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Tregub PP, Komleva YK, Kulikov VP, Chekulaev PA, Tregub OF, Maltseva LD, Manasova ZS, Popova IA, Andriutsa NS, Samburova NV, Salmina AB, Litvitskiy PF. Relationship between Hypoxia and Hypercapnia Tolerance and Life Expectancy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6512. [PMID: 38928217 PMCID: PMC11204369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The review discusses the potential relationship between hypoxia resistance and longevity, the influence of carbon dioxide on the mechanisms of aging of the mammalian organism, and intermittent hypercapnic-hypoxic effects on the signaling pathways of aging mechanisms. In the article, we focused on the potential mechanisms of the gero-protective efficacy of carbon dioxide when combined with hypoxia. The review summarizes the possible influence of intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia on aging processes in the nervous system. We considered the perspective variants of the application of hypercapnic-hypoxic influences for achieving active longevity and the prospects for the possibilities of developing hypercapnic-hypoxic training methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel P. Tregub
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (Y.K.K.)
- Scientific and Educational Resource Center “Innovative Technologies of Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis”, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia K. Komleva
- Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (Y.K.K.)
| | - Vladimir P. Kulikov
- Department of Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics, Altay State Medical University, 656040 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Chekulaev
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Larisa D. Maltseva
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zaripat Sh. Manasova
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Inga A. Popova
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia S. Andriutsa
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Samburova
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla B. Salmina
- Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (Y.K.K.)
| | - Peter F. Litvitskiy
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Fan X, Wang H, Zhang L, Tang J, Qu Y, Mu D. Neuroprotection of hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning in neonatal brain with hypoxic-ischemic injury. Rev Neurosci 2020; 32:/j/revneuro.ahead-of-print/revneuro-2020-0024/revneuro-2020-0024.xml. [PMID: 32866133 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal brain is susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic injury due to its developmental characteristics. Hypoxia-ischemia means a decreased perfusion of oxygen and glucose, which can lead to severe encephalopathy. Although early initiation of therapeutic hypothermia was reported to provide neuroprotection for infants after HI, hypothermia administered alone after the acute insult cannot reverse the severe damage that already has occurred or improve the prognosis of severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Therefore, exploring new protective mechanisms for treating hypoxic-ischemic brain damage are imperative. Until now, many studies reported the neuroprotective mechanisms of hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning in protecting the hypoxic-ischemic newborn brains. After hypoxia and ischemia, hypoxia-inducible factor signaling pathway is involved in the transcriptional regulation of many genes and is also play a number of different roles in protecting brains during hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning. Hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning could protect neonatal brain by several mechanisms, including vascular regulation, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation, suppression of excitotoxicity, immune regulation, hormone levels regulation, and promote cell proliferation. This review focused on the protective mechanisms underlying hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning for neonatal brain after hypoxia-ischemia and emphasized on the important roles of hypoxia inducible factor 1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China
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Lajoie AC, Lafontaine AL, Kimoff RJ, Kaminska M. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Evidence in Support of Benefit from Sleep Apnea Treatment. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E297. [PMID: 31973065 PMCID: PMC7073991 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent disorder characterized by recurrent upper airway obstruction during sleep resulting in intermittent hypoxemia and sleep fragmentation. Research has recently increasingly focused on the impact of OSA on the brain's structure and function, in particular as this relates to neurodegenerative diseases. This article reviews the links between OSA and neurodegenerative disease, focusing on Parkinson's disease, including proposed pathogenic mechanisms and current knowledge on the effects of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie C. Lajoie
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada; (A.C.L.); (R.J.K.)
| | - Anne-Louise Lafontaine
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada;
| | - R. John Kimoff
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada; (A.C.L.); (R.J.K.)
- Respiratory Division & Sleep Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marta Kaminska
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada; (A.C.L.); (R.J.K.)
- Respiratory Division & Sleep Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Oh CS, Sa M, Park HJ, Piao L, Oh KS, Kim SH. Effects of remote ischemic preconditioning on regional cerebral oxygen saturation in patients in the beach chair position during shoulder surgery: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Clin Anesth 2019; 61:109661. [PMID: 31818636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.109661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The beach chair position for shoulder surgery induces cerebral hypoperfusion. We evaluated the effects of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) prior to surgery to ameliorate cerebral desaturation in a double-blind randomized fashion. DESIGN Blinded, prospective, randomized study. SETTING Operating room & postoperative recovery room, tertiary university hospital. PATIENTS Seventy patients scheduled for shoulder surgery were recruited. After excluding 7 patients according to the exclusion criteria, 63 patients were randomized into two groups (control and RIPC). INTERVENTIONS Remote ischemic preconditioning was applied by briefly inflating a tourniquet on the thigh three times just after inducing anesthesia in the RIPC group. MEASUREMENTS The changes in regional cerebral oxygen saturation, hemodynamic values, laboratory values, and serum levels of cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β were measured. MAIN RESULTS The remote ischemic preconditioning group had higher regional cerebral oxygen saturation just after establishment of the beach chair position (P = 0.002) and lower cerebral desaturation (P = 0.007) during operation than the control group. Hemodynamic and laboratory values did not differ between the groups. There were no significant intergroup differences in cytokine levels. CONCLUSION Remote ischemic preconditioning before surgery ameliorates cerebral desaturation in patients in the beach chair position during shoulder surgery. Trial Registry Number: KCT0001384 (http://cris.nih.go.kr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Sik Oh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijung Sa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jun Park
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Liyun Piao
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Oh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hyop Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Infection and Immunology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Wang B, Ma W, Yang H. Puerarin attenuates hypoxia-resulted damages in neural stem cells by up-regulating microRNA-214. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2746-2753. [PMID: 31282213 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1628040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Puerarin has been reported to be useful in protection against hypoxia-induced injury. In our current study, we attempted to explore the protective effects of puerarin against hypoxia-caused damages in neural stem cells (NSCs). Additionally, the relative molecular underpinning studies preliminarily proceeded. NSCs were pre-incubated with puerarin before the hypoxic stimulus. MicroRNA-214 (miR-214) inhibitor was transfected into NSCs. Subsequently, the viability of NSCs was assessed by CCK-8 assay. Flow cytometry was employed to detect apoptotic cells after staining. qRT-PCR was performed to quantify miR-214. Western blot was applied for analyzing the expression of apoptosis-relative proteins and regulators. We found that puerarin alleviated hypoxia-induced apoptosis and maintained cell viability. Hypoxia-evoked up-regulation of miR-214 was further enhanced by puerarin. By contrast, miR-214-deficient NSCs showed the reduction in cell viability and the facilitation in apoptosis progress after pre-treatment with puerarin and stimulation in a hypoxia circumstance. Additionally, puerarin restored the phosphorylation of relative regulators, which was originally blunted by hypoxia. However, puerarin did not evidently restore the phosphorylation for response to hypoxia in miR-214-silenced NSCs. In conclusion, puerarin might be applied as a novel agent to ameliorate hypoxia-evoked damages in NSCs. Molecularly, miR-214 might be implicated in the protective roles of puerarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Wang
- a Department of Neonatology, Linyi Women and Children's Hospital , Linyi , Shandong , China
| | - Wenna Ma
- b Department of Children's Healthcare, Linyi Women and Children's Hospital , Linyi , China
| | - Huiyu Yang
- a Department of Neonatology, Linyi Women and Children's Hospital , Linyi , Shandong , China
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Huang L, Wu S, Li H, Dang Z, Wu Y. Hypoxic preconditioning relieved ischemic cerebral injury by promoting immunomodulation and microglia polarization after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Brain Res 2019; 1723:146388. [PMID: 31421131 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to investigate whether immunomodulation and Microglia polarization is involved in the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect induced by hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) brain injury model. METHODS Longa method, (neurological disability status scale) NDSS method and TTC staining were used to evaluate the degree of cerebral infarction injury under different treatments (Sham, HPC, MCAO and co-treatment with HPC and MCAO). Western blot was used to detect expression profiles of apoptosis and related factors of neurological function. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze changes in the ratio of helper T cells, toxic T cells and NK cells in peripheral immune cells. And immunohistochemistry was used to examine the changes in microglial morphology. ELISA was used to evaluate the levels of nerve growth factors and neurogenesis conditions. Finally, RT-PCR was determined to analyze the transformation of microglia phenotype after HPC and MCAO treatment. RESULTS MCAO dramatically induced local formation of cerebral infarction. HPC relieved MCAO-induced cerebral infarction and increased rat cognition. HPC affected activation of microglia without significantly affecting in peripheral immune cell populations. After HPC co-treatment with MCAO, the M1 phenotype of microglia was changed and there was a transformation to M2. CONCLUSION The treatment of HPC remarkably affected the polarization of microglia cells in MCAO rats, and reduced the cerebral nerve injury and played a protective role in MCAO model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Loint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, China; Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Shizheng Wu
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China.
| | - Hao Li
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Zhancui Dang
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Qinghai University, Qinghai, China
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Alderliesten T, van Bel F, van der Aa NE, Steendijk P, van Haastert IC, de Vries LS, Groenendaal F, Lemmers P. Low Cerebral Oxygenation in Preterm Infants Is Associated with Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcome. J Pediatr 2019; 207:109-116.e2. [PMID: 30577979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether high and low levels of cerebral oxygenation (regional cerebral oxygenation [rScO2]) in infants born at <32 weeks of gestation were associated with adverse long-term outcome. STUDY DESIGN Observational cohort study including preterm infants born at <32 weeks of gestation at the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, The Netherlands, between April 2006 and April 2013. The rScO2 was continuously monitored for 72 hours after birth using near-infrared spectroscopy. Outcome was assessed at 15 and 24 months of corrected age by certified investigators. An unfavorable composite outcome was defined as an outcome score below -1 SD or death. Various rScO2 thresholds were explored. RESULTS In total, 734 infants were eligible for analysis, 60 of whom died. Associations with an unfavorable cognitive outcome in multivariable analysis were comparable for time spent with a rScO2 below 55% and -1.5 SD (according to published reference values), with an OR of 1.4 (CI 1.1-1.7) for 20% of time below either threshold. Results at 15 months were comparable with results at 24 months. Results were not statistically significant for thresholds defining high values of rScO2. The composite motor outcome was not significantly related to either low or high values or rScO2. CONCLUSIONS Low, but not high, rScO2 was associated with an unfavorable cognitive outcome. This suggests the use of a threshold of rScO2 <55% for future clinical studies when using adult near-infrared sensors (rScO2 <65% for neonatal sensors, approximately).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Alderliesten
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank van Bel
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niek E van der Aa
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Steendijk
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid C van Haastert
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda S de Vries
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Groenendaal
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Lemmers
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Xu MY, Wang YF, Wei PJ, Gao YQ, Zhang WT. Hypoxic preconditioning improves long-term functional outcomes after neonatal hypoxia-ischemic injury by restoring white matter integrity and brain development. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:734-747. [PMID: 30689302 PMCID: PMC6515700 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Neonatal hypoxia–ischemia (H/I) results in gray and white matter injury, characterized by neuronal loss, failure of neural network formation, retarded myelin formation, and abnormal accumulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). These changes lead to severe neurological deficits and mortality. Sublethal hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) can protect the developing brain against H/I. However, limited evidence is available concerning its effect on white matter injury. Methods In this study, P6 neonatal Sprague‐Dawley rats were subjected to normoxic (21% O2) or HPC (7.8% O2) for 3 hours followed 24 hours later by H/I brain injury. Neurological deficits were assessed by gait, righting reflex, foot fault, and Morris water maze tests. Compound action potential of the corpus callosum was recorded 35 days after surgery, and the correlation between axon myelination and neurological function was determined. Results Hypoxic preconditioning significantly attenuated H/I brain injury at 7 days and remarkably improved both sensorimotor and cognitive functional performances up to 35 days after H/I. HPC‐afforded improvement in long‐term neurological outcomes was attributable, at least in part, to restoration of the differentiation and maturation capacity in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, amelioration of microglia/macrophage activation and neuroinflammation, and continuation of brain development after H/I. Conclusions Hypoxic preconditioning restores white matter repair, development, and functional integrity in developing brain after H/I brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Fan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Ju Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Qin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Dhillon SK, Lear CA, Galinsky R, Wassink G, Davidson JO, Juul S, Robertson NJ, Gunn AJ, Bennet L. The fetus at the tipping point: modifying the outcome of fetal asphyxia. J Physiol 2018; 596:5571-5592. [PMID: 29774532 DOI: 10.1113/jp274949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury around birth is associated with nearly half of all cases of cerebral palsy. Although brain injury is multifactorial, particularly after preterm birth, acute hypoxia-ischaemia is a major contributor to injury. It is now well established that the severity of injury after hypoxia-ischaemia is determined by a dynamic balance between injurious and protective processes. In addition, mothers who are at risk of premature delivery have high rates of diabetes and antepartum infection/inflammation and are almost universally given treatments such as antenatal glucocorticoids and magnesium sulphate to reduce the risk of death and complications after preterm birth. We review evidence that these common factors affect responses to fetal asphyxia, often in unexpected ways. For example, glucocorticoid exposure dramatically increases delayed cell loss after acute hypoxia-ischaemia, largely through secondary hyperglycaemia. This critical new information is important to understand the effects of clinical treatments of women whose fetuses are at risk of perinatal asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A Lear
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert Galinsky
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guido Wassink
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sandra Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alistair J Gunn
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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10
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Snyder B, Shell B, Cunningham JT, Cunningham RL. Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces oxidative stress and inflammation in brain regions associated with early-stage neurodegeneration. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/9/e13258. [PMID: 28473320 PMCID: PMC5430123 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep apnea is a common comorbidity of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies have shown an association between elevated oxidative stress and inflammation with severe sleep apnea. Elevated oxidative stress and inflammation are also hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. We show increased oxidative stress and inflammation in a manner consistent with early stages of neurodegenerative disease in an animal model of mild sleep apnea. Male rats were exposed to 7 days chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) for 8 h/day during the light period. Following CIH, plasma was collected and tested for circulating oxidative stress and inflammatory markers associated with proinflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 profiles. Tissue punches from brain regions associated with different stages of neurodegenerative diseases (early stage: substantia nigra and entorhinal cortex; intermediate: hippocampus; late stage: rostral ventrolateral medulla and solitary tract nucleus) were also assayed for inflammatory markers. A subset of the samples was examined for 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) expression, a marker of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Our results showed increased circulating oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, brain regions associated with early-stage (but not late-stage) AD and PD expressed oxidative stress and inflammatory profiles consistent with reported observations in preclinical neurodegenerative disease populations. These results suggest mild CIH induces key features that are characteristic of early-stage neurodegenerative diseases and may be an effective model to investigate mechanisms contributing to oxidative stress and inflammation in those brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brina Snyder
- Institute for Health Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Brent Shell
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - J Thomas Cunningham
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Institute for Health Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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11
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Giraud A, Guiraut C, Chevin M, Chabrier S, Sébire G. Role of Perinatal Inflammation in Neonatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2017; 8:612. [PMID: 29201015 PMCID: PMC5696351 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the review of the literature, perinatal inflammation often induced by infection is the only consistent independent risk factor of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS). Preclinical studies show that acute inflammatory processes take place in placenta, cerebral arterial wall of NAIS-susceptible arteries and neonatal brain. A top research priority in NAIS is to further characterize the nature and spatiotemporal features of the inflammatory processes involved in multiple levels of the pathophysiology of NAIS, to adequately design randomized control trials using targeted anti-inflammatory vasculo- and neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Giraud
- EA 4607 SNA EPIS, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France.,Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Clémence Guiraut
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathilde Chevin
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Chabrier
- French Center for Pediatric Stroke and Pediatric Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Guillaume Sébire
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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12
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Wu W, Wei W, Lu M, Zhu X, Liu N, Niu Y, Sun T, Li Y, Yu J. Neuroprotective Effect of Chitosan Oligosaccharide on Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage in Neonatal Rats. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3186-3198. [PMID: 28755288 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and permanent neurological disability worldwide and the effective treatment strategies are not yet available. It has been demonstrated that Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) exerts protective effect in vitro ischemic brain injury. However, no information is available on possible effects of COS on neonatal HIBD. To investigate the hypothesis of the potential neuroprotective effect of COS on the brain injury due to HIBD, 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with left carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to 8% oxygen (balanced with nitrogen) for 2.5 h at 37 °C. After COS treatment, the cerebral damage was measured by behavior tasks, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC), Hematoxyline-Eosin(HE), Nissl and Fluoro-Jade B(FJB)staining. In addition, the oxidative stress were assayed with ipsilateral hemisphere homogenates. Immunofluorescence staining were used to examine the activation of the astrocyte and microglia. Expression of inflammatory-related proteins were analyzed by western-blot analysis. In this study we found that administration of COS ameliorated early neurological reflex behavior, significantly reduce brain infarct volume and attenuated neuronal cell injury and degeneration. Furthermore, COS markedly decreased the level of MDA, lactic acid and increased SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC. COS attenuated hypoxic-ischemic induced up-regulation of expressions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), meanwhile it dramatically increased the interleukin-10 (IL-10). These results suggest that COS exerts neuroprotection on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats, it implies COS might be a potential therapeutic for the treatment of HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- College of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China. .,Ningxia Hui Medicine Modern Engineering Research Center and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Teo JD, Morris MJ, Jones NM. Maternal obesity increases inflammation and exacerbates damage following neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 63:186-196. [PMID: 27746186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In humans, maternal obesity is associated with an increase in the incidence of birth related difficulties. However, the impact of maternal obesity on the severity of brain injury in offspring is not known. Recent studies have found evidence of increased glial response and inflammatory mediators in the brains as a result of obesity in humans and rodents. We hypothesised that hypoxic-ischaemic (HI) brain injury is greater in neonatal offspring from obese rat mothers compared to lean controls. METHODS Female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated to high fat (HFD, n=8) or chow (n=4) diet and mated with lean male rats. On postnatal day 7 (P7), male and female pups were randomly assigned to HI injury or control (C) groups. HI injury was induced by occlusion of the right carotid artery followed by 3h exposure to 8% oxygen, at 37°C. Control pups were removed from the mother for the same duration under ambient conditions. Righting behaviour was measured on day 1 and 7 following HI. The extent of brain injury was quantified in brain sections from P14 pups using cresyl violet staining and the difference in volume between brain hemispheres was measured. RESULTS Before mating, HFD mothers were 11% heavier than Chow mothers (p<0.05, t-test). Righting reflex was delayed in offspring from HFD-fed mothers compared to the Chow mothers. The Chow-HI pups showed a loss in ipsilateral brain tissue, while the HFD-HI group had significantly greater loss. No significant difference was detected in brain volume between the HFD-C and Chow-C pups. When analysed on a per litter basis, the size of the injury was significantly correlated with maternal weight. Similar observations were made with neuronal staining showing a greater loss of neurons in the brain of offspring from HFD-mothers following HI compared to Chow. Astrocytes appeared to more hypertrophic and a greater number of microglia were present in the injured hemisphere in offspring from mothers on HFD. HI caused an increase in the proportion of amoeboid microglia and exposure to maternal HFD exacerbated this response. In the contralateral hemisphere, offspring exposed to maternal HFD displayed a reduced proportion of ramified microglia. CONCLUSIONS Our data clearly demonstrate that maternal obesity can exacerbate the severity of brain damage caused by HI in neonatal offspring. Given that previous studies have shown enhanced inflammatory responses in offspring of obese mothers, these factors including gliosis and microglial infiltration are likely to contribute to enhanced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Teo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, New South Wales, Australia.
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14
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Rosenthal LM, Tong G, Walker C, Wowro SJ, Krech J, Pfitzer C, Justus G, Berger F, Schmitt KRL. Neuroprotection via RNA-binding protein RBM3 expression is regulated by hypothermia but not by hypoxia in human SK-N-SH neurons. HYPOXIA 2017; 5:33-43. [PMID: 28580361 PMCID: PMC5448696 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s132462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Therapeutic hypothermia is an established treatment for perinatal asphyxia. Yet, many term infants continue to die or suffer from neurodevelopmental disability. Several experimental studies have demonstrated a beneficial effect of mild-to-moderate hypothermia after hypoxic injury, but the understanding of hypothermia-induced neuroprotection remains incomplete. In general, global protein synthesis is attenuated by hypothermia, but a small group of RNA-binding proteins including the RNA-binding motif 3 (RBM3) is upregulated in response to cooling. The aim of this study was to establish an in vitro model to investigate the effects of hypoxia and hypothermia on neuronal cell survival, as well as to examine the kinetics of concurrent cold-shock protein RBM3 gene expression. METHODS Experiments were performed by using human SK-N-SH neurons exposed to different oxygen concentrations (21%, 8%, or 0.2% O2) for 24 hours followed by moderate hypothermia (33.5°C) or normothermia for 24, 48, or 72 hours. Cell death was determined by quantification of lactate dehydrogenase and neuron-specific enolase releases into the cell cultured medium, and cell morphology was assessed by using immunofluorescence staining. The regulation of RBM3 gene expression was assessed by reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Exposure to hypoxia (0.2% O2) for 24 hours resulted in significantly increased cell death in SK-N-SH neurons, whereas exposure to 8% O2 had no significant impact on cell viability. Post-hypoxia treatment with moderate hypothermia for 48 or 72 hours rescued the neurons from hypoxia-induced cell death. Moreover, exposure to severe hypoxia led to observable cell swelling, which was also attenuated by moderate hypothermia. Finally, moderate hypothermia but not hypoxia led to the induction of RBM3 expression on both transcriptional and translational levels. CONCLUSION Moderate hypothermia protects neurons from hypoxia-induced cell death. The expression of the cold-shock protein RBM3 is induced by moderate hypothermia and could be one possible mediator of hypothermia-induced neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Maria Rosenthal
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Institute Berlin
| | - Giang Tong
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Institute Berlin
| | - Christoph Walker
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Institute Berlin
| | - Sylvia J Wowro
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Institute Berlin
| | - Jana Krech
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Institute Berlin
| | - Constanze Pfitzer
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Institute Berlin.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH)
| | - Georgia Justus
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Institute Berlin
| | - Felix Berger
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Institute Berlin.,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Charité - University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Endesfelder S, Weichelt U, Strauß E, Schlör A, Sifringer M, Scheuer T, Bührer C, Schmitz T. Neuroprotection by Caffeine in Hyperoxia-Induced Neonatal Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E187. [PMID: 28106777 PMCID: PMC5297819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequelae of prematurity triggered by oxidative stress and free radical-mediated tissue damage have coined the term "oxygen radical disease of prematurity". Caffeine, a potent free radical scavenger and adenosine receptor antagonist, reduces rates of brain damage in preterm infants. In the present study, we investigated the effects of caffeine on oxidative stress markers, anti-oxidative response, inflammation, redox-sensitive transcription factors, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix following the induction of hyperoxia in neonatal rats. The brain of a rat pups at postnatal Day 6 (P6) corresponds to that of a human fetal brain at 28-32 weeks gestation and the neonatal rat is an ideal model in which to investigate effects of oxidative stress and neuroprotection of caffeine on the developing brain. Six-day-old Wistar rats were pre-treated with caffeine and exposed to 80% oxygen for 24 and 48 h. Caffeine reduced oxidative stress marker (heme oxygenase-1, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC)), promoted anti-oxidative response (superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin 1, and sulfiredoxin 1), down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulated redox-sensitive transcription factor expression (Nrf2/Keap1, and NFκB), reduced pro-apoptotic effectors (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), and caspase-3), and diminished extracellular matrix degeneration (matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2, and inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 1/2). Our study affirms that caffeine is a pleiotropic neuroprotective drug in the developing brain due to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Endesfelder
- Department of Neonatology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Weichelt
- Department of Physiology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Evelyn Strauß
- Department of Neonatology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Schlör
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Marco Sifringer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Till Scheuer
- Department of Neonatology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christoph Bührer
- Department of Neonatology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schmitz
- Department of Neonatology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Effect of acetazolamide on cytokines in rats exposed to high altitude. Cytokine 2016; 83:110-117. [PMID: 27104804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a dangerous hypoxic illness that can affect humans who rapidly reach a high altitude above 2500m. In the study, we investigated the changes of cytokines induced by plateau, and the acetazolamide (ACZ) influenced the cytokines in rats exposed to high altitude. Wistar rats were divided into low altitude (Control), high altitude (HA), and high altitude+ACZ (22.33mg/kg, Bid) (HA+ACZ) group. The rats were acute exposed to high altitude at 4300m for 3days. The HA+ACZ group were given ACZ by intragastric administration. The placebo was equal volume saline. The results showed that hypoxia caused the heart, liver and lung damage, compared with the control group. Supplementation with ACZ significantly alleviated hypoxia-caused damage to the main organs. Compared with the HA group, the biochemical and blood gas indicators of the HA+ACZ group showed no difference, while some cytokines have significantly changed, such as activin A, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54), interleukin-1α,2 (IL-1α,2), l-selectin, monocyte chemotactic factor (MCP-1), CC chemokines (MIP-3α) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1). Then, the significant difference pro-inflammatory cytokines in protein array were chosen for further research. The protein and mRNA content of pro-inflammatory cytokines MCP-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in rat lung were detected. The results demonstrated that the high altitude affected the body's physiological and biochemical parameters, but, ACZ did not change those parameters of the hypoxia rats. This study found that ACZ could decrease the content of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as MCP-1, IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ in rat lungs, and, the lung injury in the HA+ACZ group reduced. The mechanism that ACZ protected hypoxia rats might be related to changes in cytokine content. The reducing of the pro-inflammatory cytokines in rat lung might be other reason to explain ACZ against the acute mountain sickness.
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17
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Lin CH, Wang CH, Hsu SL, Liao LY, Lin TA, Hsueh CM. Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Neuron-Derived Conditioned Medium (NCM)-Mediated Protection of Ischemic Brain. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146692. [PMID: 26745377 PMCID: PMC4706329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective value of neuron-derived conditioned medium (NCM) in cerebral ischemia and the underlying mechanism(s) responsible for NCM-mediated brain protection against cerebral ischemia were investigated in the study. NCM was first collected from the neuronal culture growing under the in vitro ischemic condition (glucose-, oxygen- and serum-deprivation or GOSD) for 2, 4 or 6 h. Through the focal cerebral ischemia (bilateral CCAO/unilateral MCAO) animal model, we discovered that ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced brain infarction was significantly reduced by NCM, given directly into the cistern magna at the end of 90 min of CCAO/MCAO. Immunoblocking and chemical blocking strategies were applied in the in vitro ischemic studies to show that NCM supplement could protect microglia, astrocytes and neurons from GOSD-induced cell death, in a growth factor (TGFβ1, NT-3 and GDNF) and p-ERK dependent manner. Brain injection with TGFβ1, NT3, GDNF and ERK agonist (DADS) alone or in combination, therefore also significantly decreased the infarct volume of ischemic brain. Moreover, NCM could inhibit ROS but stimulate IL-1β release from GOSD-treated microglia and limit the infiltration of IL-β-positive microglia into the core area of ischemic brain, revealing the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of NCM. In overall, NCM-mediated brain protection against cerebral ischemia has been demonstrated for the first time in S.D. rats, due to its anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant and potentially anti-glutamate activities (NCM-induced IL-1β can inhibit the glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity) and restriction upon the infiltration of inflammatory microglia into the core area of ischemic brain. The therapeutic potentials of NCM, TGFβ1, GDNF, NT-3 and DADS in the control of cerebral ischemia in human therefore have been suggested and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsin Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Adapted Physical Education, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Lan Hsu
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ya Liao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-An Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Mei Hsueh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Jha MK, Lee WH, Suk K. Functional polarization of neuroglia: Implications in neuroinflammation and neurological disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 103:1-16. [PMID: 26556658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent neuroscience research has established the adult brain as a dynamic organ having a unique ability to undergo changes with time. Neuroglia, especially microglia and astrocytes, provide dynamicity to the brain. Activation of these glial cells is a major component of the neuroinflammatory responses underlying brain injury and neurodegeneration. Glial cells execute functional reaction programs in response to diverse microenvironmental signals manifested by neuropathological conditions. Activated microglia exist along a continuum of two functional states of polarization namely M1-type (classical/proinflammatory activation) and M2-type (alternative/anti-inflammatory activation) as in macrophages. The balance between classically and alternatively activated microglial phenotypes influences disease progression in the CNS. The classically activated state of microglia drives the neuroinflammatory response and mediates the detrimental effects on neurons, whereas in their alternative activation state, which is apparently a beneficial activation state, the microglia play a crucial role in tissue maintenance and repair. Likewise, in response to immune or inflammatory microenvironments astrocytes also adopt neurotoxic or neuroprotective phenotypes. Reactive astrocytes exhibit two distinctive functional phenotypes defined by pro- or anti-inflammatory gene expression profile. In this review, we have thoroughly covered recent advances in the understanding of the functional polarization of brain and peripheral glia and its implications in neuroinflammation and neurological disorders. The identifiable phenotypes adopted by neuroglia in response to specific insult or injury can be exploited as promising diagnostic markers of neuroinflammatory diseases. Furthermore, harnessing the beneficial effects of the polarized glia could undoubtedly pave the way for the formulation of novel glia-based therapeutic strategies for diverse neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Ran QQ, Chen HL, Liu YL, Yu HX, Shi F, Wang MS. Electroacupuncture preconditioning attenuates ischemic brain injury by activation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1069-75. [PMID: 26330828 PMCID: PMC4541236 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.160095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture has therapeutic effects on ischemic brain injury, but its mechanism is still poorly understood. In this study, mice were stimulated by electroacupuncture at the Baihui (GV20) acupoint for 30 minutes at 1 mA and 2/15 Hz for 5 consecutive days. A cerebral ischemia model was established by ligating the bilateral common carotid artery for 15 minutes. At 72 hours after injury, neuronal injury in the mouse hippocampus had lessened, and the number of terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells reduced after electroacupuncture treatment. Moreover, expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) and phosphorylated AMPKα was up-regulated. Intraperitoneal injection of the AMPK antagonist, compound C, suppressed this phenomenon. Our findings suggest that electroacupuncture preconditioning alleviates ischemic brain injury via AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Qiang Ran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huai-Long Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan-Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hai-Xia Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming-Shan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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