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Xi Q, Park K, Aung PP, Wu F, Blake D, Levy R. Recurrent out-of-hospital cardiac arrest related to triple-vessel coronary artery spasm: A case report. HeartRhythm Case Rep 2023; 9:832-835. [PMID: 38023685 PMCID: PMC10667210 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qianlan Xi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, Florida
| | - Kyeeun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, Florida
| | - Pyi phyo Aung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, Florida
| | - Fangcheng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, Florida
| | - Dahlia Blake
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, Florida
| | - Ralph Levy
- Chief Adult Cardiac Medical Services, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, Florida
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2
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Hokimoto S, Kaikita K, Yasuda S, Tsujita K, Ishihara M, Matoba T, Matsuzawa Y, Mitsutake Y, Mitani Y, Murohara T, Noda T, Node K, Noguchi T, Suzuki H, Takahashi J, Tanabe Y, Tanaka A, Tanaka N, Teragawa H, Yasu T, Yoshimura M, Asaumi Y, Godo S, Ikenaga H, Imanaka T, Ishibashi K, Ishii M, Ishihara T, Matsuura Y, Miura H, Nakano Y, Ogawa T, Shiroto T, Soejima H, Takagi R, Tanaka A, Tanaka A, Taruya A, Tsuda E, Wakabayashi K, Yokoi K, Minamino T, Nakagawa Y, Sueda S, Shimokawa H, Ogawa H. JCS/CVIT/JCC 2023 guideline focused update on diagnosis and treatment of vasospastic angina (coronary spastic angina) and coronary microvascular dysfunction. J Cardiol 2023; 82:293-341. [PMID: 37597878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koichi Kaikita
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Masaharu Ishihara
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Yasushi Matsuzawa
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Mitsutake
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Mitani
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takashi Noda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Japan
| | - Teruo Noguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Niigata Prefectural Shibata Hospital, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tanaka
- Division of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teragawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, JR Hiroshima Hospital, Japan
| | - Takanori Yasu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Nephrology, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Japan
| | - Michihiro Yoshimura
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Asaumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan
| | - Shigeo Godo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ikenaga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Takahiro Imanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Japan
| | - Kohei Ishibashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan
| | - Masanobu Ishii
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | | | - Yunosuke Matsuura
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogawa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiroto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Ryu Takagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, JR Hiroshima Hospital, Japan
| | - Akihito Tanaka
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Japan
| | - Akira Taruya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Etsuko Tsuda
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan
| | - Kohei Wakabayashi
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Showa University Koto-Toyosu Hospital, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yokoi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Japan
| | - Toru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nakagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Japan
| | - Shozo Sueda
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension & Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- Graduate School, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
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Samaras A, Moysidis DV, Papazoglou AS, Rampidis G, Kampaktsis PN, Kouskouras K, Efthymiadis G, Ziakas A, Fragakis N, Vassilikos V, Giannakoulas G. Diagnostic Puzzles and Cause-Targeted Treatment Strategies in Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries: An Updated Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6198. [PMID: 37834842 PMCID: PMC10573806 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a distinct subtype of myocardial infarction (MI), occurring in about 8-10% of spontaneous MI cases referred for coronary angiography. Unlike MI with obstructive coronary artery disease, MINOCA's pathogenesis is more intricate and heterogeneous, involving mechanisms such as coronary thromboembolism, coronary vasospasm, microvascular dysfunction, dissection, or plaque rupture. Diagnosing MINOCA presents challenges and includes invasive and non-invasive strategies aiming to differentiate it from alternative diagnoses and confirm the criteria of elevated cardiac biomarkers, non-obstructive coronary arteries, and the absence of alternate explanations for the acute presentation. Tailored management strategies for MINOCA hinge on identifying the underlying cause of the infarction, necessitating systematic diagnostic approaches. Furthermore, determining the optimal post-MINOCA medication regimen remains uncertain. This review aims to comprehensively address the current state of knowledge, encompassing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, in the context of MINOCA while also highlighting the evolving landscape and future directions for advancing our understanding and management of this intricate myocardial infarction subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Samaras
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (D.V.M.); (A.S.P.); (G.R.); (G.E.); (A.Z.)
- Second Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios V. Moysidis
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (D.V.M.); (A.S.P.); (G.R.); (G.E.); (A.Z.)
- Third Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Andreas S. Papazoglou
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (D.V.M.); (A.S.P.); (G.R.); (G.E.); (A.Z.)
| | - Georgios Rampidis
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (D.V.M.); (A.S.P.); (G.R.); (G.E.); (A.Z.)
| | - Polydoros N. Kampaktsis
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Konstantinos Kouskouras
- Department of Radiology, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Georgios Efthymiadis
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (D.V.M.); (A.S.P.); (G.R.); (G.E.); (A.Z.)
| | - Antonios Ziakas
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (D.V.M.); (A.S.P.); (G.R.); (G.E.); (A.Z.)
| | - Nikolaos Fragakis
- Second Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Vasileios Vassilikos
- Third Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - George Giannakoulas
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (D.V.M.); (A.S.P.); (G.R.); (G.E.); (A.Z.)
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4
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Foà A, Canton L, Bodega F, Bergamaschi L, Paolisso P, De Vita A, Villano A, Mattioli AV, Tritto I, Morrone D, Lanza GA, Pizzi C. Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2023; 24:e134-e146. [PMID: 37186564 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a heterogeneous group of clinical entities characterized by clinical evidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with normal or near-normal coronary arteries on coronary angiography (stenosis < 50%) and without an over the alternative diagnosis for the acute presentation. Its prevalence ranges from 6% to 11% among all patients with AMI, with a predominance of young, nonwhite females with fewer traditional risks than those with an obstructive coronary artery disease (MI-CAD). MINOCA can be due to either epicardial causes such as rupture or fissuring of unstable nonobstructive atherosclerotic plaque, coronary artery spasm, spontaneous coronary dissection and cardioembolism in-situ or microvascular causes. Besides, also type-2 AMI due to supply-demand mismatch and Takotsubo syndrome must be considered as a possible MINOCA cause. Because of the complex etiology and a limited amount of evidence, there is still some confusion around the management and treatment of these patients. Therefore, the key focus of this condition is to identify the underlying individual mechanisms to achieve patient-specific treatments. Clinical history, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and coronary angiography represent the first-level diagnostic investigations, but coronary imaging with intravascular ultrasound and optical coherent tomography, coronary physiology testing, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging offer additional information to understand the underlying cause of MINOCA. Although the prognosis is slightly better compared with MI-CAD patients, MINOCA is not always benign and depends on the etiopathology. This review analyzes all possible pathophysiological mechanisms that could lead to MINOCA and provides the most specific and appropriate therapeutic approach in each scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Foà
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), IRCCS Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna
| | - Lisa Canton
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), IRCCS Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna
| | - Francesca Bodega
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), IRCCS Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna
| | - Luca Bergamaschi
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), IRCCS Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna
| | - Pasquale Paolisso
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Cardiovascular Center Aalst, OLV Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Antonio De Vita
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome
| | - Angelo Villano
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome
| | | | - Isabella Tritto
- Università di Perugia, Dipartimento di Medicina, Sezione di Cardiologia e Fisiopatologia Cardiovascolare, Perugia
| | - Doralisa Morrone
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine-Cardiology Division, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
| | - Gaetano Antonio Lanza
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome
| | - Carmine Pizzi
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), IRCCS Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna
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5
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Pelliccia F, Camici PG. Updates on MINOCA and INOCA through the 2022 publications in the International Journal of Cardiology. Int J Cardiol 2023; 374:8-11. [PMID: 36649889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo G Camici
- Vita-Salute University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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6
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Landi A, Pavon AG, Valgimigli M. Sailing in the complexity of the 'shark-fin' sign. HEART (BRITISH CARDIAC SOCIETY) 2022; 109:25-78. [PMID: 36598074 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-321654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Landi
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Anna Giulia Pavon
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Marco Valgimigli
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
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7
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Jing X, Chen Q. Dynamic ST‐segment elevation during head‐up tilt test. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2022; 28:e13029. [DOI: 10.1111/anec.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xianchao Jing
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Qingyong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
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8
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Feenstra RGT, Boerhout CKM, Woudstra J, Vink CEM, Wittekoek ME, de Waard GA, Appelman Y, Eringa EC, Marques KMJ, de Winter RJ, Beijk MAM, van de Hoef TP, Piek JJ. Presence of Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction, Coronary Vasospasm, and Adenosine-Mediated Vasodilatory Disorders in Patients With Ischemia and Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2022; 15:e012017. [PMID: 35904014 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.122.012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary function testing in patients with ischemia and nonobstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) commonly includes assessment of adenosine-mediated vasodilation and acetylcholine spasm provocation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of additional endothelial function testing for the diagnosis of vasomotor dysfunction in patients with INOCA. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we included patients with INOCA who underwent clinically indicated comprehensive coronary function testing. Endothelial dysfunction was defined as a <50% increase in coronary blood flow, determined by Doppler flow, and/or epicardial vasoconstriction compared to baseline, in response to low-dose acetylcholine. Coronary artery spasm (CAS) was defined as vasospastic angina or microvascular angina in response to coronary high-dose acetylcholine. An impaired adenosine-mediated vasodilation was defined as a coronary flow reserve <2.5 and/or hyperemic microvascular resistance ≥2.5. RESULTS Among all 110 patients, 79% had endothelial dysfunction, 62% had CAS, and 29% had an impaired adenosine-mediated vasodilation. Endothelial dysfunction was present in 80% of patients who tested positively for CAS and/or an impaired adenosine-mediated vasodilation. Endothelial function testing increases the diagnostic yield of coronary function testing that only incorporates adenosine testing and spasm provocation by 17% to 92%. Of patients with normal adenosine-mediated vasodilation and no inducible CAS, 68% had endothelial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Concomitant endothelial dysfunction was prevalent in the vast majority of patients with INOCA with inducible CAS and/or an impaired adenosine-mediated vasodilation. In patients with INOCA without inducible CAS and normal adenosine-mediated vasodilation, two-thirds had endothelial dysfunction. These results indicate the relevance to perform endothelial function testing in patients with INOCA in view of its therapeutic implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger G T Feenstra
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands (R.G.T.F., C.K.M.B., J.W., C.E.M.V., G.A.d.W., Y.A., K.M.J.M., R.J.d.W., M.A.M.B., T.P.v.d.H., J.J.P.)
| | - Coen K M Boerhout
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands (R.G.T.F., C.K.M.B., J.W., C.E.M.V., G.A.d.W., Y.A., K.M.J.M., R.J.d.W., M.A.M.B., T.P.v.d.H., J.J.P.)
| | - Janneke Woudstra
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands (R.G.T.F., C.K.M.B., J.W., C.E.M.V., G.A.d.W., Y.A., K.M.J.M., R.J.d.W., M.A.M.B., T.P.v.d.H., J.J.P.)
| | - Caitlin E M Vink
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands (R.G.T.F., C.K.M.B., J.W., C.E.M.V., G.A.d.W., Y.A., K.M.J.M., R.J.d.W., M.A.M.B., T.P.v.d.H., J.J.P.)
| | | | - Guus A de Waard
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands (R.G.T.F., C.K.M.B., J.W., C.E.M.V., G.A.d.W., Y.A., K.M.J.M., R.J.d.W., M.A.M.B., T.P.v.d.H., J.J.P.)
| | - Yolande Appelman
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands (R.G.T.F., C.K.M.B., J.W., C.E.M.V., G.A.d.W., Y.A., K.M.J.M., R.J.d.W., M.A.M.B., T.P.v.d.H., J.J.P.)
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands (E.C.E.).,Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (E.C.E.)
| | - Koen M J Marques
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands (R.G.T.F., C.K.M.B., J.W., C.E.M.V., G.A.d.W., Y.A., K.M.J.M., R.J.d.W., M.A.M.B., T.P.v.d.H., J.J.P.)
| | - Robbert J de Winter
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands (R.G.T.F., C.K.M.B., J.W., C.E.M.V., G.A.d.W., Y.A., K.M.J.M., R.J.d.W., M.A.M.B., T.P.v.d.H., J.J.P.)
| | - Marcel A M Beijk
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands (R.G.T.F., C.K.M.B., J.W., C.E.M.V., G.A.d.W., Y.A., K.M.J.M., R.J.d.W., M.A.M.B., T.P.v.d.H., J.J.P.)
| | - Tim P van de Hoef
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands (R.G.T.F., C.K.M.B., J.W., C.E.M.V., G.A.d.W., Y.A., K.M.J.M., R.J.d.W., M.A.M.B., T.P.v.d.H., J.J.P.).,Department of Cardiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (T.P.v.d.H.)
| | - Jan J Piek
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands (R.G.T.F., C.K.M.B., J.W., C.E.M.V., G.A.d.W., Y.A., K.M.J.M., R.J.d.W., M.A.M.B., T.P.v.d.H., J.J.P.)
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