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Verdugo-Diaz L, Estrada-Rojo F, Garcia-Espinoza A, Hernandez-Lopez E, Hernandez-Chavez A, Guzman-Uribe C, Martinez-Vargas M, Perez-Arredondo A, Calvario T, Elias-Viñas D, Navarro L. Effect of Intermediate-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Recovery following Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4540291. [PMID: 29318150 PMCID: PMC5727566 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4540291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant public health concern and has been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Although several research groups have proposed the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to enhance neuroprotection and recovery in patients with TBI, few studies have obtained sufficient evidence regarding its effects in this population. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the effect of intermediate-frequency rTMS (2 Hz) on behavioral and histological recovery following TBI in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: three groups without TBI (no manipulation, movement restriction plus sham rTMS, and movement restriction plus rTMS) and three groups subjected to TBI (TBI only, TBI plus movement restriction and sham rTMS, and TBI plus movement restriction and rTMS). The movement restriction groups were included so that rTMS could be applied without anesthesia. Our results indicate that the restriction of movement and sham rTMS per se promotes recovery, as measured using a neurobehavioral scale, although rTMS was associated with faster and superior recovery. We also observed that TBI caused alterations in the CA1 and CA3 subregions of the hippocampus, which are partly restored by movement restriction and rTMS. Our findings indicated that movement restriction prevents damage caused by TBI and that intermediate-frequency rTMS promotes behavioral and histologic recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Verdugo-Diaz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Francisco Estrada-Rojo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Aron Garcia-Espinoza
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Hernandez-Lopez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Hernandez-Chavez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Guzman-Uribe
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marina Martinez-Vargas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adan Perez-Arredondo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Tomas Calvario
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Bioelectronics Section, CINVESTAV, IPN, Av. Politecnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - David Elias-Viñas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Bioelectronics Section, CINVESTAV, IPN, Av. Politecnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luz Navarro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Erkanli G, Ercan F, Sirvanci S, Salik E, Yananli HR, Onat F, San T. Time-dependent changes in distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor immunoreactive cells in hippocampus after kainic acid injection in rat pups. Int J Dev Neurosci 2007; 25:399-407. [PMID: 17881182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five-day-old Wistar albino rats were injected with kainic acid (KA) or saline i.p. to investigate time-dependent alterations in morphology and number of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) immunoreactive (-ir) astrocytes and neurons in hippocampus at 15, 30, and 90 days after the injections. Sections were stained with cresyl violet for morphological evaluation and bFGF immunohistochemistry was used for quantitative evaluation of bFGF-ir cell density. Fifteen days after KA injection, there was gliosis but no neuronal loss although disorganization in CA1, CA3, CA4 pyramidal layers and neuronal loss were evident 30 and 90 days after the injection. KA injected rats demonstrated significantly increased number of bFGF-ir astrocytes throughout the hippocampus and pyramidal neurons in CA2 after 15 days and decreased number of bFGF-ir cells after 30 and 90 days. The decrease in the number of bFGF-ir astroglia and neurons in long term after KA injection may indicate a decrease in the production of bFGF and/or number of bFGF-ir cells suggesting that protective effects of bFGF may be altered during epileptogenesis in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Erkanli
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Haydarpaşa 34668, Istanbul, Turkey
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