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Saggu DK, Udigala MN, Sarkar S, Sathiyamoorthy A, Dash S, P VRM, Rajan V, Calambur N. Feasibility of a using chest strap and dry electrode system for longer term cardiac arrhythmia monitoring: Results from a pilot observational study. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 2024:S0972-6292(24)00113-X. [PMID: 39181329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ipej.2024.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cardiac arrhythmia diagnostic yield improves with increased duration of monitoring. We investigated patient comfort, diagnostic quality of ECG, and arrhythmia diagnostic yield using a single lead longer term external cardiac monitor (ECM). METHODS The observational ECM feasibility study enrolled patients with increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia. The ECM investigational prototype was designed using a chest strap with dry electrodes connected to module capable of triggered loop recording of ECG, and automatic detection of arrhythmia. In group-A of study (24-h inpatient), patients wore ECM and Holter that recorded ECG from the ECM and adhesive electrodes. In group-B of study (12-weeks ambulatory), at monthly follow-ups patients filled out a comfort survey and device stored arrhythmia episodes were reviewed. RESULTS The study enrolled 34 patients (38 % females, average age 57.5 years, 65 % had palpitations, 12 % had syncope). Diagnostic quality ECG was recorded on 76.5 % of the monitoring duration in 12 of 20 patients with reviewable data in group-A, with motion artifacts causing loss in ECG signal for 18.7 % of the time. In 14 patients in group-B, 94.9 % of the survey responses indicated that ECM was comfortable to wear. Cardiac arrhythmia was observed in 4 of 17 patients (24 %) in group-A and 9 of 14 patients (64 %) in group-B in device recorded episodes. All ECM detected pause and tachycardia were inappropriate detections due to motion artifacts and temporary device removal. CONCLUSION The chest strap-based ECM device was mostly comfortable to wear and recorded diagnostic quality ECG in three-fourth of monitoring period. Cardiac arrhythmia was observed in 64 % of patients over 3-month monitoring along with large number of motion artifact induced inappropriate detections.
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Pu N, Wu N, Abubakar SM, Yang Y, Liu X, Pan S, Guo Y, Jia W, Wang Z, Jiang H. A 36-nW Electrocardiogram Anomaly Detector Based on a 1.5-bit Non-Feedback Delta Quantizer for Always-on Cardiac Monitoring. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2024; 18:648-661. [PMID: 38294924 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2024.3360886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
An always-on electrocardiogram (ECG) anomaly detector (EAD) with ultra-low power (ULP) consumption is proposed for continuous cardiac monitoring applications. The detector is featured with a 1.5-bit non-feedback delta quantizer (DQ) based feature extractor, followed by a multiplier-less convolutional neural network (CNN) engine, which eliminates the traditional high-resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in conventional signal processing systems. The DQ uses a computing-in-capacitor (CIC) subtractor to quantize the sample-to-sample difference of ECG signal into 1.5-bit ternary codes, which is insensitive to low-frequency baseline wandering. The subsequent event-driven classifier is composed of a low-complexity coarse detector and a systolic-array-based CNN engine for ECG anomaly detection. The DQ and the digital CNN are fabricated in 65-nm and 180-nm CMOS technology, respectively, and the two chips are integrated on board through wire bonding. The measured detection accuracy is 90.6% ∼ 91.3% when tested on the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, identifying three different ECG anomalies. Operating at 1 V and 1.4 V power supplies for the DQ and the digital CNN, respectively, the measured long-term average power consumption of the core circuits is 36 nW, which makes the detector among those state-of-the-art always-on cardiac anomaly detection devices with the lowest power consumption.
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Kwon S, Choi EK, Lee SR, Oh S, Song HS, Lee YS, Han SJ, Lim HE. Comparison of Novel Telemonitoring System Using the Single-lead Electrocardiogram Patch With Conventional Telemetry System. Korean Circ J 2024; 54:140-153. [PMID: 38506104 PMCID: PMC10961211 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2023.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although a single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) patch may provide advantages for detecting arrhythmias in outpatient settings owing to user convenience, its comparative effectiveness for real-time telemonitoring in inpatient settings remains unclear. We aimed to compare a novel telemonitoring system using a single-lead ECG patch with a conventional telemonitoring system in an inpatient setting. METHODS This was a single-center, prospective cohort study. Patients admitted to the cardiology unit for arrhythmia treatment who required a wireless ECG telemonitoring system were enrolled. A single-lead ECG patch and conventional telemetry were applied simultaneously in hospitalized patients for over 24 hours for real-time telemonitoring. The basic ECG parameters, arrhythmia episodes, and signal loss or noise were compared between the 2 systems. RESULTS Eighty participants (mean age 62±10 years, 76.3% male) were enrolled. The three most common indications for ECG telemonitoring were atrial fibrillation (66.3%), sick sinus syndrome (12.5%), and atrioventricular block (10.0%). The intra-class correlation coefficients for detecting the number of total beats, atrial and ventricular premature complexes, maximal, average, and minimal heart rates, and pauses were all over 0.9 with p values for reliability <0.001. Compared to a conventional system, a novel system demonstrated significantly lower signal noise (median 0.3% [0.1-1.6%] vs. 2.4% [1.4-3.7%], p<0.001) and fewer episodes of signal loss (median 22 [2-53] vs. 64 [22-112] episodes, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS The novel telemonitoring system using a single-lead ECG patch offers performance comparable to that of a conventional system while significantly reducing signal loss and noise. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0008176.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonil Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eue-Keun Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - So-Ryoung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seil Oh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Sang-Jin Han
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, Korea
| | - Hong Euy Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, Korea.
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Chen W, Wu Y, Hsu Y, Hsu J, Tseng H, Chen C, Chiang M, Hsiao J, Chin S, Huang Y, Lei M. Comparison of continuous 24-hour and 14-day ECG monitoring for the detection of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with ischemic stroke or syncope. Clin Cardiol 2024; 47:e24247. [PMID: 38450794 PMCID: PMC10918718 DOI: 10.1002/clc.24247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies show that using 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) or 24-h ECG monitor for the detection of cardiac arrhythmia events in patients with stroke or syncope is ineffective. HYPOTHESIS The 14-day continuous ECG patch has higher detection rates of arrhythmias compared with conventional 24-h ECG monitoring in patients with ischemic stroke or syncope. METHODS This cross-sectional study of patients with newly diagnosed ischemic stroke or syncope received a 24-h ECG monitoring and 14-day continuous cardiac monitoring patch and the arrhythmia events were measured. RESULTS This study enrolled 83 patients with ischemic stroke or syncope. The detection rate of composite cardiac arrhythmias was significantly higher for the 14-day ECG patch than 24-h Holter monitor (69.9% vs. 21.7%, p = .006). In patients with ischemic stroke, the detection rates of cardiac arrhythmias were 63.4% for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), 7% for ventricular tachycardia (VT), 5.6% for atrial fibrillation (AF), 4.2% for atrioventricular block (AVB), and 1.4% for pause by 14-day ECG patch, respectively. The significant difference in arrhythmic detection rates were found for SVT (45.8%), AF (6%), pause (1.2%), AVB (2.4%), and VT (9.6%) by 14-day ECG patch but not by 24-h Holter monitor in patients with ischemic stroke or syncope. CONCLUSIONS A 14-day ECG patch can be used on patients with ischemic stroke or syncope for the early detection of AF or other cardiac arrhythmia events. The patch can be helpful for physicians in planning medical or mechanical interventions of patients with ischemic stroke and occult AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Cheng Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLo‐Tung Poh‐Ai HospitalLuodongTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Lin Wu
- Post‐Baccalaureate Program in Nursing, College of NursingTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Cheng Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLo‐Tung Poh‐Ai HospitalLuodongTaiwan
| | - Jen‐Te Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLo‐Tung Poh‐Ai HospitalLuodongTaiwan
| | - Hung‐Pin Tseng
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal MedicineLo‐Tung Poh‐Ai HospitalLuodongTaiwan
| | - Chao‐Chin Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLo‐Tung Poh‐Ai HospitalLuodongTaiwan
| | - Meng‐Hsiu Chiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLo‐Tung Poh‐Ai HospitalLuodongTaiwan
| | - Ju‐Feng Hsiao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLo‐Tung Poh‐Ai HospitalLuodongTaiwan
| | - See‐Khong Chin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLo‐Tung Poh‐Ai HospitalLuodongTaiwan
| | - Ying‐Li Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLo‐Tung Poh‐Ai HospitalLuodongTaiwan
| | - Meng‐Huan Lei
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLo‐Tung Poh‐Ai HospitalLuodongTaiwan
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Zahedivash A, Chubb H, Giacone H, Boramanand NK, Dubin AM, Trela A, Lencioni E, Motonaga KS, Goodyer W, Navarre B, Ravi V, Schmiedmayer P, Bikia V, Aalami O, Ling XB, Perez M, Ceresnak SR. Utility of smart watches for identifying arrhythmias in children. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:167. [PMID: 38092993 PMCID: PMC10719318 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arrhythmia symptoms are frequent complaints in children and often require a pediatric cardiology evaluation. Data regarding the clinical utility of wearable technologies are limited in children. We hypothesize that an Apple Watch can capture arrhythmias in children. METHODS We present an analysis of patients ≤18 years-of-age who had signs of an arrhythmia documented by an Apple Watch. We include patients evaluated at our center over a 4-year-period and highlight those receiving a formal arrhythmia diagnosis. We evaluate the role of the Apple Watch in arrhythmia diagnosis, the results of other ambulatory cardiac monitoring studies, and findings of any EP studies. RESULTS We identify 145 electronic-medical-record identifications of Apple Watch, and find arrhythmias confirmed in 41 patients (28%) [mean age 13.8 ± 3.2 years]. The arrythmias include: 36 SVT (88%), 3 VT (7%), 1 heart block (2.5%) and wide 1 complex tachycardia (2.5%). We show that invasive EP study confirmed diagnosis in 34 of the 36 patients (94%) with SVT (2 non-inducible). We find that the Apple Watch helped prompt a workup resulting in a new arrhythmia diagnosis for 29 patients (71%). We note traditional ambulatory cardiac monitors were worn by 35 patients (85%), which did not detect arrhythmias in 10 patients (29%). In 73 patients who used an Apple Watch for recreational or self-directed heart rate monitoring, 18 (25%) sought care due to device findings without any arrhythmias identified. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the Apple Watch can record arrhythmia events in children, including events not identified on traditionally used ambulatory monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Zahedivash
- Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Henry Chubb
- Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Heather Giacone
- Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nicole K Boramanand
- Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Anne M Dubin
- Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Trela
- Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Erin Lencioni
- Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kara S Motonaga
- Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - William Goodyer
- Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Brittany Navarre
- Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Vishnu Ravi
- Stanford University, Stanford Byers Center for Biodesign, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Paul Schmiedmayer
- Stanford University, Stanford Byers Center for Biodesign, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Vasiliki Bikia
- Stanford University, Stanford Byers Center for Biodesign, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Aalami
- Stanford University, Stanford Byers Center for Biodesign, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Xuefeng B Ling
- Stanford University, Department of Surgery, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Marco Perez
- Stanford University, Cardiovascular Medicine - Electrophysiology, Department of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Scott R Ceresnak
- Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Fruytier LA, Janssen DM, Campero Jurado I, van de Sande DA, Lorato I, Stuart S, Panditha P, de Kok M, Kemps HM. The Utility of a Novel Electrocardiogram Patch Using Dry Electrodes Technology for Arrhythmia Detection During Exercise and Prolonged Monitoring: Proof-of-Concept Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e49346. [PMID: 38032699 PMCID: PMC10722364 DOI: 10.2196/49346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate detection of myocardial ischemia and arrhythmias during free-living exercise could play a pivotal role in screening and monitoring for the prevention of exercise-related cardiovascular events in high-risk populations. Although remote electrocardiogram (ECG) solutions are emerging rapidly, existing technology is neither designed nor validated for continuous use during vigorous exercise. OBJECTIVE In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the usability, signal quality, and accuracy for arrhythmia detection of a single-lead ECG patch platform featuring self-adhesive dry electrode technology in individuals with chronic coronary syndrome. This sensor was evaluated during exercise and for prolonged, continuous monitoring. METHODS We recruited a total of 6 consecutive patients with chronic coronary syndrome scheduled for an exercise stress test (EST) as part of routine cardiac follow-up. Traditional 12-lead ECG recording was combined with monitoring with the ECG patch. Following the EST, the participants continuously wore the sensor for 5 days. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to assess the utility of detecting arrhythmias with the patch by comparing the evaluations of 2 blinded assessors. Signal quality during EST and prolonged monitoring was evaluated by using a signal quality indicator. Additionally, connection time was calculated for prolonged ECG monitoring. The comfort and usability of the patch were evaluated by a web-based self-assessment questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 6 male patients with chronic coronary syndrome (mean age 69.8, SD 6.2 years) completed the study protocol. The patch was worn for a mean of 118.3 (SD 5.6) hours. The level of agreement between the patch and 12-lead ECG was excellent for the detection of premature atrial contractions and premature ventricular contractions during the whole test (ICC=0.998, ICC=1.000). No significant differences in the total number of premature atrial contractions and premature ventricular contractions were detected neither during the entire exercise test (P=.79 and P=.18, respectively) nor during the exercise and recovery stages separately (P=.41, P=.66, P=.18, and P=.66). A total of 1 episode of atrial fibrillation was detected by both methods. Total connection time during recording was between 88% and 100% for all participants. There were no reports of skin irritation, erythema, or pain while wearing the patch. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept study showed that this innovative ECG patch based on self-adhesive dry electrode technology can potentially be used for arrhythmia detection during vigorous exercise. The results suggest that the wearable patch is also usable for prolonged continuous ECG monitoring in free-living conditions and can therefore be of potential use in cardiac rehabilitation and tele-monitoring for the prevention of exercise-related cardiovascular events. Future efforts will focus on optimizing signal quality over time and conducting a larger-scale validation study focusing on both arrhythmia and ischemia detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke A Fruytier
- Department of Cardiology, Máxima MC Eindhoven/Veldhoven, Veldhoven, Netherlands
| | - Daan M Janssen
- Department of Cardiology, Máxima MC Eindhoven/Veldhoven, Veldhoven, Netherlands
| | - Israel Campero Jurado
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Danny Ajp van de Sande
- Department of Cardiology, Máxima MC Eindhoven/Veldhoven, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ilde Lorato
- Stichting imec Nederland, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Hareld Mc Kemps
- Department of Cardiology, Máxima MC Eindhoven/Veldhoven, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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7
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Patel J, Bhaskar SMM. Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Setting of Reperfusion Therapy: Insights and Strategies for Optimized Care. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:458. [PMID: 37998516 PMCID: PMC10672610 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion therapy in the form of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has revolutionised the field of stroke medicine. Atrial fibrillation (AF) patients constitute a major portion of the overall stroke population; however, the prevalence of AF amongst acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients receiving reperfusion therapy remains unclear. Limitations in our understanding of prevalence in this group of patients are exacerbated by difficulties in appropriately diagnosing AF. Additionally, the benefits of reperfusion therapy are not consistent across all subgroups of AIS patients. More specifically, AIS patients with AF often tend to have poor prognoses despite treatment relative to those without AF. This article aims to present an overview of the diagnostic and therapeutic management of AF and how it mediates outcomes following stroke, most specifically in AIS patients treated with reperfusion therapy. We provide unique insights into AF prevalence and outcomes that could allow healthcare professionals to optimise the treatment and prognosis for AIS patients with AF. Specific indications on acute neurovascular management and secondary stroke prevention in AIS patients with AF are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Patel
- Global Health Neurology Lab, Sydney 2150, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical Campuses, UNSW Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney 2170, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, Clinical Sciences Stream, Sydney 2170, Australia
| | - Sonu M. M. Bhaskar
- Global Health Neurology Lab, Sydney 2150, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, Clinical Sciences Stream, Sydney 2170, Australia
- NSW Brain Clot Bank, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney 2170, Australia
- Department of Neurology & Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Local Health District (SWSLHD), Sydney 2170, Australia
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (NCVC), Suita 564-8565, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Cai XJ, Tay JCK, Jiang Y, Yeo KK, Wong PEH, Ho KL, Chong DTT, Ti LK, Leong G, Wong K, Ching CK. Non-invasive mid-term electrocardiogram patch monitoring is effective in detecting atrial fibrillation. J Electrocardiol 2023; 81:230-236. [PMID: 37844372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a cause of serious morbidity such as stroke. Early detection and treatment of AF is important. Current guidelines recommend screening via opportunistic pulse taking or 12‑lead electrocardiogram. Mid-term ECG patch monitors increases the sensitivity of AF detection. METHODS The Singapore Atrial Fibrillation Study is a prospective multi-centre study aiming to study the incidence of AF in patients with no prior AF and a CHA2DS2-VASc score of at least 1, with the use of a mid-term continuous ECG monitoring device (Spyder ECG). Consecutive patients from both inpatient and outpatient settings were recruited from 3 major hospitals from May 2016 to December 2019. RESULTS Three hundred and fifty-five patients were monitored. 6 patients (1.7%) were diagnosed with AF. There were no significant differences in total duration of monitoring between the AF and non-AF group (6.39 ± 3.19 vs 5.42 ± 2.46 days, p = 0.340). Patients with newly detected AF were more likely to have palpitations (50.0% vs 11.8%, p = 0.027). Half of the patients (n = 3, 50.0%) were diagnosed on the first day of monitoring and the rest were diagnosed after 24 h. On univariate analysis, only hyperlipidemia was associated with reduced odds of being diagnosed with AF (OR HR 0.08 CI 0.01-0.74, p = 0.025). In a group of 128 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and had post-operative ECG monitoring, 9 patients (7.0%) were diagnosed with post-operative AF. CONCLUSIONS The use of non-invasive mid-term patch-based ECG monitoring is an effective modality for AF screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe James Cai
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore.
| | - Julian Cheong Kiat Tay
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore
| | - Yilin Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore
| | - Khung Keong Yeo
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Philip En Hou Wong
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore
| | - Kah Leng Ho
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore
| | - Daniel Thuan Tee Chong
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore
| | - Lian Kah Ti
- Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119074, Singapore
| | - Gerard Leong
- Department of Cardiology, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Steet 3, 529889, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Wong
- Department of Cardiology, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Steet 3, 529889, Singapore
| | - Chi Keong Ching
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore
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Epstein R, Liberman L, Silver ES. Long-Term Follow-Up of Second-Degree Heart Block in Children. Pediatr Cardiol 2023; 44:1529-1535. [PMID: 37658175 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-023-03195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the outcomes of children with second-degree heart block. We aimed to determine whether children with structurally normal hearts and Mobitz 1, 2:1 block or Mobitz 2 are at increased risk for progressing to complete heart block (CHB) or requiring a pacemaker (PM) at long-term follow-up. We searched our institutional electrophysiology database for children with potentially concerning second-degree block on ambulatory rhythm monitoring between 2009 and 2021, defined as frequent episodes of Mobitz 1 or 2:1 block, episodes of Mobitz 1 or 2:1 block with additional evidence of conduction disease (i.e. first-degree heart block, bundle branch block), or episodes of Mobitz 2. Ambulatory rhythm monitor, ECG, and demographic data were reviewed. The primary composite outcome was CHB on follow-up rhythm monitor or PM placement. 20 patients were in the final analysis. Six (30%) patients either developed CHB but do not have a PM (4 = 20%) or have a PM (2 = 10%). Median follow-up was 5.8 years (IQR 4.4-7.0). Patients with CHB or PM were more likely to have second-degree block at maximum sinus rate (67% vs. 0%, p = 0.003), a below normal average heart rate (67% vs. 14%, p = 0.04), and 2:1 block on initial ECG (50% vs. 0%, p = 0.02). In this study of children with potentially concerning second-degree block, 30% of patients progressed to CHB or required a PM. Second-degree block at maximum sinus rate, a low average heart, and 2:1 block on initial ECG were associated with increased risk of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Epstein
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 3959 Broadway, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Leonardo Liberman
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 3959 Broadway, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Eric S Silver
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 3959 Broadway, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Patel J, Bhaskar SMM. Atrial Fibrillation and Reperfusion Therapy in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Patients: Prevalence and Outcomes-A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neurol Int 2023; 15:1014-1043. [PMID: 37755356 PMCID: PMC10537209 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) significantly contributes to acute ischaemic stroke (AIS), yet its precise influence on clinical outcomes post-intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and post-endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has remained elusive. Furthermore, the overall prevalence of AF in AIS patients undergoing reperfusion therapy has not been clearly determined. Employing random-effects meta-analyses, this research aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of AF among AIS patients undergoing reperfusion therapy, while also examining the association between AF and clinical outcomes such as functional outcomes, symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH) and mortality. Studies comparing AF and non-AF patient groups undergoing reperfusion therapy were identified and included following an extensive database search. Forty-nine studies (n = 66,887) were included. Among IVT patients, the prevalence of AF was 31% (Effect Size [ES] 0.31 [95%CI 0.28-0.35], p < 0.01), while in EVT patients, it reached 42% (ES 0.42 [95%CI 0.38-0.46], p < 0.01), and in bridging therapy (BT) patients, it stood at 36% (ES 0.36 [95%CI 0.28-0.43], p < 0.01). AF was associated with significantly lower odds of favourable 90-day functional outcomes post IVT (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.512 [95%CI 0.376-0.696], p < 0.001), but not post EVT (OR 0.826 [95%CI 0.651-1.049], p = 0.117). Our comprehensive meta-analysis highlights the varying prevalence of AF among different reperfusion therapies and its differential impact on patient outcomes. The highest pooled prevalence of AF was observed in EVT patients, followed by BT and IVT patients. Interestingly, our analysis revealed that AF was significantly associated with poorer clinical outcomes following IVT. Such an association was not observed following EVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Patel
- Global Health Neurology Lab., Sydney, NSW 2150, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical Campuses, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia
- Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, Clinical Sciences Stream, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Sonu M. M. Bhaskar
- Global Health Neurology Lab., Sydney, NSW 2150, Australia
- Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, Clinical Sciences Stream, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia
- NSW Brain Clot Bank, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia
- Department of Neurology & Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital & South Western Sydney Local Health District (SWSLHD), Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia
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Kim JY, Oh I, Lee H, Lee JH, Cho Y, Gil Y, Jung S, Kim DI, Shin MG, Yoo JY, Kwak JY. The efficacy of detecting arrhythmia is higher with 7-day continuous electrocardiographic patch monitoring than with 24-h Holter monitoring. J Arrhythm 2023; 39:422-429. [PMID: 37324764 PMCID: PMC10264726 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Detecting high-risk arrhythmia is important in diagnosing patients with palpitations. We compared the diagnostic accuracies of 7-day patch-type electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring and 24-h Holter monitoring for detecting significant arrhythmias in patients with palpitations. Methods This was a single-center prospective trial with 58 participants who presented with palpitations, chest pain or syncope. Outcomes were defined as the detection of any one of six arrhythmias, including supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter lasting more than 30 s, pauses of more than 3 s, high-degree atrioventricular block, ventricular tachycardia (VT) >3 beats, or polymorphic VT/ventricular fibrillation. The McNemar test for paired proportions was used to compare arrhythmia detection rates. Results The overall arrhythmia detection rate was higher with 7-day ECG patch monitoring than with 24-h Holter monitoring (34.5% vs. 19.0%, p = .008). Compared with the use of 24-h Holter monitors, the use of 7-day ECG patch monitors was associated with higher detection of SVT (29.3% vs. 13.8%, p = .042). No serious adverse skin reactions were reported among the ECG patch-monitored participants. Conclusions The results suggest that a 7-day patch-type continuous ECG monitor is more effective for the detection of supraventricular tachycardia than is a 24-h Holter monitor. However, the clinical significance of device detected arrhythmia should be consolidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Kim
- Department of Family MedicineSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamKorea
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamKorea
| | | | - Hyejin Lee
- Department of Family MedicineSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamKorea
| | | | | | - Yeongjoon Gil
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamKorea
| | - Sunghoon Jung
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamKorea
| | - Dae In Kim
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamKorea
| | - Myung Geun Shin
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamKorea
| | - Joo Yeon Yoo
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamKorea
| | - Jeong Yeon Kwak
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamKorea
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Boszko M, Osak G, Żurawska N, Skoczylas K, Krzowski B, Wróblewski G, Maciejewski A, Sobiech J, Ostrowski S, Grabowski M, Kołtowski Ł. Assessment of a new KoMaWo electrode-patch configuration accuracy and review of the literature. J Electrocardiol 2022; 75:82-87. [PMID: 35918203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Standard 12‑lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is a basic element of routine everyday clinical practice. Traditional cardiac monitoring devices are associated with considerable limitations. Adhesive patches, novel digital solutions, may become a useful diagnostic tool for several cardiovascular diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS We propose a new variation of ECG electrodes positioning called KoMaWo. 15 consecutive patients presenting with ST segment deviations due to coronary artery disease were enrolled. The accuracy and utility of the new configuration was assessed and compared with the Mason-Likar configuration, as well as with a standard 12‑lead ECG recording. The scans were blinded and interpreted by two independent cardiologists. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in morphology, as well as in the duration of individual waves, complexes, segments, and intervals between the scans obtained using all three methods. In a subgroup analysis, with regard to age, body mass and left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), KoMaWo was non-inferior to standard ECG with a 0.2 mm margin. DISCUSSION The role of traditional cardiac monitoring devices is recognized as the gold standard of patient management. However, certain limitations should be considered. Adhesive patches are light-weight, well-tolerated and do not interfere with daily activities of patients. These novel devices allow for extended monitoring, facilitating increased diagnostic accuracy, regarding cardiac arrhythmias. CONCLUSIONS The KoMaWo configuration is not inferior to standard electrode placement, nor to Mason-Likar configuration, including its ability to capture ST segment deviations. Adhesive patches may become a valid alternative for traditional cardiac monitoring methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Boszko
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Osak
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Żurawska
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Skoczylas
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Krzowski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Wróblewski
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Maciejewski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Judyta Sobiech
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Ostrowski
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Grabowski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kołtowski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Lee DH, Park T, Yoo H. Biodegradable Polymer Composites for Electrophysiological Signal Sensing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142875. [PMID: 35890650 PMCID: PMC9323782 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological signals are collected to characterize human health and applied in various fields, such as medicine, engineering, and pharmaceuticals. Studies of electrophysiological signals have focused on accurate signal acquisition, real-time monitoring, and signal interpretation. Furthermore, the development of electronic devices consisting of biodegradable and biocompatible materials has been attracting attention over the last decade. In this regard, this review presents a timely overview of electrophysiological signals collected with biodegradable polymer electrodes. Candidate polymers that can constitute biodegradable polymer electrodes are systemically classified by their essential properties for collecting electrophysiological signals. Moreover, electrophysiological signals, such as electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and electroencephalograms subdivided with human organs, are discussed. In addition, the evaluation of the biodegradability of various electrodes with an electrophysiology signal collection purpose is comprehensively revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Taehyun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Kwon S, Lee SR, Choi EK, Ahn HJ, Song HS, Lee YS, Oh S, Lip GYH. Comparison Between the 24-hour Holter Test and 72-hour Single-Lead Electrocardiogram Monitoring With an Adhesive Patch-Type Device for Atrial Fibrillation Detection: Prospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e37970. [PMID: 35532989 PMCID: PMC9127648 DOI: 10.2196/37970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is insufficient evidence for the use of single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring with an adhesive patch-type device (APD) over an extended period compared to that of the 24-hour Holter test for atrial fibrillation (AF) detection. Objective In this paper, we aimed to compare AF detection by the 24-hour Holter test and 72-hour single-lead ECG monitoring using an APD among patients with AF. Methods This was a prospective, single-center cohort study. A total of 210 patients with AF with clinical indications for the Holter test at cardiology outpatient clinics were enrolled in the study. The study participants were equipped with both the Holter device and APD for the first 24 hours. Subsequently, only the APD continued ECG monitoring for an additional 48 hours. AF detection during the first 24 hours was compared between the two devices. The diagnostic benefits of extended monitoring using the APD were evaluated. Results A total of 200 patients (mean age 60 years; n=141, 70.5% male; and n=59, 29.5% female) completed 72-hour ECG monitoring with the APD. During the first 24 hours, both monitoring methods detected AF in the same 40/200 (20%) patients (including 20 patients each with paroxysmal and persistent AF). Compared to the 24-hour Holter test, the APD increased the AF detection rate by 1.5-fold (58/200; 29%) and 1.6-fold (64/200; 32%) with 48- and 72-hour monitoring, respectively. With the APD, the number of newly discovered patients with paroxysmal AF was 20/44 (45.5%), 18/44 (40.9%), and 6/44 (13.6%) at 24-, 48-, and 72-hour monitoring, respectively. Compared with 24-hour Holter monitoring, 72-hour monitoring with the APD increased the detection rate of paroxysmal AF by 2.2-fold (44/20). Conclusions Compared to the 24-hour Holter test, AF detection could be improved with 72-hour single-lead ECG monitoring with the APD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonil Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Ryoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eue-Keun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Seil Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Arrhythmia detection and classification using ECG and PPG techniques: a review. Phys Eng Sci Med 2021; 44:1027-1048. [PMID: 34727361 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-021-01072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmograph (PPG) are non-invasive techniques that provide electrical and hemodynamic information of the heart, respectively. This information is advantageous in the diagnosis of various cardiac abnormalities. Arrhythmia is the most common cardiovascular disease, manifested as single or multiple irregular heartbeats. However, due to the continuous manual observation, it becomes troublesome for experts sometimes to identify the paroxysmal nature of arrhythmia correctly. Moreover, due to advancements in technology, there is an inclination towards wearable sensors which monitor such patients continuously. Thus, there is a need for automatic detection techniques for the identification of arrhythmia. In the presented work, ECG and PPG-based state-of-the-art methods have been described, including preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification techniques for the detection of various arrhythmias. Additionally, this review exhibits various wearable sensors used in the literature and public databases available for the evaluation of results. The study also highlights the limitations of the current techniques and pragmatic solutions to improvise the ongoing effort.
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Comparison of lesion characteristics between conventional and high-power short-duration ablation using contact force-sensing catheter in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:387. [PMID: 34372779 PMCID: PMC8353766 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transmural lesion creation is essential for effective atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Lesion characteristics between conventional energy and high-power short-duration (HPSD) setting in contact force-guided (CF) ablation for AF remained unclear.
Methods Eighty consecutive AF patients who received CF with conventional energy setting (power control: 25–30 W, force–time integral = 400 g s, n = 40) or with HPSD (power control: 40–50 W, 10 s, n = 40) ablation were analyzed. Of them, 15 patients in each conventional and HPSD group were matched by age and gender respectively for ablation lesions analysis. Type A and B lesions were defined as a lesion with and without significant voltage reduction after ablation, respectively. The anatomical distribution of these lesions and ablation outcomes among the 2 groups were analyzed.
Results 1615 and 1724 ablation lesions were analyzed in the conventional and HPSD groups, respectively. HPSD group had a higher proportion of type A lesion compared to conventional group (P < 0.01). In the conventional group, most type A lesions were at the right pulmonary vein (RPV) posterior wall (50.2%) whereas in the HPSD group, most type A lesions were at the RPV anterior wall (44.0%) (P = 0.04). The procedure time and ablation time were significantly shorter in the HPSD group than that in the conventional group (91.0 ± 12.1 vs. 124 ± 14.2 min, P = 0.03; 30.7 ± 19.2 vs. 57.8 ± 21 min, P = 0.02, respectively). At a mean follow-up period of 11 ± 1.4 months, there were 13 and 7 patients with recurrence in conventional and HPSD group respectively (P = 0.03). Conclusion Optimal ablation lesion characteristics and distribution after conventional and HPSD ablation differed significantly. HPSD ablation had shorter ablation time and lower recurrence rate than did conventional ablation.
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Dilaveris P, Tsioufis C. The single-lead 14-day ECG patch EZYPRO®: a new kid in the block. Int J Cardiol 2021; 332:89-90. [PMID: 33798628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Polychronis Dilaveris
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
| | - Constantinos Tsioufis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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