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Status of biomarkers for the identification of stable or vulnerable plaques in atherosclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1981-1997. [PMID: 34414413 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a systemic inflammation of the arteries characterized by atherosclerotic plaque due to the accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, apoptotic cells, calcium and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Stable plaques present a chronic inflammatory infiltration, whereas vulnerable plaques present an 'active' inflammation involved in the thinning of the fibrous cap that predisposes to plaque rupture. Several complex biological cellular processes lead plaques to evolve from stable to vulnerable predisposing them to rupture and thrombosis. In this review, we analyze some emerging circulating biomarkers related to inflammation, ECM and lipid infiltration, angiogenesis, metalloproteinases and microRNA (miRNA), as possible diagnostic and prognostic indicators of plaque vulnerability.
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Tang SL, Zhao ZW, Liu SM, Wang G, Yu XH, Zou J, Wang SQ, Dai XY, Fu MG, Zheng XL, Zhang DW, Fu H, Tang CK. Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A Accelerates Atherosclerosis by Regulating Reverse Cholesterol Transport and Inflammation. Circ J 2019; 83:515-523. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-18-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Lin Tang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China
| | - Zhen-Wang Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Shang-Ming Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Jin Zou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Si-Qi Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Xiao-Yan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Min-Gui Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Shock/Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, The University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
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Parveen N, Subhakumari KN, Krishnan S. Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) Levels in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Case Control Study in a Tertiary Care Centre. Indian J Clin Biochem 2015; 30:150-4. [PMID: 25883421 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-014-0421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an important objective of cardiovascular research has been to find new markers that would improve the risk stratification and diagnosis of patients presenting with symptoms of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Established biomarkers for diagnosis of ACS includes troponins and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB). Pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) is an emerging marker which has been described as a marker of plaque instability. PAPP-A is a large metalloproteinase involved in insulin-like growth factor signaling and has been shown to be involved in pathological processes like atherosclerosis. Many studies have been published regarding release of PAPP-A in circulation during ACS. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of PAPP-A as an early marker of ACS by comparing levels of PAPP-A in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and unstable angina (UA) with asymptomatic controls. The association of PAPP-A with markers of myocardial necrosis and the association of PAPP-A levels to the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease was also studied. We measured PAPP-A levels in patients with AMI (30), UA (23) and asymptomatic controls (45). PAPP-A was estimated using PAPP-A US (ultra sensitive) ELISA manufactured by DRG (Germany). PAPP-A levels were significantly elevated in patients with AMI and in patients with UA (mean levels 64.26 ± 1.05 and 36.23 ± 1.05 ng/ml respectively; p < 0.001). Mean PAPP-A levels in controls were 10.68 ± 1.04 ng/ml. In UA cases PAPP-A levels were elevated when the troponin I and CK-MB levels were within the normal range. No correlation was observed between PAPP-A with markers of myocardial necrosis. PAPP-A can serve as a useful biomarker in the diagnosis of ACS, especially UA, where cardiac troponin levels and CK-MB levels are not elevated and ECG changes are inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Parveen
- Department of Biochemistry, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Science, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - K N Subhakumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Science, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Sajitha Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Science, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
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Lodh M, Goswami B, Parida A, Patra S, Saxena A. Assessment of serum leptin, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and CRP levels as indicators of plaque vulnerability in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Cardiovasc J Afr 2013. [PMID: 22836155 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2012-008.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A multifactorial aetiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been established in the recent past. Extensive research is now underway to understand the mechanisms responsible for plaque vulnerability. The identification of a novel biomarker that will help in the assessment of plaque status is urgently needed for the purpose of patient stratification and prognostication. The aim of the present study was to evaluate leptin, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome and to assess their diagnostic efficacy in the identification of vulnerable plaques. METHODS The study group comprised 105 patients who had chest pain along with ECG changes (ST elevation, ST depression, T inversion) and raised cardiac enzyme levels. Sixty-two patients with chest pain and ECG changes but with normal cardiac enzyme profiles were included in the control group. Lipid profiles, and leptin, PAPP-A and CRP levels were assessed in these two groups. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were plotted to determine the utility of the parameters under study as markers of plaque vulnerability. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of serum lipoprotein (a), leptin, PAPP-A and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) were observed in the cases than in the controls. A positive correlation was observed between CRP and PAPP-A levels as well as CRP and leptin concentrations. ROC curve analysis revealed similar efficacies of CRP and PAPP-A levels in their ability to detect unstable plaques with areas under the curve of 0.762 and 0.732, respectively. Multivariate analysis established the superiority of hs-CRP as a predictor of plaque instability. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the utility of both CRP and PAPP-A levels as determinants of plaque instability. Our findings necessitate population-based follow-up studies to establish the superiority of either of the two biomarkers in the field of preventive cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moushumi Lodh
- Department of Biochemistry, The Mission Hospital, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
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5
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Wlazeł RN, Rysz J, Paradowski M. Examination of serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein A clinical value in acute coronary syndrome prediction and monitoring. Arch Med Sci 2013; 9:14-20. [PMID: 23515702 PMCID: PMC3598147 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2013.33343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic vascular inflammatory process promotes and intensifies all atherogenic events. The aim of this research was to estimate the clinical value of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) measurement associated with plaque destabilization and rupture in prediction and monitoring of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) as well as to assess the predictive value of this biomarker in comparison to traditional myocardial infarction (MI) risk markers. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 119 patients in 2 investigated groups and one control group. PAPP-A assay was performed using manual ELISA kit, DRG. All other parameters were determined using automatic analyzers: Olympus and Dade Behring. RESULTS A statistically significant difference between PAPP-A concentration median value was found in the investigated group MI individuals' serum and control group individuals' serum (11.42 ng/ml and 7.22 ng/ml respectively, p = 0.003). PAPP-A assay had the highest specificity (83.3%) and sensitivity (53.8%), and therefore the highest clinical value. In patients with clinically and laboratory confirmed MI we proved that PAPP-A serum level is a clinically useful biomarker in ACS prediction, better than C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fibrinogen (FBG) level. CONCLUSIONS The highest diagnostic efficiency for ACS prediction was proved for simultaneous panel assays consisting of 2-3 parameters (PAPP-A - hsCRP, PAPP-A - FBG, PAPP-A - hsCRP - FBG), while PAPP-A itself does not show characteristics necessary for it to be used as a biomarker for MI dynamic monitoring. It is possible that prothrombotic component is mainly responsible for repeated major adverse cardiac events, more than inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Nikodem Wlazeł
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Paradowski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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Lodh M, Goswami B, Parida A, Patra S, Saxena A. Assessment of serum leptin, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and CRP levels as indicators of plaque vulnerability in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Cardiovasc J Afr 2012; 23:330-5. [PMID: 22836155 PMCID: PMC3734746 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2012-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A multifactorial aetiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been established in the recent past. Extensive research is now underway to understand the mechanisms responsible for plaque vulnerability. The identification of a novel biomarker that will help in the assessment of plaque status is urgently needed for the purpose of patient stratification and prognostication. The aim of the present study was to evaluate leptin, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome and to assess their diagnostic efficacy in the identification of vulnerable plaques. METHODS The study group comprised 105 patients who had chest pain along with ECG changes (ST elevation, ST depression, T inversion) and raised cardiac enzyme levels. Sixty-two patients with chest pain and ECG changes but with normal cardiac enzyme profiles were included in the control group. Lipid profiles, and leptin, PAPP-A and CRP levels were assessed in these two groups. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were plotted to determine the utility of the parameters under study as markers of plaque vulnerability. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of serum lipoprotein (a), leptin, PAPP-A and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) were observed in the cases than in the controls. A positive correlation was observed between CRP and PAPP-A levels as well as CRP and leptin concentrations. ROC curve analysis revealed similar efficacies of CRP and PAPP-A levels in their ability to detect unstable plaques with areas under the curve of 0.762 and 0.732, respectively. Multivariate analysis established the superiority of hs-CRP as a predictor of plaque instability. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the utility of both CRP and PAPP-A levels as determinants of plaque instability. Our findings necessitate population-based follow-up studies to establish the superiority of either of the two biomarkers in the field of preventive cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moushumi Lodh
- Department of Biochemistry, The Mission Hospital, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
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PAPP-A negatively regulates ABCA1, ABCG1 and SR-B1 expression by inhibiting LXRα through the IGF-I-mediated signaling pathway. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:344-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Gururajan P, Gurumurthy P, Nayar P, Rao GSN, Babu RS, Sarasabharati A, Cherian KM. Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) as an early marker for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Indian Heart J 2012; 64:141-5. [PMID: 22572488 DOI: 10.1016/s0019-4832(12)60049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), a metalloproteinase plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have reported that elevated levels of PAPP-A, signal the onset of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We, therefore, proposed to study the analytical competence of PAPP-A in patients admitted to the emergency department with chest pain and finally diagnosed as ACS. METHODS AND RESULTS Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 485 patients admitted to emergency care unit, of which 89 patients were diagnosed as Non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP). Elevated levels of PAPP-A were observed in patients diagnosed as ACS on comparison with the controls. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed PAPP-A to be a good discriminator between ischaemic and non-ischaemic patients. The area under the curve was found to be 0.904, 95% CI (0.874-0.929) with 90% sensitivity and 85% specificity (P< 0.0001). The cut-off value from the ROC curve was 0.55 μg/mL above which PAPP-A was considered to be positive. CONCLUSION Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A seems to be a promising biomarker for identification and risk stratification for patients with ACS.
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Aldous SJ. Cardiac biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2012; 164:282-94. [PMID: 22341694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Each year, a large number of patients are seen in the Emergency Department with presentations necessitating investigation for possible acute myocardial infarction. Patients can be stratified by symptoms, risk factors and electrocardiogram results but cardiac biomarkers also have a prime role both diagnostically and prognostically. This review summarizes both the history of cardiac biomarkers as well as currently available (established and novel) assays. Cardiac troponin, our current "gold standard" biomarker criterion for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction has high sensitivity and specificity for this diagnosis and therapies instituted in patients with elevated troponin have been shown to influence outcomes. Other markers of myocardial necrosis, inflammation and neurohormonal activity have also been shown to have either diagnostic or prognostic utility, but none have been shown to be superior to troponin. The measurement of multiple biomarkers and the use of point of care markers may accelerate current diagnostic protocols for the assessment of such patients.
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Conover CA, Mason MA, Bale LK, Harrington SC, Nyegaard M, Oxvig C, Overgaard MT. Transgenic overexpression of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in murine arterial smooth muscle accelerates atherosclerotic lesion development. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H284-91. [PMID: 20472761 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00904.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) increases local IGF-I bioavailability through cleavage of inhibitory IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-4 in a variety of systems, including the cardiovascular system. To test the hypothesis that expression of PAPP-A promotes the development of atherosclerotic lesions, we generated transgenic mice that express human PAPP-A in arterial smooth muscle. Four founder lines were characterized for transgenic human PAPP-A mRNA and protein expression, IGFBP-4 protease activity, and tissue specificity. In study I, apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice, a well-characterized mouse model of atherosclerosis, and ApoE KO mice expressing the human PAPP-A transgene at relatively high levels (ApoE KO/Tg) were fed a high-fat diet. At harvest, aortas were dissected and opened longitudinally for en face staining of lipid-rich lesions. Lesion area was increased 3.5-fold in aortas from ApoE KO/Tg compared with ApoE KO mice (P < 0.001), but no significant difference was seen in lesion number. In study II, replacement of PAPP-A expression in arterial smooth muscle of double ApoE KO/PAPP-A KO mice resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in lesion area (P = 0.002), without an effect on lesion number. PAPP-A transgene expression was associated with a significant increase in an IGF-responsive gene (P < 0.001), suggesting increased local IGF-I action. We therefore conclude that expression of human PAPP-A localized to arterial smooth muscle accelerates lesion progression in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. These data provide further evidence for the importance of PAPP-A in the cardiovascular system and suggest PAPP-A as a potential therapeutic target in the control of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Heidema AG, Thissen U, Boer JMA, Bouwman FG, Feskens EJM, Mariman ECM. The association of 83 plasma proteins with CHD mortality, BMI, HDL-, and total-cholesterol in men: applying multivariate statistics to identify proteins with prognostic value and biological relevance. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2640-9. [PMID: 19351182 DOI: 10.1021/pr8006182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we applied the multivariate statistical tool Partial Least Squares (PLS) to analyze the relative importance of 83 plasma proteins in relation to coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality and the intermediate end points body mass index, HDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol. From a Dutch monitoring project for cardiovascular disease risk factors, men who died of CHD between initial participation (1987-1991) and end of follow-up (January 1, 2000) (N = 44) and matched controls (N = 44) were selected. Baseline plasma concentrations of proteins were measured by a multiplex immunoassay. With the use of PLS, we identified 15 proteins with prognostic value for CHD mortality and sets of proteins associated with the intermediate end points. Subsequently, sets of proteins and intermediate end points were analyzed together by Principal Components Analysis, indicating that proteins involved in inflammation explained most of the variance, followed by proteins involved in metabolism and proteins associated with total-C. This study is one of the first in which the association of a large number of plasma proteins with CHD mortality and intermediate end points is investigated by applying multivariate statistics, providing insight in the relationships among proteins, intermediate end points and CHD mortality, and a set of proteins with prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geert Heidema
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Tertti R, Wittfooth S, Porela P, Airaksinen KE, Metsärinne K, Pettersson K. Intravenous administration of low molecular weight and unfractionated heparin elicits a rapid increase in serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1214-7. [PMID: 19325014 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.108738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) has been suggested as a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker in acute coronary syndromes. Because low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) are commonly used in these cases, we analyzed the effects of intravenous administration of these heparins on serum PAPP-A concentrations. METHODS Serum concentrations of total and free PAPP-A were analyzed in 14 patients on chronic hemodialysis and in 10 coronary angiography patients. Ten of the dialysis patients received standard LMWH anticoagulation at the start of dialysis, and 4 were treated with a heparin-free method. Two of the patients on heparin-free hemodialysis received a reduced LMWH bolus 2 h after the start of dialysis. All angiography patients received UFH at the start of the procedure, and 1 patient received 2 extra boluses of UFH. Serum PAPP-A concentrations were analyzed before and during the dialysis session and during the coronary angiography examination. RESULTS A rapid increase in total PAPP-A (median, 25-fold) was seen in all patients within 5 min of administration for both LMWH and UFH boluses. This response was due to an increase in free PAPP-A in the serum. PAPP-A did not increase significantly in the patients who underwent heparin-free hemodialysis. Repeated heparin boluses induced a new PAPP-A release. In vitro addition of heparins to samples of whole blood did not increase PAPP-A concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous administration of heparin induces an intense and rapid increase in free PAPP-A in the serum. We recommend that this effect be considered when PAPP-A is assessed as a biomarker in acute coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto Tertti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Tallant C, García-Castellanos R, Marrero A, Canals F, Yang Y, Reymond JL, Solà M, Baumann U, Gomis-Rüth FX. Activity of ulilysin, an archaeal PAPP-A-related gelatinase and IGFBP protease. Biol Chem 2008; 388:1243-53. [PMID: 17976018 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human growth and development are conditioned by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which have also implications in pathology. Most IGF molecules are sequestered by IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) so that exertion of IGF activity requires disturbance of these complexes. This is achieved by proteolysis mediated by IGFBP proteases, among which the best characterised is human PAPP-A, the first member of the pappalysin family of metzincins. We have previously identified and studied the only archaeal homologue found to date, Methanosarcina acetivorans ulilysin. This is a proteolytically functional enzyme encompassing a pappalysin catalytic domain and a pro-domain involved in maintenance of latency of the zymogen, proulilysin. Once activated, the protein hydrolyses IGFBP-2 to -6 and insulin chain beta in vitro. We report here that ulilysin is also active against several other substrates, viz (azo)casein, azoalbumin, and extracellular matrix components. Ulilysin has gelatinolytic but not collagenolytic activity. Moreover, the proteolysis-resistant skeletal proteins actin and elastin are also cleaved, as is fibrinogen, but not plasmin and alpha1-antitrypsin from the blood coagulation cascade. Ulilysin develops optimal activity at pH 7.5 and strictly requires peptide bonds preceding an arginine residue, as determined by means of a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay, thus pointing to biotechnological applications as an enzyme complementary to trypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Tallant
- Departament de Biologia Estructural, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, c/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
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