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Diana G, Candiani A, Picco A, Milanesi A, Stampini M, Bari E, Torre ML, Segale L, Giovannelli L. Chitosan for improved encapsulation of thyme aqueous extract in alginate-based microparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132493. [PMID: 38763251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Ionotropic gelation is a low-cost, easy and green microencapsulation technique. However, the encapsulation of highly soluble compounds is challenging because of the wide loss of material into the external water phase by passive diffusion and the consequent low encapsulation efficiency. In this work an important increase of encapsulation efficiency for Thymus vulgaris L. aqueous extract in alginate-based microparticles has been obtained. A formulation with the proper thyme extract/alginate ratio (30:70) was used as reference and then optimized by adding different co-carrier excipients. Microparticles obtained by dropping a solution containing thyme extract and alginate into a chitosan/calcium-chloride/acid acetic solution lead to a high encapsulation efficiency (70.43 ± 5.28 %). After drying, microparticles had a particle size of 1096 ± 72 μm, 20.087 ± 1.487 % of extract content, 6.2 % of residual water, and showed a complete release of thyme extract within one hour. Combining alginate and chitosan as polymeric co-carrier was a valuable option for efficiently encapsulating an aqueous extract by ionotropic gelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Diana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Candiani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alice Picco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Milanesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; APTSol S.r.l., Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Margherita Stampini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Elia Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; PharmaExceed, Piazza Castello 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorena Segale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; APTSol S.r.l., Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Lorella Giovannelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; APTSol S.r.l., Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Mergulhão NLON, Bulhões LCG, Silva VC, Duarte IFB, Basílio-Júnior ID, Freitas JD, Oliveira AJ, Goulart MOF, Barbosa CV, Araújo-Júnior JX. Insights from Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil: Encapsulation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:599. [PMID: 38794169 PMCID: PMC11124181 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Alginate encapsulates loaded with clove essential oil (CEO) were prepared by ionic gelation, with subsequent freeze-drying. The objective of the present work was to develop a product with the ability to protect CEO against its easy volatility and oxidation. The following techniques were used to characterize the formulations: eugenol release, degree of swelling, GC/MS, TGA/DSC, and SEM. The alginate solution (1.0%) containing different concentrations of CEO (LF1: 1.0%; LF2: 0.5%; LF3: 0.1%) was dropped into a 3.0% CaCl2 solution. After lyophilization, the encapsulated samples were wrinkled and rigid, with high encapsulation power (LF3: 76.9% ± 0.5). Three chemical components were identified: eugenol (the major one), caryophyllene, and humulene. The antioxidant power (LF1: DPPH IC50 18.1 µg mL-1) was consistent with the phenol content (LF1: 172.2 mg GAE g-1). The encapsulated ones were thermally stable, as shown by analysis of FTIR peaks, eugenol molecular structure was kept unaltered. The degree of swelling was 19.2% (PBS). The release of eugenol (92.5%) in the PBS solution was faster than in the acidic medium. It was concluded that the low-cost technology used allows the maintenance of the content and characteristics of CEO in the three concentrations tested, offering a basis for further research with essential oil encapsulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naianny L. O. N. Mergulhão
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió 57072-900, Brazil; (N.L.O.N.M.); (L.C.G.B.); (I.D.B.-J.); (C.V.B.)
- Program of the Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió 57072-900, Brazil;
| | - Laisa C. G. Bulhões
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió 57072-900, Brazil; (N.L.O.N.M.); (L.C.G.B.); (I.D.B.-J.); (C.V.B.)
- Program of the Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió 57072-900, Brazil;
| | - Valdemir C. Silva
- Program of the Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió 57072-900, Brazil;
- Estácio de Alagoas Faculty, Maceió 57035-225, Brazil
| | - Ilza F. B. Duarte
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió 57072-900, Brazil; (N.L.O.N.M.); (L.C.G.B.); (I.D.B.-J.); (C.V.B.)
- Program of the Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió 57072-900, Brazil;
| | - Irinaldo D. Basílio-Júnior
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió 57072-900, Brazil; (N.L.O.N.M.); (L.C.G.B.); (I.D.B.-J.); (C.V.B.)
| | - Johnnatan D. Freitas
- Department of Food Chemistry, Federal Institute of Alagoas, Maceió 57020-600, Brazil;
| | - Adeildo J. Oliveira
- Department of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Arapiraca 57309-005, Brazil;
| | - Marília O. F. Goulart
- Program of the Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió 57072-900, Brazil;
| | - Círia V. Barbosa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió 57072-900, Brazil; (N.L.O.N.M.); (L.C.G.B.); (I.D.B.-J.); (C.V.B.)
| | - João X. Araújo-Júnior
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió 57072-900, Brazil; (N.L.O.N.M.); (L.C.G.B.); (I.D.B.-J.); (C.V.B.)
- Program of the Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió 57072-900, Brazil;
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Huang X, Liu R, Wang J, Bao Y, Yi H, Wang X, Lu Y. Preparation and synbiotic interaction mechanism of microcapsules of Bifidobacterium animalis F1-7 and human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129152. [PMID: 38176500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Probiotics such as Bifidobacterium spp. generally possess important physiological functions. However, maintaining probiotic viability is a challenge during processing, storage, and digestive transit period. Microencapsulation is widely considered to be an attractive approach. In this study, B. animalis F1-7 microcapsules and B. animalis F1-7-HMO microcapsules were successfully prepared by emulsification/internal gelation with high encapsulation efficiency (90.67 % and 92.16 %, respectively). The current study revealed that HMO-supplemented microcapsules exhibited more stable lyophilized forms and thermal stability. Additionally, a significant improvement in probiotic cell viability was observed in such microcapsules during simulated gastrointestinal (GI) fluids or storage. We also showed that the individual HMO mixtures 6'-SL remarkably promoted the growth and acetate yield of B. animalis F1-7 for 48 h (p < 0.05). The synbiotic combination of 6'-SL with B. animalis F1-7 enhanced SCFAs production in vitro fecal fermentation, decreasing several harmful intestinal bacteria such as Dorea, Escherichia-Shigella, and Streptococcus while enriching the probiotic A. muciniphila. This study provides strong support for HMO or 6'-SL combined with B. animalis F1-7 as an innovative dietary ingredient to bring health benefits. The potential of the synbiotic microcapsules with this combination merits further exploration for future use in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuexin Bao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Youyou Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
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Vieira WT, da Silva MGC, de Oliveira Nascimento L, Vieira MGA. Development and characterization of crosslinked k-carrageenan/sericin blend with covalent agents or thermal crosslink for indomethacin extended release. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125558. [PMID: 37392907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Modified release of multiparticulate pharmaceutical forms is a key therapeutic strategy to reduce side effects and toxicity caused by high and repeated doses of immediate-release oral drugs. This research focused on the encapsulation of indomethacin (IND) in the crosslinked k-Car/Ser polymeric matrix by covalent and thermal methods to evaluate drug delivery modulation and properties of the crosslinked blend. Therefore, the entrapment efficiency (EE %), drug loading (DL %) and physicochemical properties of the particles were investigated. The particles presented a spherical shape and a rough surface with a mean diameter of 1.38-2.15 mm (CCA) and 1.56-1.86 mm (thermal crosslink). FTIR investigation indicated the presence of IDM in the particles and X-ray pattern showed the maintenance of crystallinity of IDM. The in vitro release in acidic medium (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer saline solution (pH 6.8) was 1.23-6.81 % and 81-100 %, respectively. Considering the results, the formulations remained stable after 6 months. The Weibull equation was adequately fitted for all formulations and a diffusion mechanism, swelling and relaxation of chain were observed. IDM-loaded k-carrageenan/sericin/CMC increases cell viability (> 75 % for neutral red and > 81 % for MTT). Finally, all formulations present gastro-resistance, pH response and altered release and have the potential to be used as drug delivery careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedja Timóteo Vieira
- University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Albert Einstein Av., 500, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Meuris Gurgel Carlos da Silva
- University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Albert Einstein Av., 500, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Laura de Oliveira Nascimento
- University of Campinas, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cândido Portinari, St. 200, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira
- University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Albert Einstein Av., 500, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil.
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