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Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A. Coronary No-Reflow after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Current Knowledge on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Clinical Impact and Therapy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5592. [PMID: 37685660 PMCID: PMC10488607 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary no-reflow (CNR) is a frequent phenomenon that develops in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) following reperfusion therapy. CNR is highly dynamic, develops gradually (over hours) and persists for days to weeks after reperfusion. Microvascular obstruction (MVO) developing as a consequence of myocardial ischemia, distal embolization and reperfusion-related injury is the main pathophysiological mechanism of CNR. The frequency of CNR or MVO after primary PCI differs widely depending on the sensitivity of the tools used for diagnosis and timing of examination. Coronary angiography is readily available and most convenient to diagnose CNR but it is highly conservative and underestimates the true frequency of CNR. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is the most sensitive method to diagnose MVO and CNR that provides information on the presence, localization and extent of MVO. CMR imaging detects intramyocardial hemorrhage and accurately estimates the infarct size. MVO and CNR markedly negate the benefits of reperfusion therapy and contribute to poor clinical outcomes including adverse remodeling of left ventricle, worsening or new congestive heart failure and reduced survival. Despite extensive research and the use of therapies that target almost all known pathophysiological mechanisms of CNR, no therapy has been found that prevents or reverses CNR and provides consistent clinical benefit in patients with STEMI undergoing reperfusion. Currently, the prevention or alleviation of MVO and CNR remain unmet goals in the therapy of STEMI that continue to be under intense research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany;
| | - Adnan Kastrati
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
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KDM3A Attenuates Myocardial Ischemic and Reperfusion Injury by Ameliorating Cardiac Microvascular Endothelial Cell Pyroptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4622520. [PMID: 36092165 PMCID: PMC9463006 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4622520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac microvascular endothelial cell ischemia-reperfusion (CMEC I/R) injury occurs in approximately 50% of acute myocardial infarction patients subjected to successful revascularization therapy. This injury leads to cardiac microcirculatory system dysfunctions, which seriously affect cardiac functions and long-term prognostic outcomes. Previously, we elucidated the role of lysine-specific demethylase 3A (KDM3A) in protecting cardiomyocytes from I/R injury; however, its roles in CMEC I/R injuries have yet to be fully established. In this study, hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment significantly impaired CMEC functions and induced their pyroptosis, accompanied by KDM3A downregulation. Then, gain- and loss-of-function assays were performed to investigate the roles of KDM3A in CMEC H/R injury in vitro. KDM3A knockout enhanced CMEC malfunctions and accelerated the expressions of pyroptosis-associated proteins, such as NLRP3, cleaved-caspase-1, ASC, IL-1β, GSDMD-N, and IL-18. Conversely, KDM3A overexpression developed ameliorated alternations in CMEC H/R injury. In vivo, KDM3A knockout resulted in the deterioration of cardiac functions and decreased the no-reflow area as well as capillary density. Mechanistically, KDM3A activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and ameliorated I/R-mediated CMEC pyroptosis. In conclusion, KDM3A is a promising treatment target for alleviating CMEC I/R injury.
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Holzknecht M, Tiller C, Reindl M, Lechner I, Fink P, Lunger P, Mayr A, Henninger B, Brenner C, Klug G, Bauer A, Metzler B, Reinstadler SJ. Association of C-Reactive Protein Velocity with Early Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients with First ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5494. [PMID: 34884196 PMCID: PMC8658672 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein velocity (CRPv) has been proposed as a very early and sensitive risk predictor in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, the association of CRPv with early left ventricular (LV) dysfunction after STEMI is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between CRPv and early LV dysfunction, either before or at hospital discharge, in patients with first STEMI. This analysis evaluated 432 STEMI patients that were included in the prospective MARINA-STEMI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging In Acute ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04113356) cohort study. The difference of CRP 24 ± 8 h and CRP at hospital admission divided by the time (in h) that elapsed during the two examinations was defined as CRPv. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging was conducted at a median of 3 (IQR 2-4) days after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the determination of LV function and myocardial infarct characteristics. The association of CRPv with the CMR-derived LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was investigated. The median CRPv was 0.42 (IQR 0.21-0.76) mg/l/h and was correlated with LVEF (rS = -0.397, p < 0.001). In multivariable linear as well as binary logistic regression analysis (adjustment for biomarkers and clinical and angiographical parameters), CRPv was independently associated with LVEF (β: 0.161, p = 0.004) and LVEF ≤ 40% (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.19-2.45; p = 0.004), respectively. The combined predictive value of peak cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and CRPv for LVEF ≤ 40% (AUC: 0.81, 95% CI 0.77-0.85, p < 0.001) was higher than it was for peak cTnT alone (AUC difference: 0.04, p = 0.009). CRPv was independently associated with early LV dysfunction, as measured by the CMR-determined LVEF, revealing an additive predictive value over cTnT after acute STEMI treated with primary PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Holzknecht
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (C.T.); (M.R.); (I.L.); (P.F.); (P.L.); (C.B.); (G.K.); (A.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Christina Tiller
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (C.T.); (M.R.); (I.L.); (P.F.); (P.L.); (C.B.); (G.K.); (A.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Martin Reindl
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (C.T.); (M.R.); (I.L.); (P.F.); (P.L.); (C.B.); (G.K.); (A.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Ivan Lechner
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (C.T.); (M.R.); (I.L.); (P.F.); (P.L.); (C.B.); (G.K.); (A.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Priscilla Fink
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (C.T.); (M.R.); (I.L.); (P.F.); (P.L.); (C.B.); (G.K.); (A.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Patrick Lunger
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (C.T.); (M.R.); (I.L.); (P.F.); (P.L.); (C.B.); (G.K.); (A.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Agnes Mayr
- University Clinic of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.M.); (B.H.)
| | - Benjamin Henninger
- University Clinic of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.M.); (B.H.)
| | - Christoph Brenner
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (C.T.); (M.R.); (I.L.); (P.F.); (P.L.); (C.B.); (G.K.); (A.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Gert Klug
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (C.T.); (M.R.); (I.L.); (P.F.); (P.L.); (C.B.); (G.K.); (A.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Axel Bauer
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (C.T.); (M.R.); (I.L.); (P.F.); (P.L.); (C.B.); (G.K.); (A.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Bernhard Metzler
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (C.T.); (M.R.); (I.L.); (P.F.); (P.L.); (C.B.); (G.K.); (A.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Sebastian Johannes Reinstadler
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (C.T.); (M.R.); (I.L.); (P.F.); (P.L.); (C.B.); (G.K.); (A.B.); (B.M.)
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Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)-Unravelling Biology to Identify New Therapies-The Microcirculation as a Frontier for New Therapies in ACS. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092188. [PMID: 34571836 PMCID: PMC8468909 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, restoring epicardial culprit vessel patency and flow with percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting has been the mainstay of treatment for decades. However, there is an emerging understanding of the crucial role of coronary microcirculation in predicting infarct burden and subsequent left ventricular remodelling, and the prognostic significance of coronary microvascular obstruction (MVO) in mortality and morbidity. This review will elucidate the multifaceted and interconnected pathophysiological processes which underpin MVO in ACS, and the various diagnostic modalities as well as challenges, with a particular focus on the invasive but specific and reproducible index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR). Unfortunately, a multitude of purported therapeutic strategies to address this unmet need in cardiovascular care, outlined in this review, have so far been disappointing with conflicting results and a lack of hard clinical end-point benefit. There are however a number of exciting and novel future prospects in this field that will be evaluated over the coming years in large adequately powered clinical trials, and this review will briefly appraise these.
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