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Evaluation of Altered Glutamatergic Activity in a Piglet Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage Using 1H-MRS. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8850816. [PMID: 33029259 PMCID: PMC7532412 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8850816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methods Twenty-five newborn piglets were selected and then randomly assigned to the control group (n = 5) and the model group (n = 20) subjected to HI. HI was induced by blocking bilateral carotid blood flow under simultaneous inhalation of a 6% oxygen mixture. 1H-MRS data were acquired from the basal ganglia at the following time points after HI: 6, 12, 24, and 72 h. Changes in protein levels of EAAT2 and GluR2 were determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Correlations among metabolite concentrations, metabolite ratios, and the protein levels of EAAT2 and GluR2 were investigated. Results The Glu level sharply increased after HI, reached a transient low level of depletion that approached the normal level in the control group, and subsequently increased again. Negative correlations were found between concentrations of Glu and EAAT2 protein levels (R s = -0.662, P < 0.001) and between the Glu/creatine (Cr) ratio and EAAT2 protein level (R s = -0.664, P < 0.001). Moreover, changes in GluR2 protein level were significantly and negatively correlated with those in Glu level (the absolute Glu concentration, R s = -0.797, P < 0.001; Glu/Cr, R s = -0.567, P = 0.003). Conclusions Changes in Glu level measured by 1H-MRS were inversely correlated with those in EAAT2 and GluR2 protein levels following HI, and the results demonstrated that 1H-MRS can reflect the early changes of glutamatergic activity in vivo.
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Jung YH, Kim H, Jeon SY, Kwon JM, Lee WJ, Kim YC, Jang JH, Choi SH, Lee JY, Kang DH. Brain Metabolites and Peripheral Biomarkers Associated with Neuroinflammation in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Using [11C]-(R)-PK11195 Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Pilot Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2018; 20:504-514. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ha Jung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yeon Jeon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Min Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Joon Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Chul Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Hwan Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Human Behavioral Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine & SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tan X, Azad S, Ji X. Hypoxic Preconditioning Protects SH-SY5Y Cell against Oxidative Stress through Activation of Autophagy. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1753-1762. [PMID: 29871517 PMCID: PMC6300772 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718760486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a role in many neurological diseases. Hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) has been proposed as an intervention that protects neurons from damage by altering their response to oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which HPC results in neuroprotection in cultured SH-SY5Y cells subjected to oxidative stress to provide a guide for future investigation and targeted interventions. SH-SY5Y cells were subjected to HPC protocols or control conditions. Oxidative stress was induced by H2O2. Cell viability was determined via adenosine triphosphate assay. Rapamycin and 3-methyxanthine (3-MA) were used to induce and inhibit autophagy, respectively. Monodansylcadaverine staining was used to observe the formation of autophagosomes. Levels of Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 B (LC3B), Beclin 1, and p53 were measured by Western blot. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also determined. Cell viability in the HPC group following 24-h exposure to 600 μM H2O2 was 65.04 ± 12.91% versus 33.14 ± 5.55% in the control group. LC3B, Beclin 1, and autophagosomes were increased in the HPC group compared with controls. Rapamycin mimicked the protection and 3-MA decreased the protection. There was a moderate increase in ROS after HPC, but rapamycin can abolish the increase and 3-MA can enhance the increase. p53 accumulated in a manner consistent with cell death, and HPC-treated cells showed reduced accumulation of p53 as compared with controls. Treatment with rapamycin decreased p53 accumulation, and 3-MA inhibited the decrease in p53 induced by HPC. HPC protects against oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. Mechanisms of protection may involve the activation of autophagy induced by ROS generated from HPC and the following decline in p53 level caused by activated autophagy in oxidative stress state. This is in line with recent findings in nonneuronal cell populations and may represent an important advance in understanding how HPC protects neurons from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomu Tan
- 1 Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,3 Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sherwin Azad
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Lowe DW, Fraser JL, Rollins LG, Bentzley J, Nie X, Martin R, Singh I, Jenkins D. Vitamin D improves functional outcomes in neonatal hypoxic ischemic male rats treated with N-acetylcysteine and hypothermia. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:186-200. [PMID: 28599922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypothermia treatment neuroprotects approximately 50% of neonates who present with moderate to severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, is neuroprotective in combination with hypothermia in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) female rats, but less protective in males. Vitamin D is a neurosteroid, which may provide immunomodulation and improve outcomes for both sexes. We investigated the efficacy of this combination of drugs with hypothermia after severe HI, as well as potential mechanisms of vitamin D effects in the transition to chronic inflammation. DOL 7 rats were randomized to sham, or HI and hypothermia treated with either saline (HYPO), NAC (50 mg/kg/d, HNAC), or HNAC plus 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (0.1 μg/kg/d, HNAC + VitD) daily for 2 weeks. A second set of animals were randomized and treated for 11 days to investigate vitamin D metabolism and inflammatory mediators. Rats treated with HNAC + VitD performed significantly better on tests of strength and use of affected limb, adaptive sensorimotor skills, motor sequence learning, and working memory than either HYPO or HNAC, particularly benefiting male rats. Significantly fewer rats in the HNAC + VitD group had severe hemispheric volume loss. HI injury decreased serum vitamin D at 11 days and induced the enzyme that deactivates vitamin D in the hippocampus, particularly in males. Persistent vitamin D dysregulation was seen in both hippocampi in males, which was not reversed by hypothermia. Vitamin D in combination with hypothermia and NAC supports functional recovery in both sexes of neonatal rats significantly better than hypothermia alone or hypothermia and NAC in this severe HI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle W Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Jamie L Fraser
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Laura Grace Rollins
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Jessica Bentzley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Xingju Nie
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Renee Martin
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Dorothea Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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Zheng Y, Wang XM. Measurement of Lactate Content and Amide Proton Transfer Values in the Basal Ganglia of a Neonatal Piglet Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Model Using MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:827-834. [PMID: 28154122 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE As amide proton transfer imaging is sensitive to protein content and intracellular pH, it has been widely used in the nervous system, including brain tumors and stroke. This work aimed to measure the lactate content and amide proton transfer values in the basal ganglia of a neonatal piglet hypoxic-ischemic brain injury model by using MR spectroscopy and amide proton transfer imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 58 healthy neonatal piglets (3-5 days after birth; weight, 1-1.5 kg) selected initially, 9 piglets remained in the control group and 43 piglets, in the hypoxic-ischemic brain injury group. Single-section amide proton transfer imaging was performed at the coronal level of the basal ganglia. Amide proton transfer values of the bilateral basal ganglia were measured in all piglets. The ROI of MR spectroscopy imaging was the right basal ganglia, and the postprocessing was completed with LCModel software. RESULTS After hypoxic-ischemic insult, the amide proton transfer values immediately decreased, and at 0-2 hours, they remained at their lowest level. Thereafter, they gradually increased and finally exceeded those of the control group at 48-72 hours. After hypoxic-ischemic insult, the lactate content increased immediately, was maximal at 2-6 hours, and then gradually decreased to the level of the control group. The amide proton transfer values were negatively correlated with lactate content (r = -0.79, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS This observation suggests that after hypoxic-ischemic insult, the recovery of pH was faster than that of lactate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zheng
- From the Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - X-M Wang
- From the Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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Chan KC, Kancherla S, Fan SJ, Wu EX. Long-term effects of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia on structural and physiological integrity of the eye and visual pathway by multimodal MRI. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 56:1-9. [PMID: 25491295 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia is a major cause of brain damage in infants and may frequently present visual impairments. Although advancements in perinatal care have increased survival, the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic injury and the long-term consequences to the visual system remain unclear. We hypothesized that neonatal hypoxia-ischemia can lead to chronic, MRI-detectable structural and physiological alterations in both the eye and the brain's visual pathways. METHODS Eight Sprague-Dawley rats underwent ligation of the left common carotid artery followed by hypoxia for 2 hours at postnatal day 7. One year later, T2-weighted MRI, gadolinium-enhanced MRI, chromium-enhanced MRI, manganese-enhanced MRI, and diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) of the visual system were evaluated and compared between opposite hemispheres using a 7-Tesla scanner. RESULTS Within the eyeball, systemic gadolinium administration revealed aqueous-vitreous or blood-ocular barrier leakage only in the ipsilesional left eye despite comparable aqueous humor dynamics in the anterior chamber of both eyes. Binocular intravitreal chromium injection showed compromised retinal integrity in the ipsilesional eye. Despite total loss of the ipsilesional visual cortex, both retinocollicular and retinogeniculate pathways projected from the contralesional eye toward ipsilesional visual cortex possessed stronger anterograde manganese transport and less disrupted structural integrity in DTI compared with the opposite hemispheres. CONCLUSIONS High-field, multimodal MRI demonstrated in vivo the long-term structural and physiological deficits in the eye and brain's visual pathways after unilateral neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. The remaining retinocollicular and retinogeniculate pathways appeared to be more vulnerable to anterograde degeneration from eye injury than retrograde, transsynaptic degeneration from visual cortex injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Chan
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Swarupa Kancherla
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shu-Juan Fan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ed X Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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