Electrocardiographic identification of prior myocardial infarction during right ventricular pacing--effect of septal versus apical pacing

What is Chapman's sign?

Chapman's (electrographic) sign is of a notch on the ascending limb of the R wave in leads I, aVL and V6. It has been used in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) during left bundle branch block (LBBB) and cardiac pacing. A number of studies have yielded divergent results about its diagnostic usefulness. However, the sign can be helpful in the diagnosis of MI during LBBB or pacing in the absence of other manifestations of MI.

Diagnosis of myocardial infarction and ischemia in the setting of bundle branch block and cardiac pacing

The diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) in the presence of left bundle branch block (LBBB) or during ventricular pacing (VP) is challenging because of inherent changes in the sequence of ventricular depolarization and repolarization associated with both conditions. Although LBBB and right ventricular (RV) pacing may both produce abnormalities in the ECG, it is often possible to diagnose an acute MI (AMI) or an old MI based on selected morphologic changes. Primary ST-segment changes scoring 3 points or greater according to the Sgarbossa criteria are highly predictive of an AMI in patients with LBBB or RV pacing. The modified Sgarbossa criteria are useful for the diagnosis of AMI in patients with LBBB; however, these criteria have not yet been studied in the setting of RV pacing. Although changes of the QRS complex are not particularly sensitive for the diagnosis of an old MI in the setting of LBBB or RV pacing, the qR complex and Cabrera sign are highly specific for the presence of an old infarct. Diagnosing AMI in the setting of biventricular (BiV) pacing is challenging. To date there is minimal evidence suggesting that the traditional electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of AMI in bundle branch block may be applicable to patients with BiV pacing and positive QRS complexes on their ECG in lead V1. This report is a careful review of the electrocardiographic criteria facilitating the diagnosis of acute and remote MI in patients with LBBB and/or VP.