinical application and subsequent research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rumin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Ruiyi Liu
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Boran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hailou Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
| | - Haoxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu T, Wang X, Wang YM, Sui FR, Zhang XY, Liu HD, Ma DY, Liu XX, Guo SD. A comparative study of the hypolipidemic effects and mechanisms of action of Laminaria japonica- and Ascophyllum nodosum-derived fucoidans in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Food Funct 2024; 15:5955-5971. [PMID: 38738998 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05521c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The structural characteristics of fucoidans exhibit species and regional diversity. Previous studies have demonstrated that Laminaria japonica- and Ascophyllum nodosum-derived fucoidans have type I and type II fucosyl chains, respectively. These chemical differences may contribute to distinct hypolipidemic effects and mechanisms of action. Chemical analysis demonstrated that the percentage contents of sulfate, glucuronic acid, and galactose were higher in L. japonica-derived fucoidans than those of A. nodosum-derived fucoidans. In hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, both A. nodosum- and L. japonica-derived fucoidans significantly decreased the plasma and hepatic levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride, leading to the reduction of atherosclerotic plaques. Western blotting experiments demonstrated that these fucoidans significantly enhanced the expression and levels of scavenger receptor B type 1, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase A1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, contributing to circulating lipoprotein clearance and fatty acid degradation, respectively. Differentially, L. japonica-derived fucoidan significantly increased the LXR/ATP-binding cassette G8 signaling pathway in the small intestine, as revealed by real-time quantitative PCR, which may lead to further cholesterol and other lipid excretion. Collectively, these data are useful for understanding the hypolipidemic mechanisms of action of seaweed-derived fucoidans, and their potential application for the prevention and/or treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yan-Ming Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Feng-Rong Sui
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xue-Ying Zhang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Hai-Di Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Dong-Yue Ma
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Xiao Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song S, Wang Y, Wang H, Tian X, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Wei Q, Ji K. Fucoidan-induced reduction of lipid accumulation in foam cells through overexpression of lysosome genes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130451. [PMID: 38408582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the common basis for the onset of cardiovascular events. The lipid metabolism theory considers foam cell formation as an important marker for the initiation of AS. Fucoidan is an acidic polysaccharide that can reduce lipid accumulation in foam cells. Studies show that tea polysaccharides can be transported to lysosomes via the tubulin pathway. However, the specific mechanism of action of fucoidan on foam cells has not been extensively studied. Therefore, we further explored the mechanism of action of fucoidan and evaluated whether it could reduce lipid accumulation in foam cells by affecting the expression of lysosomal pathway-related genes and proteins. In this study, three inhibitors, CPZ, EIPA, and colchicine, were used to inhibit endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and the tubulin pathway, respectively, to study the pathways of action. Transcriptomics and proteomics analysis, as well as western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to determine the effects of fucoidan and the inhibitors on lysosomal genes and proteins. Fucoidan could enter foam cells through both endocytosis and via macropinocytosis, and then further undergo intracellular transport via the tubulin pathway. After fucoidan treatment, the expression of lysosomal pathway-related genes and proteins including LAMP2, AP3, AP4, MCOLN1, and TFEB in foam cells increased significantly (P < 0.01). However, the expression of lysosomal genes and proteins after colchicine intervention was comparable with that in the model group. Therefore, the tubulin pathway inhibited by colchicine is an important pathway for the transport and distribution of fucoidan within cells. In summary, fucoidan may be transported to lysosomes via the tubulin pathway and may enhance the expression of lysosomal genes, promoting autophagy, thereby accelerating lipid clearance in foam cells. Due to its significant lipid-lowering effect, it can be used in the clinical treatment of AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Song
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China; Weihai Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
| | - Hongming Wang
- Binzhou Inspection and Testing Center, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
| | - Qiang Wei
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
| | - Kai Ji
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuan Y, Liu S, Yang H, Xu J, Zhai J, Jiang H, Sun B. Acetylshikonin induces apoptosis through the endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated PERK/eIF 2α /CHOP axis in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18030. [PMID: 37929884 PMCID: PMC10807581 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylshikonin (AS) is an active component of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc that exhibits activity against various cancers; however, the underlying mechanisms of AS against oesophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC) need to be elusive. The research explores the anti-cancer role and potential mechanism of AS on ESCC in vitro and in vivo, providing evidences for AS treatment against ESCC. In this study, we firstly demonstrated that AS treatment effectively inhibits cell viability and proliferation of ESCC cells. In addition, AS significantly induces G1/S phage arrest and promotes apoptosis in ESCC cell lines. Further studies reveal that AS induces ER stress, as observed by dose- and time-dependently increased expression of BIP, PDI, PERK, phosphorylation of eIF2α , CHOP and splicing of XBP1. CHOP knockdown or PERK inhibition markedly rescue cell apoptosis induced by AS. Moreover, AS treatment significantly inhibits ESCC xenograft growth in nude mice. Elevated expression of BIP and CHOP is also observed in xenograft tumours. Taken together, AS inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis through ER stress-activated PERK/eIF2α /CHOP pathway in ESCC, which indicates AS represents a promising candidate for ESCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Jiao Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Clinical and Basic MedicineShandong First Medical University & Shandong academy of medical sciencesJinanChina
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryQingdao Jimo People's HospitalQingdaoChina
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Clinical and Basic MedicineShandong First Medical University & Shandong academy of medical sciencesJinanChina
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryTaian Central HospitalChina
| | - Jian‐Ling Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Clinical and Basic MedicineShandong First Medical University & Shandong academy of medical sciencesJinanChina
| | - Jing Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Clinical and Basic MedicineShandong First Medical University & Shandong academy of medical sciencesJinanChina
| | - Han‐Ming Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Clinical and Basic MedicineShandong First Medical University & Shandong academy of medical sciencesJinanChina
| | - Beibei Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Clinical and Basic MedicineShandong First Medical University & Shandong academy of medical sciencesJinanChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
He Z, Zhang Z, Xu P, Dirsch VM, Wang L, Wang K. Laminarin Reduces Cholesterol Uptake and NPC1L1 Protein Expression in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Fed Mice. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:624. [PMID: 38132943 PMCID: PMC10744832 DOI: 10.3390/md21120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrantly high dietary cholesterol intake and intestinal cholesterol uptake lead to dyslipidemia, one of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Based on previous studies, laminarin, a polysaccharide found in brown algae, has hypolipidemic activity, but its underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of laminarin on intestinal cholesterol uptake in vitro, as well as the lipid and morphological parameters in an in vivo model of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, and addressed the question of whether Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein (NPC1L1), a key transporter mediating dietary cholesterol uptake, is involved in the mechanistic action of laminarin. In in vitro studies, BODIPY-cholesterol-labeled Caco-2 cells were examined using confocal microscopy and a fluorescence reader. The results demonstrated that laminarin inhibited cholesterol uptake into Caco-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50 = 20.69 μM). In HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice, laminarin significantly reduced the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). It also decreased hepatic levels of TC, TG, and total bile acids (TBA) while promoting the excretion of fecal cholesterol. Furthermore, laminarin significantly reduced local villous damage in the jejunum of HFD mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that laminarin significantly downregulated NPC1L1 protein expression in the jejunum of HFD-fed mice. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of NPC1L1 attenuated the laminarin-mediated inhibition of cholesterol uptake in Caco-2 cells. This study suggests that laminarin significantly improves dyslipidemia in HFD-fed mice, likely by reducing cholesterol uptake through a mechanism that involves the downregulation of NPC1L1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqian He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266073, China; (Z.H.); (P.X.); (K.W.)
| | - Zhongyin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266073, China;
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266073, China; (Z.H.); (P.X.); (K.W.)
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266073, China; (Z.H.); (P.X.); (K.W.)
- Institute of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kewei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266073, China; (Z.H.); (P.X.); (K.W.)
- Institute of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Flórez-Fernández N, Vaamonde-García C, Torres MD, Buján M, Muíños A, Muiños A, Lamas-Vázquez MJ, Meijide-Faílde R, Blanco FJ, Domínguez H. Relevance of the Extraction Stage on the Anti-Inflammatory Action of Fucoidans. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030808. [PMID: 36986669 PMCID: PMC10058023 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory action of fucoidans is well known, based on both in vitro and some in vivo studies. The other biological properties of these compounds, their lack of toxicity, and the possibility of obtaining them from a widely distributed and renewable source, makes them attractive novel bioactives. However, fucoidans’ heterogeneity and variability in composition, structure, and properties depending on seaweed species, biotic and abiotic factors and processing conditions, especially during extraction and purification stages, make it difficult for standardization. A review of the available technologies, including those based on intensification strategies, and their influence on fucoidan composition, structure, and anti-inflammatory potential of crude extracts and fractions is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Flórez-Fernández
- CINBIO, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Campus Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Carlos Vaamonde-García
- Grupo de Investigación de Reumatología y Salud (GIR-S), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología, INIBIC-Sergas, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15011 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Torres
- CINBIO, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Campus Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Manuela Buján
- Portomuíños, Polígono Industrial, Rúa Acebedo, Parcela 14, Cerceda, 15185 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alexandra Muíños
- Portomuíños, Polígono Industrial, Rúa Acebedo, Parcela 14, Cerceda, 15185 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonio Muiños
- Portomuíños, Polígono Industrial, Rúa Acebedo, Parcela 14, Cerceda, 15185 A Coruña, Spain
| | - María J. Lamas-Vázquez
- Grupo de Investigación de Reumatología y Salud (GIR-S), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología, INIBIC-Sergas, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15011 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Rosa Meijide-Faílde
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidade da Coruña, CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Campus Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Grupo de Investigación de Reumatología y Salud (GIR-S), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Fisioterapia, CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología, INIBIC-Sergas, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Herminia Domínguez
- CINBIO, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Campus Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|