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Si SC, Yang W, Luo HY, Ma YX, Zhao H, Liu J. Association of bone turnover biomarkers with severe intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:594-605. [PMID: 37273245 PMCID: PMC10236991 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i5.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis is associated with cerebral infarction. Vascular calcification and atherosclerosis are the main causes of stenosis and major risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Bone turnover biomarkers (BTMs) are associated with vascular calcification, atherosclerosis, glucose, and lipid metabolism.
AIM To investigate the association of circulating BTM levels with severe intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis in patients with T2DM.
METHODS For this cross-sectional study including 257 T2DM patients, levels of the BTMs serum osteocalcin (OC), C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), and procollagen type I N-peptide were measured by electrical chemiluminescent immunoassay, and artery stenosis was assessed by color Doppler and transcranial Doppler. Patients were grouped according to the existence and location (intracranial vs. extracranial) of artery stenosis. Correlations between BTM levels, previous stroke, stenosis location, and glucose and lipid metabolism were analyzed.
RESULTS T2DM patients with severe artery stenosis had a higher frequency of previous stroke and levels of all three tested BTMs (all P < 0.05) than patients without. Some differences in OC and CTX levels were observed according to the location of artery stenosis. Significant associations were also observed between BTM levels and some glucose and lipid homeostasis parameters. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, all BTMs were significant predictors of artery stenosis in T2DM patients with and without adjustment for confounding factors (all P < 0.001), and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated the ability of BTM levels to predict artery stenosis in T2DM patients.
CONCLUSION BTM levels were found to be independent risk factors for severe intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis and were differentially associated with glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with T2DM. Therefore, BTMs may be promising biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for artery stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Cong Si
- General Geriatric Department, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Wei Yang
- General Geriatric Department, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hong-Yu Luo
- General Geriatric Department, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yi-Xin Ma
- General Geriatric Department, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- General Geriatric Department, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jia Liu
- General Geriatric Department, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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2
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Accumulating evidence indicates that coronary heart disease (CHD) contributes to the majority of cardiovascular deaths. With the development of precision medicine, the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease are becoming more refined and individualized. Molecular diagnosis technology and individualized treatment are gradually applied to the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CHD. It is great significance to seek sensitive biological indicators to help early diagnosis and improve prognosis of CHD. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive technique, which is widely used to detect molecular biomarkers of tumors without invasive biopsy. Compared with the field of oncology, it is not easy to get the diseased tissue in CVD, especially CHD. Therefore, the idea of "fluid biopsy" is very attractive, and its progress may provide new and useful noninvasive indicators for CHD. By analyzing circulating cells or their products in blood, saliva, and urine samples, we can investigate the molecular changes that occur in each patient at a specific point in time, thus continuously monitoring the evolution of CHD. For example, the assessment of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) levels may help predict the severity of acute myocardial infarction and diagnose heart transplant rejection. Moreover, the unmethylated FAM101A gene may specifically track the cfDNA derived from cardiomyocyte death, which provides a powerful diagnostic biomarker for apoptosis during ischemia. In addition, the changes of plasma circulating miR-92 levels may predict the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) onset in patients with diabetes. Liquid biopsy can reflect the disease state through patients' body fluids and may noninvasively provide dynamic and rich molecular information related to CHD. It has great application potential in early warning and auxiliary diagnosis, real-time monitoring of curative effect, medication guidance and exploration of drug resistance mechanism, prognosis judgment, and risk classification of CHD. This chapter will review the latest progress of liquid biopsy in accurate diagnosis and treatment of CHD, meanwhile explore the application status and clinical prospect of liquid biopsy in CHD, in order to improve the importance of precision medicine and personalized treatment in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Zhu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Jiang H, Li L, Zhang L, Zang G, Sun Z, Wang Z. Role of endothelial cells in vascular calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:895005. [PMID: 35928939 PMCID: PMC9343736 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.895005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is active and regulates extraosseous ossification progress, which is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Endothelial cells (ECs) line the innermost layer of blood vessels and directly respond to changes in flow shear stress and blood composition. Together with vascular smooth muscle cells, ECs maintain vascular homeostasis. Increased evidence shows that ECs have irreplaceable roles in VC due to their high plasticity. Endothelial progenitor cells, oxidative stress, inflammation, autocrine and paracrine functions, mechanotransduction, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and other factors prompt ECs to participate in VC. EndMT is a dedifferentiation process by which ECs lose their cell lineage and acquire other cell lineages; this progress coexists in both embryonic development and CVD. EndMT is regulated by several signaling molecules and transcription factors and ultimately mediates VC via osteogenic differentiation. The specific molecular mechanism of EndMT remains unclear. Can EndMT be reversed to treat VC? To address this and other questions, this study reviews the pathogenesis and research progress of VC, expounds the role of ECs in VC, and focuses on the regulatory factors underlying EndMT, with a view to providing new concepts for VC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongqun Wang,
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Chen K, Li Y, Xu L, Qian Y, Liu N, Zhou C, Liu J, Zhou L, Xu Z, Jia R, Ge YZ. Comprehensive insight into endothelial progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles as a promising candidate for disease treatment. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:238. [PMID: 35672766 PMCID: PMC9172199 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which are a type of stem cell, have been found to have strong angiogenic and tissue repair capabilities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain many effective components, such as cellular proteins, microRNAs, messenger RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs, and can be secreted by different cell types. The functions of EVs depend mainly on their parent cells. Many researchers have conducted functional studies of EPC-derived EVs (EPC-EVs) and showed that they exhibit therapeutic effects on many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, acute lung injury, and sepsis. In this review article, we comprehensively summarized the biogenesis and functions of EPCs and EVs and the potent role of EPC-EVs in the treatment of various diseases. Furthermore, the current problems and future prospects have been discussed, and further studies are needed to compare the therapeutic effects of EVs derived from various stem cells, which will contribute to the accelerated translation of these applications in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Luwei Xu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiguan Qian
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuhua Zhou
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruipeng Jia
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Zheng Ge
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Shahrour HE, Al Fahom S, Al-Massarani G, AlSaadi AR, Magni P. Osteocalcin-expressing endothelial progenitor cells and serum osteocalcin forms are independent biomarkers of coronary atherosclerotic disease severity in male and female patients. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:1173-1180. [PMID: 35089541 PMCID: PMC9098612 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteocalcin (OC), an osteoblast-derived regulator of metabolic processes, and circulating early endothelial progenitor cells (EPC, CD34 - /CD133 + /KDR +) expressing OC (OC +) are potential candidates linking bone metabolism and the vasculature and might be involved in vascular atherosclerotic calcification. This study aimed at assessing the association of circulating levels of different OC forms and of EPCs count with disease severity in patients with documented coronary atherosclerosis (CAD). METHODS Patients (n = 59) undergoing coronary angiography were divided, according to stenosis severity, into (1) early coronary atherosclerosis (ECA) (n = 22), and (2) late coronary atherosclerosis (LCA) (n = 37). Total OC (TOC), carboxylated OC (cOC), undercarboxylated OC (unOC) were quantified by ELISA. EPC OC + count was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS EPC OC + counts showed significant differences between ECA and LCA groups. unOC and unOC/TOC ratio were inversely correlated with EPC OC + count. A significant decrease in TOC and unOC plasma levels was associated with higher cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) number. EPC OC + count was correlated with LDL-C, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, with a greater significance in the LCA group. No association between the different forms of circulating OC (TOC, ucOC, cOC) and severity of CAD was found. CONCLUSION This study showed a significant association between EPCs (CD34 - /CD133 + /KDR + /OC +), CAD severity and CVRFs, suggesting an active role for EPC OC + in the development of CAD. An inverse correlation between TOC, ucOC, and number of CVRFs was observed, suggesting that OC, regardless of its carboxylation status, may be developed as a further cardiovascular risk biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Shahrour
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - S Al Fahom
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - G Al-Massarani
- Department Radiation Medicine, Pharmacological Studies Division, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria
| | - A R AlSaadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - P Magni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, Milan, Italy.
- DISFeB-UNIMI, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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6
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Pan X, Pi C, Ruan X, Zheng H, Zhang D, Liu X. Mammalian Sirtuins and Their Relevance in Vascular Calcification. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:907835. [PMID: 35677446 PMCID: PMC9168231 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.907835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a group of diseases with high morbidity and mortality that affect millions of people each year. Vascular calcification (VC) is an active process that involves the mineral deposition of calcium-phosphate complexes. VC is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, heart failure, and calcific aortic stenosis, and is a type of ectopic calcification that occurs in the vessel walls. The sirtuins (silent mating-type information regulation 2; SIRTs), are a family of histone deacetylases whose function relies on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). They have non-negligible functions in the regulation of energy metabolism, senescence, apoptosis, and other biological processes. Sirtuins have important effects on bone homeostasis and VC processes that share many similarities with bone formation. Sirtuins have been confirmed to deacetylate a variety of target proteins related to the occurrence and development of VC, thereby affecting the process of VC and providing new possibilities for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. To facilitate the understanding of vascular calcification and accelerate the development of cardiovascular drugs, we reviewed and summarized recent research progress on the relationship between different types of sirtuins and VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianchun Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Demao Zhang, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Demao Zhang, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
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7
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Ozcan I, Toya T, Corban MT, Ahmad A, Loeffler D, Morse D, Lerman LO, Kushwaha SS, Lerman A. Circulating Progenitor Cells Are Associated With Plaque Progression And Long-Term Outcomes In Heart Transplant Patients. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1703-1712. [PMID: 34132771 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Circulating progenitor cells (CPCs) play a role in vascular repair and plaque stability, while osteocalcin (OC) expressing CPCs have been linked to unstable plaque and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, their role in cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) has not been elucidated. This cohort study aimed to investigate the contribution of CPCs on CAV progression and cardiovascular events after heart transplantation. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 80 heart transplant patients (mean age 55 ± 14 years, 72% male) undergoing annual intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) had fresh CPCs marked by CD34, CD133, and OC counted in peripheral blood using flow cytometry, on the same day as baseline IVUS. CAV progression was assessed by IVUS as the change (Δ) in plaque volume divided by segment length (PV/SL), adjusted for the time between IVUS measurements (median 3.0, interquartile range (IQR) [2.8, 3.1] years), and was defined as ΔPV/SL that is above the median ΔPV/SL of study population. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) was defined as any incident of revascularization, myocardial infarction, heart failure admission, re-transplantation, stroke and death. Patients with higher CD34+CD133+ CPCs had a decreased risk of CAV progression (odds ratio 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.37, 0.92], p = 0.01) and MACE (hazard ratio [HR] 0.79, 95% CI [0.66, 0.99], p = 0.05) during a median (IQR) follow up of 8.0 years (7.2, 8.3). Contrarily, higher OC+ cell counts were associated with an increased risk of MACE (HR 1.26, 95% CI [1.03, 1.57], p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Lower levels of CD34+CD133+ CPCs are associated with plaque progression and adverse long-term outcomes in patients who underwent allograft heart transplantation. In contrast, higher circulating OC+ levels are associated with adverse long term outcomes. Thus, CPCs might play a role in amelioration of transplant vasculopathy, while OC expression by these cells might play a role in progression. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE The results of the current study suggest lower levels of circulating CD34+CD133+ cell levels are associated with cardiac allograft vasculopathy progression and future adverse cardiovascular events, while higher OC+ cell levels are associated with a greater risk of future cardiovascular events. Further studies confirming our findings might elucidate the role of circulating progenitor cells in the pathophysiology of CAV. Moreover, our findings might support the use of circulating progenitors as biomarkers, as well as the notion of cell therapy as potential treatment option for CAV, a disease with severe burden and limited treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Ozcan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Takumi Toya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Cardiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Michel T Corban
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Darrell Loeffler
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David Morse
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sudhir S Kushwaha
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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8
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Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Therapeutic Application in Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126375. [PMID: 34203627 PMCID: PMC8232313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, many studies investigated the role of a specific type of stem cell named the endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) in tissue regeneration and repair. EPCs represent a heterogeneous population of mononuclear cells resident in the adult bone marrow. EPCs can migrate and differentiate in injured sites or act in a paracrine way. Among the EPCs’ secretome, extracellular vesicles (EVs) gained relevance due to their possible use for cell-free biological therapy. They are more biocompatible, less immunogenic, and present a lower oncological risk compared to cell-based options. EVs can efficiently pass the pulmonary filter and deliver to target tissues different molecules, such as micro-RNA, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and non-coding RNAs. Their effects are often analogous to their cellular counterparts, and EPC-derived EVs have been tested in vitro and on animal models to treat several medical conditions, including ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes, and acute kidney injury. EPC-derived EVs have also been studied for bone, brain, and lung regeneration and as carriers for drug delivery. This review will discuss the pre-clinical evidence regarding EPC-derived EVs in the different disease models and regenerative settings. Moreover, we will discuss the translation of their use into clinical practice and the possible limitations of this process.
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Zhou H, Tu Q, Zhang Y, Xie HQ, Shuai QY, Huang XC, Fu J, Cao Z. Shear stress improves the endothelial progenitor cell function via the CXCR7/ERK pathway axis in the coronary artery disease cases. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:403. [PMID: 32894067 PMCID: PMC7487552 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunction in the late Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) is responsible for endothelial repair in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), and the shear stress is beneficial for EPCs function. However, the impact of shear stress on the capacity of EPCs in CAD patients has not been elucidated yet. The C-X-C chemokine receptor 7/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (CXCR7)/(ERK) pathways are identified to regulate EPCs function in CAD patients. Here, we hypothesize that shear stress upregulates the CXCR7/ERK pathways, which restore the EPCs function in CAD patients. Methods The human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were collected from healthy adults and CAD patients and then used for EPCs cultivation. The Lv-siRNA for human CXCR7 was transfected into induced EPCs isolated from the CAD patients. Meanwhile, the EPCs from CAD patients were subjected to shear stress generated by a biomimetic device. Next, the cell viability, migration, tube formation, and apoptosis were detected by CCK-8, Transwell assay, Matrigel, and flow cytometry, respectively. Also, the CXCR7/ERK pathways in human EPCs were analyzed by Western blotting and qRT-PCR. Result Compared to the EPCs collected from normal adults, the CAD patient-derived EPCs showed reduced in vitro vasculogenic capacity. Also, the level of CXCR7 in CAD patient-derived EPCs was significantly reduced compared to the EPCs of healthy subjects. Meanwhile, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which represents a CXCR7 downstream signaling pathway, had decreased phosphorylation level. The shear stress treatment augmented the CXCR7 expression and also elevated ERK phosphorylation, which is comparable to the up-regulation of CAD patient-derived EPCs function. Further, the small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated CXCR7 knockdown diminished the enhanced migration, adhesion, and tube formation capacity of shear stress treated CAD patient-derived EPCs. Conclusion Up-regulation of the CXCR7/ERK pathways by shear stress can be a promising new target in enhancing the vasculogenic ability of CAD patient-derived EPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Tu
- Department of Cardiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Qiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Yun Shuai
- Department of Cardiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Chuan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
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10
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Quaglino D, Boraldi F, Lofaro FD. The biology of vascular calcification. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 354:261-353. [PMID: 32475476 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), characterized by different mineral deposits (i.e., carbonate apatite, whitlockite and hydroxyapatite) accumulating in blood vessels and valves, represents a relevant pathological process for the aging population and a life-threatening complication in acquired and in genetic diseases. Similarly to bone remodeling, VC is an actively regulated process in which many cells and molecules play a pivotal role. This review aims at: (i) describing the role of resident and circulating cells, of the extracellular environment and of positive and negative factors in driving the mineralization process; (ii) detailing the types of VC (i.e., intimal, medial and cardiac valve calcification); (iii) analyzing rare genetic diseases underlining the importance of altered pyrophosphate-dependent regulatory mechanisms; (iv) providing therapeutic options and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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11
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Hou YC, Lu CL, Zheng CM, Liu WC, Yen TH, Chen RM, Lin YF, Chao CT, Lu KC. The Role of Vitamin D in Modulating Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Vascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072466. [PMID: 32252330 PMCID: PMC7177675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification, which involves the deposition of calcifying particles within the arterial wall, is mediated by atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cell osteoblastic changes, adventitial mesenchymal stem cell osteoblastic differentiation, and insufficiency of the calcification inhibitors. Recent observations implied a role for mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells in vascular calcification. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in the bone marrow and the adventitial layer of arteries. Endothelial progenitor cells that originate from the bone marrow are an important mechanism for repairing injured endothelial cells. Mesenchymal stem cells may differentiate osteogenically by inflammation or by specific stimuli, which can activate calcification. However, the bioactive substances secreted from mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to mitigate vascular calcification by suppressing inflammation, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and the Wingless-INT signal. Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to vascular calcification. Vitamin D supplement has been used to modulate the osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and to lessen vascular injury by stimulating adhesion and migration of endothelial progenitor cells. This narrative review clarifies the role of mesenchymal stem cells and the possible role of vitamin D in the mechanisms of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chou Hou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal-Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 234, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (C.-M.Z.); (W.-C.L.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Chien-Lin Lu
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 234, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
| | - Cai-Mei Zheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (C.-M.Z.); (W.-C.L.); (Y.-F.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 235, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chih Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (C.-M.Z.); (W.-C.L.); (Y.-F.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung City 43304, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Hai Yen
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (C.-M.Z.); (W.-C.L.); (Y.-F.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 235, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ter Chao
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 104, Taiwan
- Nephrology division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital BeiHu Branch, Taipei 108, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-T.C.); (K.-C.L.)
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 234, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, and School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-T.C.); (K.-C.L.)
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12
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Millar SA, Zala I, Anderson SI, O'Sullivan SE. Osteocalcin does not influence acute or chronic inflammation in human vascular cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3414-3424. [PMID: 31549398 PMCID: PMC6972510 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Some human observational studies have suggested an anti‐inflammatory role of osteocalcin (OCN). An inflammatory protocol using interferon‐γ and tumor necrosis factor‐α (10 ng/ml) was employed to examine the acute (24 hr) and chronic (144 hr) effects of uncarboxylated OCN (ucOCN) in commercial, primary, subcultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), and human smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). The inflammatory protocol increased phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins (CREB, JNK, p38, ERK, AKT, STAT3, STAT5) and increased secretion of adhesion markers (vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, intracellular adhesion molecule‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1) and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐6 [IL‐6], IL‐8). After acute inflammation, there were no additive or reductive effects of ucOCN in either cell type. Following chronic inflammation, ucOCN did not affect cell responses, nor did it appear to have any pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory effects when administered acutely or chronically on its own in either cell type. Additionally, ucOCN did not affect lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced acute inflammation in HAECs or HASMCs. The findings of this study do not support a causal role for OCN within the models of vascular inflammation chosen. Further confirmatory studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Millar
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Ieva Zala
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Susan I Anderson
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
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13
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Yi M, Wu Y, Long J, Liu F, Liu Z, Zhang YH, Sun XP, Fan ZX, Gao J, Si J, Zuo XB, Zhang LM, Shi N, Miao ZP, Bai ZR, Liu BY, Liu HR, Li J. Exosomes secreted from osteocalcin-overexpressing endothelial progenitor cells promote endothelial cell angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C932-C941. [PMID: 31411920 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00534.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exosome secretion is an important paracrine way of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to modulate resident endothelial cells. The osteocalcin (OCN)-expressing EPCs have been found to be increased in cardiovascular disease patients and are considered to be involved in the process of coronary atherosclerosis. Since OCN has been proven to prevent endothelial dysfunction, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of exosomes derived from OCN-overexpressed EPCs on endothelial cells. Exosomes derived from EPCs (Exos) and OCN-overexpressed EPCs (OCN-Exos) were isolated and incubated with rat aorta endothelial cells (RAOECs) with or without the inhibition of OCN receptor G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A). The effects of exosomes on the proliferation activity of endothelial cells were evaluated by CCK-8 assay, and the migration of endothelial cells was detected by wound healing assay. A tube formation assay was used to test the influence of exosomes on the angiogenesis performance of endothelial cells. Here, we presented that OCN was packed into Exos and was able to be transferred to the RAOECs via exosome incorporation, which was increased in OCN-Exos groups. Compared with Exos, OCN-Exos had better efficiency in promoting RAOEC proliferation and migration and tube formation. The promoting effects were impeded after the inhibition of GPRC6A expression in RAOECs. These data suggest that exosomes from OCN-overexpressed EPCs have a beneficial regulating effect on endothelial cells, which involved enhanced OCN-GPRC6A signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Long
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Hua Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Peng Sun
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Xing Fan
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Gao
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Si
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Bing Zuo
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Min Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Shi
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zu-Pei Miao
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Run Bai
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Yu Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Rong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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14
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Wang X, Zhan E, Lu G, Mu Q, Zhang T, Yang N. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Improves the Biological Features of Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived EPCs Partially through PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO Pathway. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132404. [PMID: 31261859 PMCID: PMC6651153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive sphingolipid, is recognized as a critical regulator in physiological and pathophysiological processes of atherosclerosis (AS). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. As the precursor cells of endothelial cells (ECs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can prevent AS development through repairing endothelial monolayer impaired by proatherogenic factors. The present study investigated the effects of S1P on the biological features of mouse bone marrow-derived EPCs and the underlying mechanism. The results showed that S1P improved cell viability, adhesion, and nitric oxide (NO) release of EPCs in a bell-shaped manner, and migration and tube formation dose-dependently. The aforementioned beneficial effects of S1P on EPCs could be inhibited by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor of LY294002 and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor of N’-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME). The inhibitor of LY294002 inhibited S1P-stimulated activation of phosphorylated protein kinase B (AKT) (p-AKT) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (p-eNOS), and down-regulated the level of eNOS significantly. The results suggest that S1P improves the biological features of EPCs partially through PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Prediction and Governance of Major Social Risks in Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Enxin Zhan
- Institute of Preschool Education, Jinan Preschool Education College, Jinan 250307, China
| | - Guohua Lu
- Department of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Qingjie Mu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tianliang Zhang
- Experimental Center for Medical Research, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Nana Yang
- Experimental Center for Medical Research, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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15
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Kosmopoulos M, Paschou SA, Grapsa J, Anagnostis P, Vryonidou A, Goulis DG, Siasos G. The Emerging Role of Bone Markers in Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Angiology 2019; 70:690-700. [PMID: 30696256 DOI: 10.1177/0003319718822625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecules that govern bone metabolism, such as osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteopontin (OPN), have been isolated from other tissues, including blood vessels. Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD) are leading causes of mortality worldwide. Despite novel biochemical and imaging techniques, early detection of CAD is still unsatisfactory. Experimental data indicate that bone turnover markers (BTMs) contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. This finding has sparked interest in their clinical use. This narrative review analyzed information from >50 human studies, which strongly suggest that OPG, OPN, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) serum concentrations are altered in patients with CAD. Osteoprotegerin seems to be more useful for the detection of early disease, while OPN and ALP are recruited in vessels after the establishment of disease. Osteocalcin may be used as a flow cytometry marker for endothelial progenitor cells and can constitute a marker to monitor response to interventional treatments and risk of restenosis. However, most data derive from observational studies. Incorporation of BTMs in multifactorial computational algorithms could further determine their role in CAD diagnosis and prognosis together with other imaging techniques and biochemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos Kosmopoulos
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- 2 Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, "Aghia Sophia" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Julia Grapsa
- 3 Barts Heart Center, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Panagiotis Anagnostis
- 4 Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andromachi Vryonidou
- 5 Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- 4 Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 6 First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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16
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Endothelial Progenitor Cells Biology in Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Arterial Disease and their Therapeutic Potential. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 15:157-165. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Traghella I, Mastorci F, Pepe A, Pingitore A, Vassalle C. Nontraditional Cardiovascular Biomarkers and Risk Factors: Rationale and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E40. [PMID: 29914099 PMCID: PMC6023023 DOI: 10.3390/biom8020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary prevention of cardiovascular (CV) disease depends on the capacity to identify subjects at higher risk long before the occurrence of CV clinical manifestations. Traditional risk factors do not cover fully prediction of individual risk. Moreover, there is an area of gray for patients at intermediate CV risk, which offers wide margins of improvement. These observations highlight the need for new additive tools for a more accurate risk stratification. An increasing number of candidate biomarkers have been identified to predict CV risk and events, although they generally give only a moderate increase when added to currently available predictive scores. The approach utilizing a relative small number of biomarkers in multiple combinations, but only weakly related to each other or unrelated, thus belonging to independent-pathways, and so able to catch the multidimensional characteristic of atherosclerosis, appears promising. We discuss vitamin D and bone turnover biomarkers, hepatitis C virus, and psycho-emotional factors that may reflect alternative pathways over those generally considered for atherosclerosis (e.g., aspects directly related to inflammation and thrombosis). These new biomarkers could facilitate a more accurate assessment of CV risk stratification if incorporated in the current risk assessment algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Traghella
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana and Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR San Cataldo Research Area, via Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mastorci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR San Cataldo Research Area, via Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessia Pepe
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana and Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR San Cataldo Research Area, via Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Pingitore
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR San Cataldo Research Area, via Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Cristina Vassalle
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana and Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR San Cataldo Research Area, via Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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18
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Romanelli F, Corbo A, Salehi M, Yadav MC, Salman S, Petrosian D, Rashidbaigi OJ, Chait J, Kuruvilla J, Plummer M, Radichev I, Margulies KB, Gerdes AM, Pinkerton AB, Millán JL, Savinov AY, Savinova OV. Overexpression of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) in endothelial cells accelerates coronary artery disease in a mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186426. [PMID: 29023576 PMCID: PMC5638543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overexpression of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) in endothelium leads to arterial calcification in mice. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of elevated endothelial TNAP on coronary atherosclerosis. In addition, we aimed to examine endogenous TNAP activity in human myocardium. APPROACH AND RESULTS A vascular pattern of TNAP activity was observed in human non-failing, ischemic, and idiopathic dilated hearts (5 per group); no differences were noted between groups in this study. Endothelial overexpression of TNAP was achieved in mice harboring a homozygous recessive mutation in the low density lipoprotein receptor (whc allele) utilizing a Tie2-cre recombinase (WHC-eTNAP mice). WHC-eTNAP developed significant coronary artery calcification at baseline compared WHC controls (4312 vs 0μm2 alizarin red area, p<0.001). Eight weeks after induction of atherosclerosis, lipid deposition in the coronary arteries of WHC-eTNAP was increased compared to WHC controls (121633 vs 9330μm2 oil red O area, p<0.05). Coronary lesions in WHC-eTNAP mice exhibited intimal thickening, calcifications, foam cells, and necrotic cores. This was accompanied by the reduction in body weight and left ventricular ejection fraction (19.5 vs. 23.6g, p<0.01; 35% vs. 47%, p<0.05). In a placebo-controlled experiment under atherogenic conditions, pharmacological inhibition of TNAP in WHC-eTNAP mice by a specific inhibitor SBI-425 (30mg*kg-1*d-1, for 5 weeks) reduced coronary calcium (78838 vs.144622μm2) and lipids (30754 vs. 77317μm2); improved body weight (22.4 vs.18.8g) and ejection fraction (59 vs. 47%). The effects of SBI-425 were significant in the direct comparisons with placebo but disappeared after TNAP-negative placebo-treated group was included in the models as healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous TNAP activity is present in human cardiac tissues. TNAP overexpression in vascular endothelium in mice leads to an unusual course of coronary atherosclerosis, in which calcification precedes lipid deposition. The prevalence and significance of this mechanism in human atherosclerosis requires further investigations.
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MESH Headings
- Alkaline Phosphatase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Alkaline Phosphatase/genetics
- Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Chemical Analysis
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Calcification, Physiologic
- Cells, Cultured
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/etiology
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Cytokines/blood
- Diet, Atherogenic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Echocardiography
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/metabolism
- Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myocardium/enzymology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Placebo Effect
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Romanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - AnthonyMarco Corbo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Maryam Salehi
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Manisha C. Yadav
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Soha Salman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - David Petrosian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Omid J. Rashidbaigi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesse Chait
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Jes Kuruvilla
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Maria Plummer
- Department of Clinical Specialties, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Ilian Radichev
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Kenneth B. Margulies
- Heart Failure and Transplant Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - A. Martin Gerdes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony B. Pinkerton
- Prebys Center for Drug Discovery, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - José Luis Millán
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alexei Y. Savinov
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Olga V. Savinova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Van Craenenbroeck AH, Van Craenenbroeck EM. Osteocalcin: A stiff challenge for arteries. Int J Cardiol 2017; 239:17. [PMID: 28560964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.01.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Bardeesi ASA, Gao J, Zhang K, Yu S, Wei M, Liu P, Huang H. A novel role of cellular interactions in vascular calcification. J Transl Med 2017; 15:95. [PMID: 28464904 PMCID: PMC5414234 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of clinical trials have confirmed the correlation between vascular calcification (VC) and cardiovascular events and mortality. However, current treatments have little effects on the regression of VC. Potent and illustrative mechanisms have been proven to exist in both bone metabolism and VC, indicating that these two processes share similarities in onset and progression. Multiple osteoblast-like cells and signaling pathways are involved in the process of VC. In this review, we summarized the roles of different osteoblast-like cells and we emphasized on how they communicated and interacted with each other using different signaling pathways. Further studies are needed to uncover the underlying mechanisms and to provide novel therapies for VC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingwei Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suntian Yu
- Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengchao Wei
- Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinming Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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21
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Millar SA, Patel H, Anderson SI, England TJ, O’Sullivan SE. Osteocalcin, Vascular Calcification, and Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:183. [PMID: 28824544 PMCID: PMC5534451 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteocalcin (OC) is an intriguing hormone, concomitantly being the most abundant non-collagenous peptide found in the mineralized matrix of bone, and expanding the endocrine function of the skeleton with far-reaching extra-osseous effects. A new line of enquiry between OC and vascular calcification has emerged in response to observations that the mechanism of vascular calcification resembles that of bone mineralisation. To date, studies have reported mixed results. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify any association between OC and vascular calcification and atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Databases were searched for original, peer reviewed human studies. A total of 1,453 articles were retrieved, of which 46 met the eligibility criteria. Overall 26 positive, 17 negative, and 29 neutral relationships were reported for assessments between OC (either concentration in blood, presence of OC-positive cells, or histological staining for OC) and extent of calcification or atherosclerosis. Studies that measured OC-positive cells or histological staining for OC reported positive relationships (11 studies). A higher percentage of Asian studies found a negative relationship (36%) in contrast to European studies (6%). Studies examining carboxylated and undercarboxylated forms of OC in the blood failed to report consistent results. The meta-analysis found no significant difference between OC concentration in the blood between patients with "atherosclerosis" and control (p = 0.13, n = 1,197). CONCLUSION No definitive association was determined between OC and vascular calcification or atherosclerosis; however, the presence of OC-positive cells and histological staining had a consistent positive correlation with calcification or atherosclerosis. The review highlighted several themes, which may influence OC within differing populations leading to inconclusive results. Large, longitudinal studies are required to further current understanding of the clinical relevance of OC in vascular calcification and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Millar
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sophie A. Millar,
| | - Hinal Patel
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Susan I. Anderson
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. England
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E. O’Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
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