1
|
Zhu XY, Zhang KJ, Li X, Su FF, Tian JW. An interpretable machine learning method for risk stratification of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36815. [PMID: 39263147 PMCID: PMC11387528 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Risk stratification for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) within one year in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains a challenge. Although several predictive models based on machine learning have emerged, they are difficult to understand. This study aimed to develop a machine learning prediction model that is easy to understand and trustworthy by lay people to assess the risk of MACE in ACS patients undergoing PCI within one year of the procedure. Methods This retrospective cohort study used medical data from 1105 patients to construct a machine-learning model. To ensure thoroughness and multidimensionality of model parsing, Shapley Additive explanations (SHAP) analysis and Local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) interpretation techniques were used to systematically and deeply interpret the constructed models from a global to a detailed level. Results The study assessed 12 machine learning methods' prediction models and found that the Random Forest model was the most effective in predicting the risk of MACE in ACS patients after undergoing PCI. The model achieved an AUC value of 0.807 in the validation set, with an accuracy of 0.82, and a stable F1 score of 0.51. SHAP analysis ranked eight key feature variables, such as LVEF, in global importance. The weights of each feature range in the prediction model were revealed using LIME analysis. Conclusion The machine learning prediction model we developed is capable of accurately predicting the likelihood of patients with ACS experiencing a MACE within one year of surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Zhu
- Graduate School of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075031, Hebei Province, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100142, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Jie Zhang
- Graduate School of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Graduate School of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Fei-Fei Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100142, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Wei Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100142, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liang MY, Feng L, Zhu W, Yang QQ. Effect of frailty on medication deviation during the hospital-family transition period in older patients with cardiovascular disease: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e36893. [PMID: 38215090 PMCID: PMC10783343 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that frailty increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence in older patients and is associated with poor patient prognosis. However, the relationship between medication deviation (MD) and frailty remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the influence of frailty on MD during the hospital-family transition period among older patients with CVD. Between February 2022 and February 2023, 231 older people CVD patients were selected from a class III hospital in Nantong City using a multi-stage sampling method. A general information questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants prior to discharge, the frailty assessment scale was used to assess the participants frailty, and a medication deviation instrument was used to assess the participants MD on the 10th day after discharge. Propensity score matching was used to examine the effect of frailty on MD in older patients with CVD during the hospital-family transition period. The incidences of frailty and MD were 32.9% (76/231) and 75.8% (175/231), respectively. After propensity score matching, the risk of MD in frail patients with CVD was 4.978 times higher than that in non-frail patients with CVD (95% CI: [1.616, 15.340]; P = .005). Incidences of frailty and MD during the hospital-family transition period are high in older patients with CVD, and frailty has an impact on MD. Medical staff in the ward should comprehensively examine older patients with CVD for frailty and actively promote quality medication management during the hospital-family transition period to reduce MD occurrence and delay disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yao Liang
- Department of Nursing, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Nursing, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wuyang Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Yi Jiangmen Community Health Service Center, Gulou District, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Teodorovich N, Fabrikant Y, Gandelman G, Swissa M, Jonas M, George J, Shimoni S. The Additive Effect of Left Ventricular Filling Pressure and Renal Function on Long-Term Prognosis of High-Risk Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography. Cardiorenal Med 2023; 13:271-281. [PMID: 37604117 PMCID: PMC10664344 DOI: 10.1159/000533589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired relaxation is the earliest manifestation of ischemic cascade. Risk factors and renal function abnormalities are associated with coronary disease and diastolic dysfunction as well. We aimed to study the association of noninvasive assessment of left ventricular filling pressures and renal function with mortality in high-risk patients undergoing coronary angiography. PATIENTS AND METHODS An observational prospective study of 564 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography was conducted. The median follow-up was 2,293 days. Patients were categorized into 2 groups according to presence of significant diastolic dysfunction: group 1, 382 patients, with normal and group 2, 182 patients, with elevated filling pressure. Renal insufficiency was determined as calculated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min. Patients demographic, clinical, echocardiography, laboratory, and angiographic data were prospectively collected. RESULTS Fifty-three percent of patients underwent angiography due to acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 85.5% had coronary artery disease, 53.4% had reduced (<50%) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and 47.4% had abnormal renal function. The mortality during the follow-up period was 30.0%. Patients with elevated filling pressure had significantly higher mortality (50.5% vs. 20.2%, p < 0.0001). Impaired renal failure as well, was associated with higher mortality (48% vs. 15%, p < 0.001). The association remained significant in subgroups of patients with and without ACS and reduced and preserved LVEF. In Cox regression model which combined elevated filling pressure, renal insufficiency, age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, presence of atrial fibrillation, LVEF, and anemia, elevated filling pressure and renal function impairment were independently associated with higher mortality (HR: 3.717, CI: 1.623-8.475, p < 0.0001 and HR: 0.972, CI: 0.958-0.985, p = 0.0001, respectively). There was an incremental prognostic value of elevated filling pressures and renal function impairment on mortality. CONCLUSIONS Advanced diastolic dysfunction and impaired renal function are signals toward worse outcomes and are associated with mortality in high-risk patients undergoing coronary angiography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholay Teodorovich
- Cardiology Department, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yakov Fabrikant
- Cardiology Department, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gera Gandelman
- Cardiology Department, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Swissa
- Cardiology Department, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Jonas
- Cardiology Department, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob George
- Cardiology Department, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sara Shimoni
- Cardiology Department, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xi L, Xuemei Z, Ling Y, Changchun C, Zhuo H, Jinyang Q, Xin W. Correlation between frailty and cardiac structure and function in echocardiography in elderly patients with normal ejection fraction. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:775-784. [PMID: 36871112 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to accurately evaluate the cardiac structure and function of the frail population in elderly patients with normal ejection fraction (EF) using the 3D volume quantification and speckle tracking of echocardiography, to explore the correlation between frailty and cardiac structure and function. METHODS A total of 350 elderly aged 65 and above in-patients, excluding those with congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and severe valvular heart disease, were included in the study. Patients were divided into non-frail, pre-frail, and frail group. Echocardiography techniques including speckle tracking and 3D volume quantification, were used to analyze the cardiac structure and function of the study subjects. Comparative analysis was statistically significant if P < 0.05. RESULTS The cardiac structure of the frail group was different compared with non-frail patients, the frail group demonstrated increased left ventricular myocardial mass index (LVMI), but decreased stroke volume. Cardiac function was also impaired in the frail group: reservoir strain and conduit strain of left atrium, strain of right ventricular (RV) free wall, strain of RV septum, 3D EF of RV, and global longitudinal strain of LV were significantly decreased. Frailty was significantly and independently associated with LV hypertrophy (OR 1.889; 95% CI 1.240,2.880; P = 0.003), LV diastolic dysfunction (OR 1.496; 95% CI 1.016,2.203; P = 0.041), left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) reduction (OR 1.697; 95% CI 1.192, 2.416; P = 0.003), and reduced RV systolic function (OR 2.200; 95% CI 1.017, 4.759; P = 0.045). CONCLUSION Frailty is closely associated with several heart structural and functional alterations, which not only manifested as LV hypertrophy and reduced LV systolic function, but also decreased LV diastolic function, RV systolic function, and left atrial systolic function. Frailty is an independent risk factor for LV hypertrophy, LV diastolic dysfunction, LVGLS reduction, and reduced RV systolic function. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR2000033419. Date of registration: May 31, 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xi
- Department of Cardiology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhong Xuemei
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Ling
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Changchun
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hou Zhuo
- Department of Cardiology, West China Tianfu Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Jinyang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Cardiology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xi Z, Qiu Z, Li J, Qiu H, Guo T, Wang Y, Zheng J, Gao Y, Gao R. Clopidogrel versus ticagrelor in East Asian patients aged 75 years or older with acute coronary syndrome: observations from the GF-APT registry. Platelets 2022; 33:1270-1278. [PMID: 36050819 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2022.2118250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of potent antithrombotic therapy usually come at the expense of a higher risk of bleeding. The efficacy and safety of ticagrelor in elderly East Asian populations remains debated due to the concerns about the imbalance of ischemic and bleeding risks. This study aimed to compare the impact of clopidogrel with ticagrelor on clinical outcomes in East Asian patients aged ≥75 years with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) using data from an institutional registry. We assessed the treatment effect of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel based on propensity scores and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. A total of 2775 ACS patients were included, of which 235 (8.5%) were treated with ticagrelor. The primary efficacy outcome occurred in 11.9% of patients treated with ticagrelor versus 8.8% treated with clopidogrel. There was no significant association between treatment with ticagrelor and a lower risk of the primary efficacy outcome (p = .156). However, the incidences of all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR] 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 2.79) and major bleeding (adjusted HR 2.20, 95% CI 1.06 to 4.56) were significantly higher in patients treated with ticagrelor than clopidogrel. In elderly patients with ACS from East Asia, the efficacy of clopidogrel was comparable to ticagrelor, while ticagrelor is associated with an increased risk of mortality and major bleeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Xi
- Department of Cardiology, Coronary Artery Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, HE, China
| | - Zifeng Qiu
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, HE, China
| | - Jianan Li
- Department of Cardiology and Macrovascular Disease, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, HE, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Coronary Artery Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, HE, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Thrombosis Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, HE, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Coronary Artery Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, HE, China
| | - Jianfeng Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Coronary Artery Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, HE, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Coronary Artery Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, HE, China
| | - Runlin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Coronary Artery Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, HE, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Irzmański R, Glowczynska R, Banach M, Szalewska D, Piotrowicz R, Kowalik I, Pencina MJ, Zareba W, Orzechowski P, Pluta S, Kalarus Z, Opolski G, Piotrowicz E. Prognostic Impact of Hybrid Comprehensive Telerehabilitation Regarding Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction—Subanalysis of the TELEREH-HF Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11071844. [PMID: 35407452 PMCID: PMC8999786 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of individually prescribed hybrid comprehensive telerehabilitation (HCTR) implemented at patients’ homes on left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in heart failure (HF) patients. Methods and results: The Telerehabilitation in Heart Failure Patients trial (TELEREH-HF) is a multicenter, prospective, randomized (1:1), open-label, parallel-group, controlled trial involving HF patients assigned either to HCTR involving a remotely monitored home training program in conjunction with usual care (HCTR group) or usual care only (UC group). The patient in the HCTR group underwent a 9-week HCTR program consisting of two stages: an initial stage (1 week) conducted in hospital and the subsequent stage (eight weeks) of home-based HCTR five times weekly. Due to difficulties of proper assessment and differences in the evaluation of diastolic function in patients with atrial fibrillation, we included in our subanalysis only patients with sinus rhythm. Depending on the grade of diastolic dysfunction, patients were assigned to subgroups with mild diastolic (MDD) or severe diastolic dysfunction (SDD), both in HCTR (HCTR-MDD and HCTR-SDD) and UC groups (UC-MDD and UC-SDD). Changes from baseline to 9 weeks in echocardiographic parameters were seen only in A velocities in HCTR-MDD vs. UC-MDD; no significant shifts between groups of different diastolic dysfunction grades were observed after HCTR. All-cause mortality was higher in UC-SDD vs. UC-MDD with no difference between HCTR-SDD and HCTR-MDD. Higher probability of HF hospitalization was observed in HCTR-SDD than HCTR-MDD and in UC-SDD than UC-MDD. No differences in the probability of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization were found. Conclusions: HCTR did not influence diastolic function in HF patients in a significant manner. The grade of diastolic dysfunction had an impact on mortality only in the UC group and HF hospitalization over a 12–24-month follow-up in HCTR and UC groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Irzmański
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Łódź, 90-647 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Renata Glowczynska
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Łódź, 90-647 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Dominika Szalewska
- Clinic of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Ryszard Piotrowicz
- National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (R.P.); (I.K.)
- Warsaw Academy of Medical Rehabilitation, 01-234 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Kowalik
- National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (R.P.); (I.K.)
| | - Michael J. Pencina
- The Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Wojciech Zareba
- Cardiology Unit of the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Piotr Orzechowski
- Telecardiology Center, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (E.P.)
| | - Slawomir Pluta
- Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Diseases and Electrotherapy, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Silesian Medical University, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (S.P.); (Z.K.)
| | - Zbigniew Kalarus
- Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Diseases and Electrotherapy, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Silesian Medical University, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (S.P.); (Z.K.)
| | - Grzegorz Opolski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Piotrowicz
- Telecardiology Center, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (E.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee JH, Kim J, Sun BJ, Jee SJ, Park JH. Effect of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2088. [PMID: 34068028 PMCID: PMC8152492 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) improves symptoms and survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We studied the change of diastolic function and its prognostic impact after CR. After reviewing all consecutive AMI patients from January 2012 to October 2015, we analyzed 405 patients (mean, 63.7 ± 11.7 years; 300 males) with baseline and follow-up echocardiographic examinations. We divided them into three groups according to their CR sessions: No-CR group (n = 225), insufficient-CR group (CR < 6 sessions, n = 117) and CR group (CR ≥ 6 sessions, n = 63). We compared echocardiographic parameters of diastolic dysfunction including E/e' ratio > 14, septal e' velocity < 7 cm/s, left atrial volume index (LAVI) > 34 mL/m2, and maximal TR velocity > 2.8 m/s. At baseline, there were no significant differences in all echocardiographic parameters among the three groups. At follow-up echocardiographic examination, mitral annular e' and a' velocities were higher in the CR group (p = 0.024, and p = 0.009, respectively), and mitral E/e' ratio was significantly lower (p = 0.009) in the CR group. The total number of echocardiographic parameters of diastolic dysfunction at the baseline echocardiography was similar (1.29 vs. 1.41 vs. 1.52, p = 0.358). However, the CR group showed the lowest number of diastolic parameters at the follow-up echocardiography (1.05 vs. 1.32 vs. 1.50, p = 0.017). There was a significant difference between the No-CR group and CR group (p = 0.021). The presence of CR was a significant determinant of major adverse cardiovascular events in the univariate analysis (HR = 0.606, p = 0.049). However, the significance disappeared in the multivariate analysis (HR = 0.738, p = 0.249). In conclusion, the CR was significantly associated with favorable diastolic function, with the highest mitral e' and a' velocity, and the lowest mitral E/e' ratio and total number of echocardiographic parameters of diastolic dysfunction at the follow-up echocardiographic examinations in AMI patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Lee
- Division of Cardiology in Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Sejong 30099, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Jungai Kim
- Division of Cardiology in Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Sejong 30099, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Byung Joo Sun
- Department of Cardiology in Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
| | - Sung Ju Jee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
| | - Jae-Hyeong Park
- Department of Cardiology in Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|