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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Fan J, Xie Z, Qi K, Sun X, Zhang S. Exogenous dopamine improves resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea by increasing autophagy activity in pear. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 329:111603. [PMID: 36709003 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pear ring rot, a fungal disease caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea), is one of the most damaging diseases in pear production, affecting fruit yield and causing economic losses. It is not clear whether dopamine, one of the catecholamines, has any role in pear ring rot resistance. In this study, we found that dopamine treatment of B. dothidea resulted in a significant upregulation of PbrTYDC expression compared to H2O treatment (control) and reduced the levels of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Superoxide Anion (O2-), increased Peroxidase (POD), Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) activities, and induced a significant upregulation of related gene expression. Dopamine treatment promoted the oxidationreduction capacity of the AsA-GSH cycle to scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), increased the expression of autophagy-related genes and the accumulation of autophagic structures, and enhanced autophagic activity. Silencing PbrTYDC and PbrATG8 in pear increased H2O2 and·O2-, decreased POD, CAT and SOD activities and reduced resistance to B. dothidea, which was restored by dopamine treatment. In conclusion, exogenous dopamine enhances resistance to B. dothidea by increasing the antioxidant capacity and autophagic activity of pears, and this study provides new insights for subsequent studies on B. dothidea as well as autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Agricultural, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiaqi Fan
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihua Xie
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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2
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Zhao H, Liu H, Yang Y, Wang H. The Role of Autophagy and Pyroptosis in Liver Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116208. [PMID: 35682887 PMCID: PMC9181643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death caused by inflammasomes, which can detect cell cytosolic contamination or disturbance. In pyroptosis, caspase-1 or caspase-11/4/5 is activated, cleaving gasdermin D to separate its N-terminal pore-forming domain (PFD). The oligomerization of PFD forms macropores in the membrane, resulting in swelling and membrane rupture. According to the different mechanisms, pyroptosis can be divided into three types: canonical pathway-mediated pyroptosis, non-canonical pathway-mediated pyroptosis, and caspase-3-induced pyroptosis. Pyroptosis has been reported to play an important role in many tissues and organs, including the liver. Autophagy is a highly conserved process of the eukaryotic cell cycle. It plays an important role in cell survival and maintenance by degrading organelles, proteins and macromolecules in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the dysfunction of this process is involved in a variety of pathological processes. In recent years, autophagy and pyroptosis and their interactions have been proven to play an important role in various physiological and pathological processes, and have gradually attracted more and more attention to become a research hotspot. Therefore, this review summarized the role of autophagy and pyroptosis in liver disorders, and analyzed the related mechanism to provide a basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhao
- Institute of Chronic Disease Risks Assessment, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Huiyang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yihan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Honggang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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Khalifeh S, Khodagholi F, Zarrindast MR, Alizadeh R, Asadi S, Mohammadi Kamsorkh H, Nasehi M, Ghadami A, Sadat-Shirazi MS. Altered D2 receptor and transcription factor EB expression in offspring of aggressive male rats, along with having depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. Int J Neurosci 2021; 131:789-799. [PMID: 32306793 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1758086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study we have evaluated the behavioral mood variations, and expression of DR-D2 and TFEB genes in the amygdala and PFC of aggressive male rats' offspring. RESULTS Anxiety and depression-like behaviors were observed, but intra-ventricle injection of DR-D2 antagonist (Sulpiride) has shown to be efficient in reducing negative behavioral changes in offspring. Furthermore, DR-D2 gene expression was increased in the amygdala and PFC of aggressive male rats' offspring, which the injection of Sulpiride decreased it significantly. TFEB gene expression was also decreased in the amygdala and PFC of aggressive male rats' offspring, but the blockade of DR-D2 had no effect on it. CONCLUSIONS The current data suggests the possible influence of dopaminergic receptors D2 and TFEB genes on the behavioral changes which is modified by having an aggressive father.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Khalifeh
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Alizadeh
- Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Asadi
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ghadami
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Lv S, Wang H, Li X. The Role of the Interplay Between Autophagy and NLRP3 Inflammasome in Metabolic Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634118. [PMID: 33796528 PMCID: PMC8007864 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important and conserved cellular pathway in which cells transmit cytoplasmic contents to lysosomes for degradation. It plays an important role in maintaining the balance of cell composition synthesis, decomposition and reuse, and participates in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome can induce the maturation and secretion of Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-18 by activating caspase-1. It is involved in many diseases. In recent years, the interplay between autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome has been reported to contribute to many diseases including metabolic disorders related diseases. In this review, we summarized the recent studies on the interplay between autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome in metabolic disorders to provide ideas for the relevant basic research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyu Lv
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Honggang Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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5
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Barroso-Chinea P, Luis-Ravelo D, Fumagallo-Reading F, Castro-Hernandez J, Salas-Hernandez J, Rodriguez-Nuñez J, Febles-Casquero A, Cruz-Muros I, Afonso-Oramas D, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Moratalla R, Millan MJ, Gonzalez-Hernandez T. DRD3 (dopamine receptor D3) but not DRD2 activates autophagy through MTORC1 inhibition preserving protein synthesis. Autophagy 2019; 16:1279-1295. [PMID: 31538542 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1668606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that autophagy is deficient in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, and that its induction may have beneficial effects in these conditions. However, as autophagy shares signaling pathways with cell death and interferes with protein synthesis, prolonged use of autophagy inducers available nowadays is considered unwise. The search for novel autophagy inducers indicates that DRD2 (dopamine receptor 2)-DRD3 ligands may also activate autophagy, though critical aspects of the action mechanisms and effects of dopamine ligands on autophagy are still unknown. In order to shed light on this issue, DRD2- and DRD3-overexpressing cells and drd2 KO, drd3 KO and wild-type mice were treated with the DRD2-DRD3 agonist pramipexole. The results revealed that pramipexole induces autophagy through MTOR inhibition and a DRD3-dependent but DRD2-independent mechanism. DRD3 activated AMPK followed by inhibitory phosphorylation of RPTOR, MTORC1 and RPS6KB1 inhibition and ULK1 activation. Interestingly, despite RPS6KB1 inhibition, the activity of RPS6 was maintained through activation of the MAPK1/3-RPS6KA pathway, and the activity of MTORC1 kinase target EIF4EBP1 along with protein synthesis and cell viability, were also preserved. This pattern of autophagy through MTORC1 inhibition without suppression of protein synthesis, contrasts with that of direct allosteric and catalytic MTOR inhibitors and opens up new opportunities for G protein-coupled receptor ligands as autophagy inducers in the treatment of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. ABBREVIATIONS AKT/Protein kinase B: thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; BECN1: beclin 1; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; EIF4EBP1/4E-BP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; GPCR; G protein-coupled receptor; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HEK: human embryonic kidney; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAP2K/MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; MAPK1/ERK2: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MAPK3/ERK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; MDA: malonildialdehyde; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; PPX: pramipexole; RPTOR/raptor: regulatory associated protein of MTOR, complex 1; RPS6: ribosomal protein S6; RPS6KA/p90S6K: ribosomal protein S6 kinase A; RPS6KB1/p70S6K: ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barroso-Chinea
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain
| | - Diego Luis-Ravelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain
| | - Felipe Fumagallo-Reading
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain
| | - Javier Castro-Hernandez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain
| | - Josmar Salas-Hernandez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain
| | - Julia Rodriguez-Nuñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alejandro Febles-Casquero
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ignacio Cruz-Muros
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain
| | - Domingo Afonso-Oramas
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pedro Abreu-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Departamento de Biología Funcional y de Sistemas. Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, ISCIII , Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark J Millan
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Institut Centre de Recherches Servier , Paris, France
| | - Tomas Gonzalez-Hernandez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife, Spain
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6
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See Hoe LE, Bartnikowski N, Wells MA, Suen JY, Fraser JF. Hurdles to Cardioprotection in the Critically Ill. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3823. [PMID: 31387264 PMCID: PMC6695809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the largest contributor to worldwide mortality, and the deleterious impact of heart failure (HF) is projected to grow exponentially in the future. As heart transplantation (HTx) is the only effective treatment for end-stage HF, development of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) technology has unveiled additional therapeutic options for refractory cardiac disease. Unfortunately, despite both MCS and HTx being quintessential treatments for significant cardiac impairment, associated morbidity and mortality remain high. MCS technology continues to evolve, but is associated with numerous disturbances to cardiac function (e.g., oxidative damage, arrhythmias). Following MCS intervention, HTx is frequently the destination option for survival of critically ill cardiac patients. While effective, donor hearts are scarce, thus limiting HTx to few qualifying patients, and HTx remains correlated with substantial post-HTx complications. While MCS and HTx are vital to survival of critically ill cardiac patients, cardioprotective strategies to improve outcomes from these treatments are highly desirable. Accordingly, this review summarizes the current status of MCS and HTx in the clinic, and the associated cardiac complications inherent to these treatments. Furthermore, we detail current research being undertaken to improve cardiac outcomes following MCS/HTx, and important considerations for reducing the significant morbidity and mortality associated with these necessary treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E See Hoe
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside 4032, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Chermside 4032, Australia.
| | - Nicole Bartnikowski
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside 4032, Australia
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Chermside 4032, Australia
| | - Matthew A Wells
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside 4032, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport 4222, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside 4032, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Chermside 4032, Australia
| | - John F Fraser
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside 4032, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Chermside 4032, Australia
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Cui C, Li Z, Wu D. The long non-coding RNA H19 induces hypoxia/reoxygenation injury by up-regulating autophagy in the hepatoma carcinoma cells. Biol Res 2019; 52:32. [PMID: 31196153 PMCID: PMC6567522 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNA H19 (H19) plays an important role by regulating protein expression in different tissues and organs of the body. However, whether H19 induces hypoxia/reoxygenation (h/R) injury via increase of autophagy in the hepatoma carcinoma cells is unknown. RESULTS H19 was expressed in the hepatoma carcinoma cells (Hep G2 and HCCLM3 cells) and its expression was most in 8 h/24R. The knockdown of H19 and 3-MA (an autophagy inhibitor) protected against h/R-induced apoptosis, cell damage, the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9, the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c). The knockdown of H19 and 3-MA also decreased the autophagic vesicles (AVs) and the expression of Beclin-1 and the ration of LC3-II/LC3-I, and increased cell viability, the expression of Bcl-2 and P62 and the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt and mTOR. In addition, chloroquine (CQ, an inhibitor of autophagy flux) markedly decreased formation of autophagy flux (the ration of LC3-II/LC3-I). The results of the knockdown of H19 group were similar to those of the 3-MA (or CQ) group. Rapamycin (a mTOR inhibitor, an autophagy activator) further down-regulated h/R-induced decrease of the phosphorylated PI3K, Akt and mTOR. The knockdown of H19 cancelled the effect of rapamycin. The overexpression of H19 further expanded h/R-induced increase of the ration of LC3-II/LC3-I and decrease of the phosphorylated PI3K, Akt and mTOR. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the long non-coding RNA H19 induces h/R injury by up-regulation of autophagy via activation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in the hepatoma carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Dequan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China.
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8
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Lv H, Yu F, Sha C, Huang Y, Lu Y, Zhang L, Zhai R, Wang T, Fu F. Effects of rotigotine and rotigotine extended-release microsphere therapy on myocardial ischemic injury in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Wang J, Wu D, Wang H. Hydrogen sulfide plays an important protective role by influencing autophagy in diseases. Physiol Res 2019; 68:335-345. [PMID: 30904008 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy can regulate cell growth, proliferation, and stability of cell environment. Its dysfunction can be involved in a variety of diseases. Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an important signaling molecule that regulates many physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies indicate that H(2)S plays an important protective role in many diseases through influencing autophagy, but its mechanism is not fully understood. This article reviewed the progress about the effect of H(2)S on autophagy in diseases in recent years in order to provide theoretical basis for the further research on the interaction of H(2)S and autophagy and the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.
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10
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Qiao SG, Sun Y, Sun B, Wang A, Qiu J, Hong L, An JZ, Wang C, Zhang HL. Sevoflurane postconditioning protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by restoring autophagic flux via an NO-dependent mechanism. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:35-45. [PMID: 30002490 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile anesthetics improve postischemic cardiac function and reduce infarction even when administered for only a brief time at the onset of reperfusion. A recent study showed that sevoflurane postconditioning (SPC) attenuated myocardial reperfusion injury, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of sevoflurane on nitric oxide (NO) release and autophagic flux during the myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats in vivo and ex vivo. Male rats were subjected to 30 min ischemia and 2 h reperfusion in the presence or absence of sevoflurane (1.0 minimum alveolar concentration) during the first 15 min of reperfusion. We found that SPC significantly improved hemodynamic performance after reperfusion, alleviated postischemic myocardial infarction, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide content loss, and cytochrome c release in heart tissues. Furthermore, SPC significantly increased the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and elevated myocardial NOS activity and NO production. All these effects were abolished by treatment with an NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg, i.v.). We also observed myocardial I/R-induced accumulation of autophagosomes in heart tissues, as evidenced by increased ratios of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 II/I, up-regulation of Beclin 1 and P62, and reduced lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 expression. SPC significantly attenuated I/R-impaired autophagic flux, which were blocked by L-NAME. Moreover, pretreatment with the autophagic flux blocker chloroquine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) increased autophagosome accumulation in SPC-treated heart following I/R and blocked SPC-induced cardioprotection. The same results were also observed in a rat model of myocardial I/R injury ex vivo, suggesting that SPC protects rat hearts against myocardial reperfusion injury by restoring I/R-impaired autophagic flux via an NO-dependent mechanism.
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11
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Wu Z, Cai L, Lu J, Wang CD, Guan J, Chen X, Wu J, Zheng W, Wu Z, Li Q, Su Z. MicroRNA-93 mediates cabergoline-resistance by targeting ATG7 in prolactinoma. J Endocrinol 2018; 240:JOE-18-0203.R1. [PMID: 30389900 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To date, the management of dopamine agonist (DA)-resistant prolactinomas remains a major clinical problem. Previously, we determined that miRNA-93 expression increases in DA-resistant prolactinomas; however, the role of miRNA-93 in the DA resistance remains largely unexplored. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the susceptibility of tumor cells to cabergoline (CAB) and the autophagy changes in MMQ and GH3 cells after miRNA-93 overexpression or inhibition. We used bioinformatics to identify the potential target of miRNA-93. Subsequently, we analyzed the correlation between miRNA-93 and autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) using protein expression analysis and luciferase assays. Furthermore, the change in the effect of miRNA-93 was measured after ATG7 overexpression. miRNA-93 expression was elevated in DA-resistant prolactinomas, whereas the expression of its identified target, ATG7, was downregulated. miRNA-93 overexpression suppressed the cytotoxic effect of CAB in MMQ and GH3 cells. In contrast, miRNA-93 downregulation enhanced CAB efficiency and promoted cell autophagy, eventually resulting in apoptosis. These results were further confirmed in vivo xenograft models in nude mice. ATG7 overexpression could reverse the inhibitory effect of miRNA-93 on CAB treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that miRNA-93 mediates CAB resistance via autophagy downregulation by targeting ATG7 and serves as a promising therapeutic target for prolactinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Wu
- Z Wu, Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lin Cai
- L Cai, Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianglong Lu
- J Lu, Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cheng De Wang
- C Wang, neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaqing Guan
- J Guan, Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xianbin Chen
- X Chen, Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinsen Wu
- J Wu, Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiming Zheng
- W Zheng, Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhebao Wu
- Z Wu, Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Li
- Q Li, Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Su
- Z Su, Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Gao J, Gao F. Dopamine D1 receptors induce apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells via changes of MAPK pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 44:1166-1168. [PMID: 28699280 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the effects and mechanisms of dopamine D1 receptors (DR1) activation on the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells (OS732).The DR1 agonist SKF-38393 decreased the viability of OS732 cells and increased their rate of apoptosis, whereas the DR1 antagonist SCH-23390 abolished the effects of SKF-38393. In OS732 cells, overexpression of DR1 increased the rate of apoptosis, caspase-9 and -3 expression, and the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c), reduced Bcl-2 expression, inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, and induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). These results suggest that activation of DR1 induces osteosarcoma cell apoptosis via changes to the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Dopamine Receptor Subtypes Differentially Regulate Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051540. [PMID: 29786666 PMCID: PMC5983733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Some dopamine receptor subtypes were reported to participate in autophagy regulation, but their exact functions and mechanisms are still unclear. Here we found that dopamine receptors D2 and D3 (D2-like family) are positive regulators of autophagy, while dopamine receptors D1 and D5 (D1-like family) are negative regulators. Furthermore, dopamine and ammonia, the two reported endogenous ligands of dopamine receptors, both can induce dopamine receptor internalization and degradation. In addition, we found that AKT (protein kinase B)-mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) and AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) pathways are involved in DRD3 (dopamine receptor D3) regulated autophagy. Moreover, autophagy machinery perturbation inhibited DRD3 degradation and increased DRD3 oligomer. Therefore, our study investigated the functions and mechanisms of dopamine receptors in autophagy regulation, which not only provides insights into better understanding of some dopamine receptor-related neurodegeneration diseases, but also sheds light on their potential treatment in combination with autophagy or mTOR pathway modulations.
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The Crosstalk between ROS and Autophagy in the Field of Transplantation Medicine. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7120962. [PMID: 29410735 PMCID: PMC5749284 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7120962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many factors during the transplantation process influence posttransplant graft function and survival, including donor type and age, graft preservation methods (cold storage, machine perfusion), and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Successively, they will lead to cellular and molecular alterations that determine cell and ultimately organ fate. Oxidative stress and autophagy are implicated in posttransplant outcome since they are both affected by the stress responses triggered in each step (donor, preservation, and recipient) of the transplantation process. Furthermore, oxidative stress influences autophagy and vice versa. Interestingly, both processes have positive as well as negative effects on graft outcome, suggesting they are tightly linked during the transplantation process. In this review, we discuss the importance, regulation and crosstalk of oxidative signals, and autophagy in the field of transplantation medicine.
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Leng ZG, Lin SJ, Wu ZR, Guo YH, Cai L, Shang HB, Tang H, Xue YJ, Lou MQ, Zhao W, Le WD, Zhao WG, Zhang X, Wu ZB. Activation of DRD5 (dopamine receptor D5) inhibits tumor growth by autophagic cell death. Autophagy 2017; 13:1404-1419. [PMID: 28613975 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1328347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine and cabergoline have been successfully used in the treatment of pituitary prolactinomas and other neuroendocrine tumors. However, their therapeutic mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study we demonstrated that DRD5 (dopamine receptor D5) agonists were potent inhibitors of pituitary tumor growth. We further found that DRD5 activation increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibited the MTOR pathway, induced macroautophagy/autophagy, and led to autophagic cell death (ACD) in vitro and in vivo. In addition, DRD5 protein was highly expressed in the majority of human pituitary adenomas, and treatment of different human pituitary tumor cell cultures with the DRD5 agonist SKF83959 resulted in growth suppression, and the efficacy was correlated with the expression levels of DRD5 in the tumors. Furthermore, we found that DRD5 was expressed in other human cancer cells such as glioblastomas, colon cancer, and gastric cancer. DRD5 activation in these cell lines suppressed their growth, inhibited MTOR activity, and induced autophagy. Finally, in vivo SKF83959 also inhibited human gastric cancer cell growth in nude mice. Our studies revealed novel mechanisms for the tumor suppressive effects of DRD5 agonists, and suggested a potential use of DRD5 agonists as a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of different human tumors and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Gen Leng
- a Department of Neurosurgery , First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Shao Jian Lin
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Ze Rui Wu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Yu Hang Guo
- a Department of Neurosurgery , First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Lin Cai
- a Department of Neurosurgery , First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Han Bing Shang
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Hao Tang
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Ya Jun Xue
- c Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Mei Qing Lou
- c Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Wenxiu Zhao
- e Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory , Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Wei-Dong Le
- d Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases , First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Wei Guo Zhao
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Xun Zhang
- e Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory , Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Zhe Bao Wu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China.,b Department of Neurosurgery , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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Fo ATP synthase C subunit serum levels in patients with ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Preliminary findings. Int J Cardiol 2016; 221:993-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen J, Gao J, Sun W, Li L, Wang Y, Bai S, Li X, Wang R, Wu L, Li H, Xu C. Involvement of exogenous H2S in recovery of cardioprotection from ischemic post-conditioning via increase of autophagy in the aged hearts. Int J Cardiol 2016; 220:681-92. [PMID: 27393850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is a member of the gasotransmitter family, plays an important physiological and pathological role in cardiovascular system. Ischemic post-conditioning (PC) provides myocardial protective effect in the young hearts but not in the aged hearts. Exogenous H2S restores PC-induced cardioprotection by inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in the aged hearts. However, whether H2S contributes to the recovery of PC-induced cardioprotection via up-regulation of autophagy in the aged hearts is unclear. METHODS The isolated aged rat hearts (24-months-old, 450-500g) and aged cardiomyocytes-induced by d-galactose were exposed to an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and PC protocol. RESULTS We found PC lost cardioprotection in the aged hearts and cardiomyocytes. NaHS (a H2S donor) significantly restored cardioprotection of PC through decreasing myocardial damage, infarct size, and apoptosis, improving cardiac function, increasing cell viability and autophagy in the aged hearts and cardiomyocytes. 3-MA (an autophagy inhibitor) abolished beneficial effect of NaHS in the aged hearts. In addition, in the aged cardiomyocytes, NaHS up-regulated AMPK/mTOR pathway, and the effect of NaHS on PC was similar to the overexpression of Atg 5, treatment of AICAR (an AMPK activator) or Rapamycin (a mTOR inhibitor, an autophagy activator), respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that exogenous H2S restores cardioprotection from PC by up-regulation of autophagy via activation of AMPK/mTOR pathway in the aged hearts and cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Osteology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, China
| | - Weiming Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shuzhi Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Wang
- The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Lingyun Wu
- The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Hongzhu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
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García-Rúa V, Feijóo-Bandín S, Rodríguez-Penas D, Mosquera-Leal A, Abu-Assi E, Beiras A, María Seoane L, Lear P, Parrington J, Portolés M, Roselló-Lletí E, Rivera M, Gualillo O, Parra V, Hill JA, Rothermel B, González-Juanatey JR, Lago F. Endolysosomal two-pore channels regulate autophagy in cardiomyocytes. J Physiol 2016; 594:3061-77. [PMID: 26757341 DOI: 10.1113/jp271332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Two-pore channels (TPCs) were identified as a novel family of endolysosome-targeted calcium release channels gated by nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, as also as intracellular Na(+) channels able to control endolysosomal fusion, a key process in autophagic flux. Autophagy, an evolutionarily ancient response to cellular stress, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide range of cardiovascular pathologies, including heart failure. We report direct evidence indicating that TPCs are involved in regulating autophagy in cardiomyocytes, and that TPC knockout mice show alterations in the cardiac lysosomal system. TPC downregulation implies a decrease in the viability of cardiomyocytes under starvation conditions. In cardiac tissues from both humans and rats, TPC transcripts and protein levels were higher in females than in males, and correlated negatively with markers of autophagy. We conclude that the endolysosomal channels TPC1 and TPC2 are essential for appropriate basal and induced autophagic flux in cardiomyocytes, and also that they are differentially expressed in male and female hearts. ABSTRACT Autophagy participates in physiological and pathological remodelling of the heart. The endolysosomal two-pore channels (TPCs), TPC1 and TPC2, have been implicated in the regulation of autophagy. The present study aimed to investigate the role of TPC1 and TPC2 in basal and induced cardiac autophagic activity. In cultured cardiomyocytes, starvation induced a significant increase in TPC1 and TPC2 transcripts and protein levels that paralleled the increase in autophagy identified by increased LC3-II and decreased p62 levels. Small interfering RNA depletion of TPC2 alone or together with TPC1 increased both LC3II and p62 levels under basal conditions and in response to serum starvation, suggesting that, under conditions of severe energy depletion (serum plus glucose starvation), changes in the autophagic flux (as assessed by use of bafilomycin A1) occurred either when TPC1 or TPC2 were downregulated. The knockdown of TPCs diminished cardiomyocyte viability under starvation and simulated ischaemia. Electron micrographs of hearts from TPC1/2 double knockout mice showed that cardiomyocytes contained large numbers of immature lysosomes with diameters significantly smaller than those of wild-type mice. In cardiac tissues from humans and rats, TPC1 and TPC2 transcripts and protein levels were higher in females than in males. Furthermore, transcript levels of TPCs correlated negatively with p62 levels in heart tissues. TPC1 and TPC2 are essential for appropriate basal and induced autophagic flux in cardiomyocytes (i.e. there is a negative effect on cell viability under stress conditions in their absence) and they are differentially expressed in male and female human and murine hearts, where they correlate with markers of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa García-Rúa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sandra Feijóo-Bandín
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Penas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Mosquera-Leal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emad Abu-Assi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrés Beiras
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luisa María Seoane
- Department of Endocrine Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pamela Lear
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Oreste Gualillo
- Department of Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatic and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Valentina Parra
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beverly Rothermel
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - José Ramón González-Juanatey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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