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Błyszczuk P. Myocarditis in Humans and in Experimental Animal Models. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:64. [PMID: 31157241 PMCID: PMC6532015 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is defined as an inflammation of the cardiac muscle. In humans, various infectious and non-infectious triggers induce myocarditis with a broad spectrum of histological presentations and clinical symptoms of the disease. Myocarditis often resolves spontaneously, but some patients develop heart failure and require organ transplantation. The need to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammatory heart diseases led to the development of mouse models for experimental myocarditis. It has been shown that pathogenic agents inducing myocarditis in humans can often trigger the disease in mice. Due to multiple etiologies of inflammatory heart diseases in humans, a number of different experimental approaches have been developed to induce myocarditis in mice. Accordingly, experimental myocarditis in mice can be induced by infection with cardiotropic agents, such as coxsackievirus B3 and protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi or by activating autoimmune responses against heart-specific antigens. In certain models, myocarditis is followed by the phenotype of dilated cardiomyopathy and the end stage of heart failure. This review describes the most commonly used mouse models of experimental myocarditis with a focus on the role of the innate and adaptive immune systems in induction and progression of the disease. The review discusses also advantages and limitations of individual mouse models in the context of the clinical manifestation and the course of the disease in humans. Finally, animal-free alternatives in myocarditis research are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Błyszczuk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.,Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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De Souza EM, Oliveira GM, Soeiro MDNC. Electrocardiographic Findings in Acutely and Chronically T. cruzi-infected Mice Treated by a Phenyl-Substituted Analogue of Furamidine DB569. Drug Target Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117739280700200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elen M. De Souza
- Lab. Biologia Celular, DUBC, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gabriel M. Oliveira
- Lab. Biologia Celular, DUBC, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Henao-Martínez AF, Agler AH, Watson AM, Hennessy C, Davidson E, Demos-Davies K, McKinsey TA, Wilson M, Schwartz DA, Yang IV. AKT network of genes and impaired myocardial contractility during murine acute Chagasic myocarditis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:523-9. [PMID: 25582694 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagasic disease is associated with high morbidity in Latin America. Acute Chagasic myocarditis is consistently found in acute infections, but little is known about its contribution to chronic cardiomyopathy. The aim of the study was to phenotypically characterize two strains of mice with differential Chagas infection susceptibility and correlate strain myocarditis phenotypes with heart tissue gene expression. C57BL/6J and Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0 or 150-200 tissue-derived trypomastigotes (Tulahuen strain). Echocardiograms, brain natriuretic peptide, and troponin were measured. Heart tissue was harvested for histopathological analysis and gene expression profiling on microarrays. Genes differently expressed between infected Balb/c and C57BL/6J mice were identified. Echocardiograms showed differences in Balb/c versus C57BL/6J infected mice in heart rate (413 versus 476 beats per minute; P = 0.0001), stroke volume (31.9 ± 9.3 versus 39.2 ± 5.5 μL; P = 0.03), and cardiac output (13.1 ± 3.5 versus 18.7 ± 3.2 μL/min; P = 0.002). Gene expression at 4 weeks analysis showed 32 statistically significant (q value < 0.05) differentially expressed genes between infected Balb/c and C57BL/6J mice that were enriched for genes related to the protein kinase B (AKT) pathway. These specific phenotypic features of cardiac response during acute Chagasic myocarditis may, in part, be related to host AKT network regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F Henao-Martínez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Pathology, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Anne Hermetet Agler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Pathology, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Alan M Watson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Pathology, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Corinne Hennessy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Pathology, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth Davidson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Pathology, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Kim Demos-Davies
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Pathology, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Pathology, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Michael Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Pathology, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - David A Schwartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Pathology, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ivana V Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Pathology, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
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Ednie AR, Bennett ES. Reduced sialylation impacts ventricular repolarization by modulating specific K+ channel isoforms distinctly. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2769-83. [PMID: 25525262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.605139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated K(+) channels (Kv) are responsible for repolarizing excitable cells and can be heavily glycosylated. Cardiac Kv activity is indispensable where even minimal reductions in function can extend action potential duration, prolong QT intervals, and ultimately contribute to life-threatening arrhythmias. Diseases such as congenital disorders of glycosylation often cause significant cardiac phenotypes that can include arrhythmias. Here we investigated the impact of reduced sialylation on ventricular repolarization through gene deletion of the sialyltransferase ST3Gal4. ST3Gal4-deficient mice (ST3Gal4(-/-)) had prolonged QT intervals with a concomitant increase in ventricular action potential duration. Ventricular apex myocytes isolated from ST3Gal4(-/-) mice demonstrated depolarizing shifts in activation gating of the transient outward (Ito) and delayed rectifier (IKslow) components of K(+) current with no change in maximum current densities. Consistently, similar protein expression levels of the three Kv isoforms responsible for Ito and IKslow were measured for ST3Gal4(-/-) versus controls. However, novel non-enzymatic sialic acid labeling indicated a reduction in sialylation of ST3Gal4(-/-) ventricular Kv4.2 and Kv1.5, which contribute to Ito and IKslow, respectively. Thus, we describe here a novel form of regulating cardiac function through the activities of a specific glycogene product. Namely, reduced ST3Gal4 activity leads to a loss of isoform-specific Kv sialylation and function, thereby limiting Kv activity during the action potential and decreasing repolarization rate, which likely contributes to prolonged ventricular repolarization. These studies elucidate a novel role for individual glycogene products in contributing to a complex network of cardiac regulation under normal and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Ednie
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Eric S Bennett
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
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Ednie AR, Horton KK, Wu J, Bennett ES. Expression of the sialyltransferase, ST3Gal4, impacts cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel activity, refractory period and ventricular conduction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 59:117-27. [PMID: 23471032 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The sequential glycosylation process typically ends with sialic acid residues added through trans-Golgi sialyltransferase activity. Individuals afflicted with congenital disorders of glycosylation often have reduced glycoprotein sialylation and present with multi-system symptoms including hypotonia, seizures, arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy. Cardiac voltage-gated Na(+) channel (Nav) activity can be influenced by sialic acids likely contributing to an external surface potential causing channels to gate at less depolarized voltages. Here, a possible pathophysiological role for reduced sialylation is investigated by questioning the impact of gene deletion of the uniformly expressed beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4 (ST3Gal4) on cardiac Nav activity, cellular refractory period and ventricular conduction. Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments showed that ventricular Nav from ST3Gal4 deficient mice (ST3Gal4(-/-)) gated at more depolarized potentials, inactivated more slowly and recovered from fast inactivation more rapidly than WT controls. Current-clamp recordings indicated a 20% increase in time to action potential peak and a 30ms decrease in ST3Gal4(-/-) myocyte refractory period, concurrent with increased Nav recovery rate. Nav expression, distribution and maximal Na(+) current levels were unaffected by ST3Gal4 expression, indicating that reduced sialylation does not impact Nav surface expression and distribution. However, enzymatic desialylation suggested that ST3Gal4(-/-) ventricular Nav are less sialylated. Consistent with the shortened myocyte refractory period, epicardial conduction experiments using optical mapping techniques demonstrated a 27% reduction in minimum ventricular refractory period and increased susceptibility to arrhythmias in ST3Gal4(-/-) ventricles. Thus, deletion of a single sialyltransferase significantly impacts ventricular myocyte electrical signaling. These studies offer insight into diseases of glycosylation that are often associated with pathological changes in excitability and highlight the importance of glycosylation in cardiac physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Ednie
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Schwetz TA, Norring SA, Ednie AR, Bennett ES. Sialic acids attached to O-glycans modulate voltage-gated potassium channel gating. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:4123-32. [PMID: 21115483 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.171322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal, cardiac, and skeletal muscle action potentials are produced and conducted through the highly regulated activity of several types of voltage-gated ion channels. Voltage-gated potassium (K(v)) channels are responsible for action potential repolarization. Glycans can be attached to glycoproteins through N- and O-linkages. Previous reports described the impact of N-glycans on voltage-gated ion channel function. Here, we show that sialic acids attached through O-linkages modulate gating of K(v)2.1, K(v)4.2, and K(v)4.3. The conductance-voltage (G-V) relationships for each isoform were shifted uniquely by a depolarizing 8-16 mV under conditions of reduced sialylation. The data indicate that sialic acids modulate K(v) channel activation through apparent electrostatic mechanisms that promote channel activity. Voltage-dependent steady-state inactivation was unaffected by changes in sialylation. N-Linked sialic acids cannot be responsible for the G-V shifts because K(v)4.2 and K(v)4.3 cannot be N-glycosylated, and immunoblot analysis confirmed K(v)2.1 is not N-glycosylated. Glycosidase gel shift analysis suggested that K(v)2.1, K(v)4.2, and K(v)4.3 were O-glycosylated and sialylated. To confirm this, azide-modified sugar residues involved specifically in O-glycan and sialic acid biosynthesis were shown to incorporate into all three K(v) channel isoforms using Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition chemistry. Together, the data indicate that sialic acids attached to O-glycans uniquely modulate gating of three K(v) channel isoforms that are not N-glycosylated. These data provide the first evidence that external O-glycans, with core structures distinct from N-glycans in type and number of sugar residues, can modulate K(v) channel function and thereby contribute to changes in electrical signaling that result from regulated ion channel expression and/or O-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara A Schwetz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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Wen JJ, Garg NJ. Mitochondrial complex III defects contribute to inefficient respiration and ATP synthesis in the myocardium of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:27-37. [PMID: 19624257 PMCID: PMC2821147 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a thorough analysis of mitochondrial bioenergetic function as well as the biochemical and molecular factors that are deregulated and contribute to compromised adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in the myocardium during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. We show that ADP-stimulated state 3 respiration and ATP synthesis supported by pyruvate/malate (provides electrons to complex I) and succinate (provides electrons to complex II) substrates were significantly decreased in left ventricular tissue and isolated cardiac mitochondria of infected mice. The decreased mitochondrial ATP synthesis in infected murine hearts was not a result of uncoupling between the electron-transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation and decreased availability of the intermediary metabolites (e.g., NADH). The observed decline in the activities of complex-I, -IV, and -V was not physiologically relevant and did not contribute to compromised respiration and ATP synthesis in infected myocardium. Instead, complex III activity was decreased above the threshold level and contributed to respiratory-chain inefficiency and the resulting decline in mitochondrial ATP synthesis in infected myocardium. The loss in complex III activity occurred as a consequence of cytochrome b depletion. Treatment of infected mice with phenyl-alpha-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN, antioxidant) was beneficial in preserving the mtDNA-encoded cytochrome b expression, and subsequently resulted in improved complex III activity, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP production in infected myocardium. Overall, we provide novel data on the mechanism(s) involved in cardiac bioenergetic inefficiency during T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Wen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, and The Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070, USA
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Regulated and aberrant glycosylation modulate cardiac electrical signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:16517-22. [PMID: 19666501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905414106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions afflicted with Chagas disease and other disorders of aberrant glycosylation suffer symptoms consistent with altered electrical signaling such as arrhythmias, decreased neuronal conduction velocity, and hyporeflexia. Cardiac, neuronal, and muscle electrical signaling is controlled and modulated by changes in voltage-gated ion channel activity that occur through physiological and pathological processes such as development, epilepsy, and cardiomyopathy. Glycans attached to ion channels alter channel activity through isoform-specific mechanisms. Here we show that regulated and aberrant glycosylation modulate cardiac ion channel activity and electrical signaling through a cell-specific mechanism. Data show that nearly half of 239 glycosylation-associated genes (glycogenes) were significantly differentially expressed among neonatal and adult atrial and ventricular myocytes. The N-glycan structures produced among cardiomyocyte types were markedly variable. Thus, the cardiac glycome, defined as the complete set of glycan structures produced in the heart, is remodeled. One glycogene, ST8sia2, a polysialyltransferase, is expressed only in the neonatal atrium. Cardiomyocyte electrical signaling was compared in control and ST8sia2((-/-)) neonatal atrial and ventricular myocytes. Action potential waveforms and gating of less sialylated voltage-gated Na+ channels were altered consistently in ST8sia2((-/-)) atrial myocytes. ST8sia2 expression had no effect on ventricular myocyte excitability. Thus, the regulated (between atrium and ventricle) and aberrant (knockout in the neonatal atrium) expression of a single glycogene was sufficient to modulate cardiomyocyte excitability. A mechanism is described by which cardiac function is controlled and modulated through physiological and pathological processes that involve regulated and aberrant glycosylation.
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