Functional role of lingual nerve in breastfeeding

Morphological analysis of regenerated bulbar fibers in relation to neonatal olfaction

It was revealed that regeneration of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) occurred in developing rats and the regenerated olfactory system was functional 4 weeks after transection. The aim of this study was to determine the earliest onset of functional recovery in LOT-injured rats and to quantify regenerated nerve components with functional correlation. Neonatal rats on postnatal day (P) 2 were subjected to unilateral transection of the left LOT and underwent unilateral removal of the right olfactory bulb on P11. Functional recovery of the tract injury was assessed by the suckling capability, which can be achieved by olfaction. Suckling capability was observed on P12 in most neonatally LOT-transected pups. Rat pups were subjected to unilateral transection of the left LOT on P2, and received injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the bilateral olfactory bulb on P5 to quantify normal and regenerated nerve components in the olfactory cortices at the level of the olfactory tubercle. BDA(+) areas and density indices of the olfactory cortices in the neonatally LOT-transected P12 pups were 11.05×10⁵μm² and 0.35 on the normal right side and 4.34×10⁵μm² and 0.21 on the transected left side. We concluded that functional recovery of the LOT-transected neonatal rats occurred as early as 10days after tract transection and that areas and densities of regenerated nerve components essential for functional recovery were approximately 40% and 60% of the age-matched normal values in the olfactory cortices at the level of the olfactory tubercle.

Determination of functionally essential neuronal population of the olfactory epithelium for nipple search and subsequent suckling behavior in newborn rats

Neuronal population of the olfactory epithelium required for nipple search and subsequent suckling behavior was examined in newborn rats. After unilateral ablation of the olfactory bulb, different concentrations of ZnSO(4) were contralaterally injected into the nasal cavity to produce varying degrees of neuronal degeneration in the olfactory epithelium. The ZnSO(4)-treatment resulted in two populations of pups. One exhibited suckling while the other did not, and intact olfactory receptor neurons were quantified immunohistochemically using an antibody for olfactory marker protein (OMP), a marker protein for olfactory receptor neurons. The total numbers of the OMP (+) cells in the ZnSO(4)-treated pups with suckling capability ranged between 2457 and 4615, whereas those in the ZnSO(4)-treated pups without suckling capability ranged between 112 and 2398. With the mean value (4969) of the total numbers of the OMP (+) cells of the normal/control pups assumed to represent 100%, the total numbers of the OMP (+) cells accounted for 49-93% in the suckling (+) group and 2-48% in the suckling (-) group. From these findings, we conclude that approximately 50% of neuronal population of the olfactory epithelium is a critical value to distinguish between the two groups with and without suckling capability in the unilateral olfactory system of newborn rats.