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Beslika E, Leite-Moreira A, De Windt LJ, da Costa Martins PA. Large animal models of pressure overload-induced cardiac left ventricular hypertrophy to study remodelling of the human heart with aortic stenosis. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:461-475. [PMID: 38428029 PMCID: PMC11060489 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathologic cardiac hypertrophy is a common consequence of many cardiovascular diseases, including aortic stenosis (AS). AS is known to increase the pressure load of the left ventricle, causing a compensative response of the cardiac muscle, which progressively will lead to dilation and heart failure. At a cellular level, this corresponds to a considerable increase in the size of cardiomyocytes, known as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, while their proliferation capacity is attenuated upon the first developmental stages. Cardiomyocytes, in order to cope with the increased workload (overload), suffer alterations in their morphology, nuclear content, energy metabolism, intracellular homeostatic mechanisms, contractile activity, and cell death mechanisms. Moreover, modifications in the cardiomyocyte niche, involving inflammation, immune infiltration, fibrosis, and angiogenesis, contribute to the subsequent events of a pathologic hypertrophic response. Considering the emerging need for a better understanding of the condition and treatment improvement, as the only available treatment option of AS consists of surgical interventions at a late stage of the disease, when the cardiac muscle state is irreversible, large animal models have been developed to mimic the human condition, to the greatest extend. Smaller animal models lack physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms that sufficiently resemblance humans and in vitro techniques yet fail to provide adequate complexity. Animals, such as the ferret (Mustello purtorius furo), lapine (rabbit, Oryctolagus cunigulus), feline (cat, Felis catus), canine (dog, Canis lupus familiaris), ovine (sheep, Ovis aries), and porcine (pig, Sus scrofa), have contributed to research by elucidating implicated cellular and molecular mechanisms of the condition. Essential discoveries of each model are reported and discussed briefly in this review. Results of large animal experimentation could further be interpreted aiming at prevention of the disease progress or, alternatively, at regression of the implicated pathologic mechanisms to a physiologic state. This review summarizes the important aspects of the pathophysiology of LV hypertrophy and the applied surgical large animal models that currently better mimic the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Beslika
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre—UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre—UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Leon J De Windt
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Paula A da Costa Martins
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre—UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
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Quttainah M, Raveendran VV, Saleh S, Parhar R, Aljoufan M, Moorjani N, Al-Halees ZY, AlShahid M, Collison KS, Westaby S, Al-Mohanna F. Transcriptomal Insights of Heart Failure from Normality to Recovery. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050731. [PMID: 35625658 PMCID: PMC9138767 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Current management of heart failure (HF) is centred on modulating the progression of symptoms and severity of left ventricular dysfunction. However, specific understandings of genetic and molecular targets are needed for more precise treatments. To attain a clearer picture of this, we studied transcriptome changes in a chronic progressive HF model. Fifteen sheep (Ovis aries) underwent supracoronary aortic banding using an inflatable cuff. Controlled and progressive induction of pressure overload in the LV was monitored by echocardiography. Endomyocardial biopsies were collected throughout the development of LV failure (LVF) and during the stage of recovery. RNA-seq data were analysed using the PANTHER database, Metascape, and DisGeNET to annotate the gene expression for functional ontologies. Echocardiography revealed distinct clinical differences between the progressive stages of hypertrophy, dilatation, and failure. A unique set of transcript expressions in each stage was identified, despite an overlap of gene expression. The removal of pressure overload allowed the LV to recover functionally. Compared to the control stage, there were a total of 256 genes significantly changed in their expression in failure, 210 genes in hypertrophy, and 73 genes in dilatation. Gene expression in the recovery stage was comparable with the control stage with a well-noted improvement in LV function. RNA-seq revealed the expression of genes in each stage that are not reported in cardiovascular pathology. We identified genes that may be potentially involved in the aetiology of progressive stages of HF, and that may provide future targets for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Quttainah
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (M.Q.); (V.V.R.); (S.S.); (R.P.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Vineesh Vimala Raveendran
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (M.Q.); (V.V.R.); (S.S.); (R.P.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Soad Saleh
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (M.Q.); (V.V.R.); (S.S.); (R.P.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Ranjit Parhar
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (M.Q.); (V.V.R.); (S.S.); (R.P.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Mansour Aljoufan
- Heart Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (Z.Y.A.-H.); (M.A.)
| | - Narain Moorjani
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Papworth Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB23 3RE, UK;
| | - Zohair Y. Al-Halees
- Heart Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (Z.Y.A.-H.); (M.A.)
| | - Maie AlShahid
- Heart Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (Z.Y.A.-H.); (M.A.)
| | - Kate S. Collison
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (M.Q.); (V.V.R.); (S.S.); (R.P.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Stephen Westaby
- Oxford Heart Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX9 3DU, UK;
| | - Futwan Al-Mohanna
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (M.Q.); (V.V.R.); (S.S.); (R.P.); (K.S.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Silva KAS, Emter CA. Large Animal Models of Heart Failure: A Translational Bridge to Clinical Success. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:840-856. [PMID: 32875172 PMCID: PMC7452204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical large animal models play a critical and expanding role in translating basic science findings to the development and clinical approval of novel cardiovascular therapeutics. This state-of-the-art review outlines existing methodologies and physiological phenotypes of several HF models developed in large animals. A comprehensive list of porcine, ovine, and canine models of disease are presented, and the translational importance of these studies to clinical success is highlighted through a brief overview of recent devices approved by the FDA alongside associated clinical trials and preclinical animal reports. Increasing the use of large animal models of HF holds significant potential for identifying new mechanisms underlying this disease and providing valuable information regarding the safety and efficacy of new therapies, thus, improving physiological and economical translation of animal research to the successful treatment of human HF.
Preclinical large animal models of heart failure (HF) play a critical and expanding role in translating basic science findings to the development and clinical approval of novel therapeutics and devices. The complex combination of cardiovascular events and risk factors leading to HF has proved challenging for the development of new treatments for these patients. This state-of-the-art review presents historical and recent studies in porcine, ovine, and canine models of HF and outlines existing methodologies and physiological phenotypes. The translational importance of large animal studies to clinical success is also highlighted with an overview of recent devices approved by the Food and Drug Administration, together with preclinical HF animal studies used to aid both development and safety and/or efficacy testing. Increasing the use of large animal models of HF holds significant potential for identifying the novel mechanisms underlying the clinical condition and to improving physiological and economical translation of animal research to successfully treat human HF.
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Key Words
- AF, atrial fibrillation
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDP, end-diastolic pressure
- EF, ejection fraction
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- HF, heart failure
- HFpEF
- HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- HFrEF
- HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- I/R, ischemia/reperfusion
- IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump
- LAD, left anterior descending
- LCx, left circumflex
- LV, left ventricular
- MI, myocardial infarction
- PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention
- RV, right ventricular
- heart failure
- large animal model
- preclinical
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
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Al-Anazi A, Parhar R, Saleh S, Al-Hijailan R, Inglis A, Al-Jufan M, Bazzi M, Hashmi S, Conca W, Collison K, Al-Mohanna F. Intracellular calcium and NF- kB regulate hypoxia-induced leptin, VEGF, IL-6 and adiponectin secretion in human adipocytes. Life Sci 2018; 212:275-284. [PMID: 30308181 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hypoxia-induced adipokine release has been attributed mainly to HIF-1α. Here we investigate the role of intracellular calcium and NF-kB in the hypoxia-dependent release of leptin, VEGF, IL-6 and the hypoxia-induced inhibition of adiponectin release in human adipocytes. MAIN METHODS We used intracellular calcium imaging to compare calcium status in preadipocytes and in adipocytes. We subjected both cell types to hypoxic conditions and measured the release of adipokines induced by hypoxia in the presence and absence of HIF-1α inhibitor YC-1, NF-κB inhibitor SN50 and intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM. KEY FINDINGS We demonstrate reduced intracellular calcium oscillations and increased oxidative stress as the cells transitioned from preadipocytes to adipocytes. We show that differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes is associated with distinct morphological changes in the mitochondria. We also show that hypoxia-induced secretion of leptin, VEGF, IL-6 and hypoxia-induced inhibition of adiponectin secretion are independent of HIF-1α expression. The hypoxia-induced leptin, VEGF and IL-6 release are [Ca++]i dependent whereas adiponectin is NF-kB dependent. SIGNIFICANCE Our work suggests a major role for [Ca++]i in preadipocyte differentiation to adipocytes and that changes in mitochondrial morphology in the adipocytes might underlie the reduced calcium oscillations observed in the adipocytes. It also demonstrates that multiple signaling pathways are associated with the hypoxia-induced adipokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizah Al-Anazi
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Parhar
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad Saleh
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Al-Hijailan
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angela Inglis
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Al-Jufan
- Heart Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bazzi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarwar Hashmi
- Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Walter Conca
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kate Collison
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Futwan Al-Mohanna
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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Wu YS, Zhu B, Luo AL, Yang L, Yang C. The Role of Cardiokines in Heart Diseases: Beneficial or Detrimental? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8207058. [PMID: 29744364 PMCID: PMC5878913 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8207058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, imposing a major disease burden worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new therapeutic targets. Recently, the concept that the heart acts as a secretory organ has attracted increasing attention. Proteins secreted by the heart are called cardiokines, and they play a critical physiological role in maintaining heart homeostasis or responding to myocardial damage and thereby influence the development of heart diseases. Given the critical role of cardiokines in heart disease, they might represent a promising therapeutic target. This review will focus on several cardiokines and discuss their roles in the pathogenesis of heart diseases and as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Shun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Ai-Lin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Hwang HS, Cho JS, Hong YA, Chang YK, Kim SY, Shin SJ, Yoon HE. Vascular calcification and left ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients: interrelationship and clinical impacts. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:557-563. [PMID: 29725245 PMCID: PMC5930456 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.23700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We examined the relationship and combined effect of vascular calcification (VC) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) on deaths and cardiovascular events (CVEs) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods: Maintenance HD patients (n=341) were included. Echocardiography data and plain chest radiographs were used to assess LVH and aortic arch VC. Results: VC was found in 100 patients (29.3%). LVH was more prevalent in patients with VC compared with those without VC (70% vs. 50.2%, P=0.001). VC was independently associated with a 2.42-fold increased risk of LVH (95% CI, 1.26-4.65). In multivariate analysis, compared with patients with neither VC nor LVH, the coexistence of VC and LVH was independently associated with CVE (HR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.09-3.72), whereas VC or LVH alone was not. Patients with both VC and LVH had the highest risk for a composite event of deaths or CVE (HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.15-3.06). Significant synergistic interaction was observed between VC and LVH (P for interaction=0.039). Conclusions: VC was independently associated with LVH. The coexistence of VC and LVH was associated with higher risk of deaths and CVEs than either factor alone. VC and LVH showed a synergistic interaction for the risk of deaths and CVEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Seok Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Jung Sun Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Yu Ah Hong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Suk Young Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Shin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Hye Eun Yoon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
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Planavila A, Fernández-Solà J, Villarroya F. Cardiokines as Modulators of Stress-Induced Cardiac Disorders. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 108:227-256. [PMID: 28427562 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Almost 30 years ago, the protein, atrial natriuretic peptide, was identified as a heart-secreted hormone that provides a peripheral signal from the myocardium that communicates to the rest of the organism to modify blood pressure and volume under conditions of heart failure. Since then, additional peripheral factors secreted by the heart, termed cardiokines, have been identified and shown to coordinate this interorgan cross talk. In addition to this interorgan communication, cardiokines also act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to play a role in intercellular communication within the myocardium. This review focuses on the roles of newly emerging cardiokines that are mainly increased in stress-induced cardiac diseases. The potential of these cardiokines as clinical biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac disorders is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Planavila
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Fernández-Solà
- Hospital Clínic, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain
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Matrix metalloproteinases are possible targets in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension: investigation of anti-remodeling effects of alagebrium and everolimus. Anatol J Cardiol 2016; 17:8-17. [PMID: 27182612 PMCID: PMC5324875 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2016.6891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In our study, sildenafil alone and everolimus or alagebrium in combination with sildenafil were investigated in terms of their additional therapeutic and anti-remodeling activity in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) model in rats. In particular, the inter-relationships between PH and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were investigated. Methods: The pulmonary artery responses of male Sprague Dawley rats were recorded using myography, and the quantities and activities of MMPs were analyzed in homogenates of the pulmonary arteries and lungs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, activity assays, and gelatin zymography techniques. Results: Our results indicated that the therapeutic effects of sildenafil were accompanied by its suppressor effects on MMP activity. It was also shown that everolimus or alagebrium in combination with sildenafil showed additional regulatory effects on MMPs as well as functional responses on pulmonary artery pressure. Therefore, the enzymes in the MMP superfamily are likely to be target molecules for the treatment of PH. Conclusion: In conclusion, MMPs were involved in the pathogenesis of PH, and our results suggested that the addition of everolimus or alagebrium to sildenafil therapy may be beneficial in PH. Our results indicated that agents that limit pulmonary vascular hypertrophy and inflammation via their anti-remodeling effects significantly ameliorate mortality and morbidity in PH.
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Loiselle D, Ramchandra R. A counterview of 'An investigation of the false discovery rate and the misinterpretation of p-values' by Colquhoun (2014). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150217. [PMID: 26361549 PMCID: PMC4555854 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Loiselle
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R. Ramchandra
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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