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Daneshfard B, Sadr M, Abdolahinia A, Azari H, Naseri M, Iranzadasl M, Velayati A. Mansur ibn Ilyas Shirazi (1380-1422 AD), a pioneer of neuroanatomy. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:2883-2886. [PMID: 34718897 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
History of anatomy is as long as the history of medicine itself. Development of this basic science was not possible without the dedicative effort of those physicians and scholars who were committed to discover the mysteries of human anatomy. In this regard, Iranian scholars played an important role in the development of the anatomical sciences despite the religious limitations in their societies. Mansur ibn Ilyas Shirazi is an Iranian physician of fourteenth century who wrote the first color illustrated anatomical book, Mansur's Anatomy. A considerable portion of the book has been dedicated to the central and peripheral nervous system so that he could be considered as one of the pioneers of neuroanatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Daneshfard
- Integrative Medicine Research Unit, Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Makan Sadr
- Virology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Abdolahinia
- Integrative Medicine Research Unit, Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Azari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mohsen Naseri
- Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Iranzadasl
- Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Aliakbar Velayati
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zargaran A. Pulmonary Circulation Discovery Before Ibn Nafis-Ancient Persian and Greek Theories: A Narrative Review. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 7:105-107. [PMID: 34550308 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.3520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance The recognition of the pulmonary circulation is a complex evolution in medical history and draws on theories across eras and cultures. Observations This narrative review summarizes evidence suggesting that the recognition of pulmonary circulation is older than the time of Ibn Nafis. The theory of pulmonary circulation originated in ancient Persia (ad 224-637), was overshadowed by Greek theory from the 11th century, and reestablished by Ibn Nafis in the 13th century. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this review may help contextualize the story of the discovery of pulmonary circulation in ancient Persian and Greek theories before Ibn Nafis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Zargaran
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mahlooji K, Abdoli M, Tekiner H, Zargaran A. A new evidence on pulmonary circulation discovery: A text of Ibn Luqa (860-912 AD). Eur Heart J 2021; 42:2522-2523. [PMID: 33755117 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Mahlooji
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsima Abdoli
- Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Halil Tekiner
- Department of History of Medicine and Ethics, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Arman Zargaran
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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An introduction to the role of immunology in medical anthropology and molecular epidemiology. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:2203-2209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Kerkhof PLM, Osto E. Women and Men in the History of Western Cardiology: Some Notes on Their Position as Patients, Role as Investigational Study Subjects, and Impact as Professionals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1065:1-30. [PMID: 30051374 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is generally appreciated that studies in the medical field should not only include sex-related aspects but also consider age. In the past, taking the era of Hippocrates as a starting point for the Western medical sciences, such aspects were less urgent and barely relevant. However, considering such details during daily life became increasingly important as the traditional roles of men and women in society and household converged. In the Western world, this fundamental transition process started recently and is advancing at an accelerated pace. Research about the role of women has also evolved, starting from plain history about the lives of women to a description of the relation between men and women, resulting in the gender concept. The present survey highlights a historical selection of observations referring to the impact of men and women on the medical sciences, as patient, study object, and professional. Whenever relevant, focus will be on the field of cardiovascular investigations as documented in the Western world. Rather than being exhaustive, we focus on a few remarkable icons, including Trota of Salerno, Hildegard von Bingen, and Miguel Serveto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L M Kerkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elena Osto
- Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Heart Center, Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Alghamdi MA, Ziermann JM, Diogo R. An untold story: The important contributions of Muslim scholars for the understanding of human anatomy. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:986-1008. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malak A. Alghamdi
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059
| | - Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059
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Loukas M, Youssef P, Gielecki J, Walocha J, Natsis K, Tubbs RS. History of cardiac anatomy: A comprehensive review from the egyptians to today. Clin Anat 2016; 29:270-84. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marios Loukas
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; School of Medicine, St George's University; Grenada West Indies
| | - Pamela Youssef
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; School of Medicine, St George's University; Grenada West Indies
| | - Jerzy Gielecki
- Department of Anatomy; Varmia and Mazuria Medical School; Olsztyn Poland
| | - Jerzy Walocha
- Department of Anatomy; Jagelonian University Medical School; Krakow Poland
| | - Kostantinos Natsis
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - R. Shane Tubbs
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; School of Medicine, St George's University; Grenada West Indies
- Seattle Science Foundation; Seattle Washington
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Baharvand-Ahmadi B, Bahmani M, Zargaran A. Ibn Nafis and the early description of the role of coronary arteries in blood supply of the heart. Int J Cardiol 2016; 204:131-2. [PMID: 26657607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Bahmani
- Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Arman Zargaran
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional, Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Bestetti RB, Restini CBA, Couto LB. Development of anatomophysiologic knowledge regarding the cardiovascular system: from Egyptians to Harvey. Arq Bras Cardiol 2014; 103:538-45. [PMID: 25590934 PMCID: PMC4290745 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20140148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge regarding the anatomophysiology of the cardiovascular system (CVS) has progressed since the fourth millennium BC. In Egypt (3500 BC), it was believed that a set of channels are interconnected to the heart, transporting air, urine, air, blood, and the soul. One thousand years later, the heart was established as the center of the CVS by the Hippocratic Corpus in the medical school of Kos, and some of the CVS anatomical characteristics were defined. The CVS was known to transport blood via the right ventricle through veins and the pneuma via the left ventricle through arteries. Two hundred years later, in Alexandria, following the development of human anatomical dissection, Herophilus discovered that arteries were 6 times thicker than veins, and Erasistratus described the semilunar valves, emphasizing that arteries were filled with blood when ventricles were empty. Further, 200 years later, Galen demonstrated that arteries contained blood and not air. With the decline of the Roman Empire, Greco-Roman medical knowledge about the CVS was preserved in Persia, and later in Islam where, Ibn Nafis inaccurately described pulmonary circulation. The resurgence of dissection of the human body in Europe in the 14th century was associated with the revival of the knowledge pertaining to the CVS. The main findings were the description of pulmonary circulation by Servetus, the anatomical discoveries of Vesalius, the demonstration of pulmonary circulation by Colombo, and the discovery of valves in veins by Fabricius. Following these developments, Harvey described blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucélio B. Couto
- Universidade de Ribeirão Preto - UNAERP, Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brazil
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Nezhad GSM, Dalfardi B. Rhazes (865-925 AD), the icon of Persian cardiology. Int J Cardiol 2014; 177:744-7. [PMID: 25465822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For many long centuries, the function of the human cardiovascular system was an important issue among scholars of different eras and areas. Abubakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (865-925 AD), known by the Latin name Rhazes, was one of the scholars concerned with this issue. This physician is recognized as the first great scientist of the Golden Age of Islamic Medicine (9th-12th centuries AD). He authored Kitab al-Mansuri (Liber Al-Mansuri), a ten-volume medical encyclopedia that covers a large number of medical subjects. The first chapter of this book is allocated to human anatomy and functions. In this article, we review the chapter from Al-Mansuri that deals with Rhazes' views on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnoush Sadat Mahmoudi Nezhad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Behnam Dalfardi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Yarmohammadi H, Dalfardi B, Ghanizadeh A, Hosseinialhashemi M. Differentiation between seizure and hysteria in a tenth-century persian text: Hidāyat of al-Akhawayni (d. 983 AD). JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE NEUROSCIENCES 2014; 23:395-402. [PMID: 25153366 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2014.887896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although hysteria is associated largely with the nineteenth century, we find the subject treated in a tenth-century Persian medical text, the Hidayat al-Muta`allemin Fi al-Tibb [A Guide to Medical Learners] by al-Akhawayni Bukhari (d. 983 AD), a prominent physician in the Persian history of medicine. In this article, we discuss al-Akhawayni's views on seizure and hysteria and his differentiation between the two conditions, and we place it in a historical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Yarmohammadi
- a Student Research Committee , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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Zargaran A, Borhani-Haghighi A. Akhawayni's interventions on treatment and management of stroke. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:850-1. [PMID: 24801092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arman Zargaran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afshin Borhani-Haghighi
- Vascular and Degenerative Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Neurology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Dalfardi B, Yarmohammadi H, Ghanizadeh A. Melancholia in medieval Persian literature: The view of Hidayat of Al-Akhawayni. World J Psychiatry 2014; 4:37-41. [PMID: 25019055 PMCID: PMC4087154 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v4.i2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
“Melancholia” seems to be the oldest term used to describe the manifestations of depression. Throughout the history of medicine, melancholia has been the focus of consideration of many scholars who have provided varying definitions of this disorder and its manifestations. This continual process has resulted in the gradual development of the concept of melancholia over time. Persian scholars were among the scientists who have studied the melancholia and contributed to its concept. One figure, Al-Akhawayni Bukhari (?-983 AD), a Persian physician whose reputation was based on the treatment of patients with mental problems, investigated this disorder. He described Melancholia and explained its clinical manifestations and treatment methods. Al-Akhawayni provided an early classification of the patients suffering from this disorder. Since the medieval Persian concept of melancholia is not well-known, this paper aims to review Al-Akhawayni’s 10th century knowledge on melancholia which can represent the early concept of this disorder in the Near East.
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Al-Baghdadi's description of venous blood circulation. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:209-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dalfardi B, Yarmohammadi H, Sedighi M, Zargaran A. Al-Akhawayni and the early descriptions of meningitis. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE NEUROSCIENCES 2014; 23:120-126. [PMID: 24661188 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2013.859956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Abubakr Rabi-ibn Ahmad Akhawayni Bukhari, also known as Al-Akhawayni, was a Persian physician who lived in the Near East during an age in which medical knowledge blossomed in the Islamic world. This era, the "Islamic Golden Age," extended from the tenth to the twelfth centuries AD. During his lifetime as a physician, Al-Akhawayni was famous for his expertise in medicine, including disorders that would be considered neurological today. In his extant book Hidayat al-Muta`allemin fi al-Tibb [A Scholar's Guide to Medicine], he provided an early description of what is probably meningitis. He illustrated the membranes surrounding the brain tissue in detail and described manifestations resulting from their inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Dalfardi
- a Student Research Committee , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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Dalfardi B, Mahmoudi Nezhad GS, Ghanizadeh A. Rhazes' description of a case with aortic regurgitation. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:e147-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Dalfardi B, Mahmoudi Nezhad GS, Ghanizadeh A. Al-Akhawayni's account of carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:e143-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Zargaran A. Ancient Persian medical views on the heart and blood in the Sassanid era (224–637 AD). Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:307-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Daneshfard B, Yarmohammadi H, Dalfardi B. The origins of the theory of capillary circulation. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:491-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Dalfardi B, Yarmohammadi H. The heart under the lens of Avicenna. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173:e1-2. [PMID: 24598234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Dalfardi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hassan Yarmohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Dalfardi B, Mahmoudi Nezhad GS, Mehdizadeh A. How did Haly Abbas look at the cardiovascular system? Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:36-9. [PMID: 24452226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Persian scholars, especially those who lived during the Golden Age of Islamic Medicine (9th-12th century AD), made significant contributions to the healing arts and secured a place of honor for themselves in the history of this science. Abū l-Ḥasan Alī ibn al-'Abbās al-Majūsī Ahvazi (? 930-994AD), with the Latinized name of Haly Abbas, was a scientist from this part of the world who contributed to the advancement of medicine. He is the author of Kāmil al-Sinā'ah al-Tibbīyah (The Perfect Book of the Art of Medicine), also commonly known as al-Kitāb al-Malikī (The Royal Book), a medical encyclopedia renowned for its systematic and precise content. This textbook covers a wide variety of medical issues, among them topics related to the science of cardiology. This paper reviews the main points of Haly Abbas' knowledge of the cardiovascular system, of which little has been written until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Dalfardi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran..
| | - Golnoush Sadat Mahmoudi Nezhad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Mehdizadeh
- Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Yarmohammadi H, Dalfardi B, Kalantari Meibodi M, Ghanizadeh A. Ibn al-Quff (1233–1286AD), genius theorist of the existence of capillaries. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:e165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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