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Alippi AM, Lamelza F, Torres Tejerizo GA, Abrahamovich E, López AC. Identification, phylogenetic analysis, and genome mining of the tetracycline-resistant Bacillus thuringiensis strain m401 reveal its potential for biotechnological and biocontrol applications. Rev Argent Microbiol 2023; 55:317-331. [PMID: 37400312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is an entomopathogen belonging to the Bacillus cereus clade. We isolated a tetracycline-resistant strain called m401, recovered it from honey, and identified it as Bacillus thuringiensis sv. kumamotoensis based on the average nucleotide identity calculations (ANIb) comparison and the analysis of the gyrB gene sequences of different B. thuringiensis serovars. Sequences with homology to virulence factors [cytK, nheA, nheB, nheC, hblA, hblB, hblC, hblD, entFM, and inhA] and tetracycline resistance genes [tet(45), tet(V), and tet(M)/tet(W)/tet(O)/tet(S) family] were identified in the bacterial chromosome. The prediction of plasmid-coding regions revealed homolog sequences to the MarR and TetR/AcrR family of transcriptional regulators, toxins, and lantipeptides. The genome mining analysis revealed 12 regions of biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for synthesizing secondary metabolites. We identified biosynthetic gene clusters coding for bacteriocins, siderophores, ribosomally synthesized post-translationally modified peptide products, and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase clusters that provide evidence for the possible use of Bt m401 as a biocontrol agent. Furthermore, Bt m401 showed high inhibition against all Paenibacillus larvae genotypes tested in vitro. In conclusion, Bt m401 owns various genes involved in different biological processes, such as transductional regulators associated with antibiotic resistance, toxins, and antimicrobial peptides with potential biotechnological and biocontrol applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Alippi
- Unidad de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFI), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 31, calle 60 y 119, S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICBA), Argentina.
| | - Florencia Lamelza
- Unidad de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFI), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 31, calle 60 y 119, S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo A Torres Tejerizo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-CCT La Plata), Argentina; IBBM (Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, Calles 49 y 115 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eliana Abrahamovich
- YPF Tecnología (Y-Tec), Av. del Petróleo S/N entre 129 y 143, 1923 Berisso, Argentina
| | - Ana C López
- Unidad de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFI), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 31, calle 60 y 119, S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-CCT La Plata), Argentina
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Kędzierska-Matysek M, Teter A, Daszkiewicz T, Florek M. Microbiological Quality of Polish Artisanal Varietal Honeys. Foods 2023; 12:3349. [PMID: 37761060 PMCID: PMC10528311 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
On the basis of routine microbiological tests and selected physicochemical parameters, the quality and food safety of Polish varietal honeys were evaluated. The study included 21 honey samples from 5 varieties (multifloral, honeydew, rapeseed, buckwheat and linden), in which the moisture and extract content, water activity, pH and free acids were determined, and the colony count, the presumptive Bacillus spp., the total fungal count and the presence of anaerobic spore-forming bacilli were examined. More than half (52%, 11/21) of the analyzed honeys contained fewer microorganisms than 10 cfu/g, and in the remaining samples, their numbers ranged from 5 × 101 cfu/g to 4.5 × 102 cfu/g. In all the honeys, the number of presumptive Bacillus spp. in 1 g was less than 10 cfu. In 81% (17/21) of the samples, the total count of fungi in 1 g of honey was less than 10 cfu, and the most contaminated was buckwheat honey (3 samples). The anaerobic spore-forming bacteria was detected in 0.1 g only in one sample of buckwheat honey. The values of the physicochemical parameters did not exceed the accepted limits, which indicated that the honey environment was unfavourable for the development of the tested microbial profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kędzierska-Matysek
- Department of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.-M.); (A.T.)
| | - Anna Teter
- Department of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.-M.); (A.T.)
| | - Tomasz Daszkiewicz
- Department of Commodity Science and Processing of Animal Raw Materials, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Florek
- Department of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.-M.); (A.T.)
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Sinpoo C, In-on A, Noirungsee N, Attasopa K, Chantawannakul P, Chaimanee V, Phokasem P, Ling TC, Purahong W, Disayathanoowat T. Microbial community profiling and culturing reveal functional groups of bacteria associated with Thai commercial stingless worker bees (Tetragonula pagdeni). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280075. [PMID: 36857385 PMCID: PMC9977063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stingless bees play a crucial role in the environment and agriculture as they are effective pollinators. Furthermore, they can produce various products that can be exploited economically, such as propolis and honey. Despite their economic value, the knowledge of microbial community of stingless bees, and their roles on the bees' health, especially in Thailand, are in its infancy. This study aimed to investigate the composition and the functions of bacterial community associated with Tetragonula pagdeni stingless bees using culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches with emphasis on lactic acid bacteria. The culture-independent results showed that the dominant bacterial phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. The most abundant families were Lactobacillaceae and Halomonadaceae. Functional prediction indicated that the prevalent functions of bacterial communities were chemoheterotrophy and fermentation. In addition, the bacterial community might be able to biosynthesize amino acid and antimicrobial compounds. Further isolation and characterization resulted in isolates that belonged to the dominant taxa of the community and possessed potentially beneficial metabolic activity. This suggested that they are parts of the nutrient acquisition and host defense bacterial functional groups in Thai commercial stingless bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chainarong Sinpoo
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ammarin In-on
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology Program, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian Campus), Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuttapol Noirungsee
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Korrawat Attasopa
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veeranan Chaimanee
- Department of Agro-Industrial Biotechnology, Maejo University Phrae Campus, Rong Kwang, Phrae, Thailand
| | - Patcharin Phokasem
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tial Cung Ling
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Witoon Purahong
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- * E-mail: (WP); (TD)
| | - Terd Disayathanoowat
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- * E-mail: (WP); (TD)
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Fuchs E, Raab C, Brugger K, Ehling-Schulz M, Wagner M, Stessl B. Performance Testing of Bacillus cereus Chromogenic Agar Media for Improved Detection in Milk and Other Food Samples. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030288. [PMID: 35159440 PMCID: PMC8834558 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the performance of four alternative selective chromogenic B. cereus agar was compared to the reference mannitol-yolk polymyxin (MYP) agar (ISO 7932) using inclusion and exclusion test strains (n = 110) and by analyzing naturally contaminated milk and other food samples (n = 64). Subsequently, the panC group affiliation and toxin gene profile of Bacillus cereus senso lato (s.l.) isolates were determined. Our results corroborate that the overall best performing media CHROMagar™ B. cereus (93.6% inclusivity; 82.7% exclusivity) and BACARA® (98.2% inclusivity, 62.7% exclusivity) are more sensitive and specific compared to Brilliance™ B. cereus, MYP and ChromoSelect Bacillus Agar. Both media allow unequivocal detection of B. cereus with low risks of misidentification. Media containing ß-D-glucosidase for the detection of presumptive B. cereus may form atypical colony morphologies resulting in a false negative evaluation of the sample. Naturally contaminated samples presented high numbers of background flora, while numbers of presumptive B. cereus were below the detection limit (<10 CFU g−1 or mL−1). Recovery after freezing resulted in the highest detection of B. cereus s.l. on BACARA® (57.8%), CHROMagar™ B. cereus (56.3%) and MYP agar (54.7%). The panC/toxin profile combination IV/A was the most abundant (33.0%), followed by III/F (21.7%) and VI/C (10.4%). More panC and toxin combinations were present in 15.6% of samples when reanalyzed after freezing. In order to improve detection and confirmation of B. cereus s.l. in food samples, we recommend the parallel use of two complementary selective media followed by molecular characterization (e.g., panC typing combined with toxin gene profiling). When determining psychrotolerant or thermophilic members of the B. cereus group, the selective agar media should additionally be incubated at appropriate temperatures (5 °C, ≥45 °C). If high-risk toxin genes (e.g., ces or cytK-1) are detected, the strain-specific ability to produce toxin should be examined to decisively assess risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fuchs
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.F.); (C.R.); (M.W.)
| | - Christina Raab
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.F.); (C.R.); (M.W.)
| | - Katharina Brugger
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology Group, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Martin Wagner
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.F.); (C.R.); (M.W.)
- Austrian Competence Center for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation (FFOQSI GmbH), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Beatrix Stessl
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.F.); (C.R.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Antibacterial potential of hive bees honey from Himachal Pradesh, India. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5029-5041. [PMID: 34286345 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a pioneer study on the microbial diversity and antibacterial potential of hive bees (Apis cerana and A. mellifera) honey collected from Himachal Pradesh. In total, 26 bacteria (14 from A. cerana and 12 from A. mellifera) but no fungal isolate were recovered. Bee species and locations comparison in terms of bacterial load (log CFU/g) revealed maximum loads of 3.74 and 3.99 in the honey from A. cerana and Mandi location, respectively. The most prevalent strains (HC3, HC5, HC6, HC8 and HM2) were identified (16S rRNA ribotyping) as Staphylococcus haemolyticus (MT742636), "Bacillus subtilis subsp. stecoris" (MT742637), Bacillus safensis subsp. safensis (MT742638), "Bacillus zanthoxyli" (MT742639) and Bacillus safensis subsp. safensis (MT938911). The apiary honey displayed good to excellent inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli ATCC1041 whereas, fair to good against Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC10662, Salmonella typhi NCTC786 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC13883, highlighting its use as a therapeutic agent. Furthermore, it can be effective in minimizing numerous side effects associated with the consumption of synthetic drugs for treating bacterial infections thereby signifying the role of honey as a healthier substitute for synthetic drugs.
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Okamoto M, Kumagai M, Kanamori H, Takamatsu D. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Bacteria Isolated From Japanese Honey, and Their Potential for Conferring Macrolide and Lincosamide Resistance in the American Foulbrood Pathogen Paenibacillus larvae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:667096. [PMID: 33995331 PMCID: PMC8116656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.667096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB) is the most serious bacterial disease of honey bee brood. Spores of the causative agent Paenibacillus larvae are ingested by bee larvae via brood foods and germinated cells proliferate in the larval midgut. In Japan, a macrolide antibiotic, tylosin, is used as the approved prophylactic for AFB. Although tylosin-resistant P. larvae has yet to be found in Japan, it may emerge in the future through the acquisition of macrolide resistance genes from other bacteria, and bacteria latent in brood foods, such as honey, may serve as a source of resistance genes. In this study, to investigate macrolide resistance genes in honey, we attempted to isolate tylosin-resistant bacteria from 53 Japanese honey samples and obtained 209 isolates from 48 samples in the presence of 1 μg/ml of tylosin. All isolates were Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria mainly belonging to genera Bacillus and Paenibacillus, and 94.3% exhibited lower susceptibility to tylosin than Japanese P. larvae isolates. Genome analysis of 50 representative isolates revealed the presence of putative macrolide resistance genes in the isolates, and some of them were located on mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Among the genes on MGEs, ermC on the putative mobilizable plasmid pJ18TS1mac of Oceanobacillus strain J18TS1 conferred tylosin and lincomycin resistance to P. larvae after introducing the cloned gene using the expression vector. Moreover, pJ18TS1mac was retained in the P. larvae population for a long period even under non-selective conditions. This suggests that bacteria in honey is a source of genes for conferring tylosin resistance to P. larvae; therefore, monitoring of bacteria in honey may be helpful to predict the emergence of tylosin-resistant P. larvae and prevent the selection of resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Okamoto
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kumagai
- Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanamori
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Cluster Analysis Classification of Honey from Two Different Climatic Zones Based on Selected Physicochemical and of Microbiological Parameters. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082361. [PMID: 33921620 PMCID: PMC8072907 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The geographical origin of honey affects its composition, which is of key importance for the health-promoting properties and safety of the product. European regulations clearly define the physicochemical requirements for honey that determine the microbiological quality. On the other hand, legislation abolishes microbiological criteria. In the study 40 honey samples originating from two different climatic zones were analyzed. The water content, pH, water activity analysis and the microbiological quality of honey samples have been tested using the reference plate method (total viable count, yeast and molds, lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus spp.). The cluster classification showed that total viable count of bacteria could be used as a measure alternative to the count of Bacillus spp. and 70% of honeys from the tropical climate zone had different microbiological quality than honeys from the temperate climate zone but still under the level 3.0 log cfu/g. The study has revealed that geographical origin of honey may significantly affect the quality and safety of honey. It was considered that water content can be the most informative and handy marker of the microbiological quality of honeys. Analysis of lactic acid bacteria showed temperate climate zone honeys as a source of beneficial bacteria in the diet.
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Traceability of potential enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus in bee-pollen samples from Argentina throughout the production process. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 334:108816. [PMID: 32835996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bee-pollen is a functional food sold for human and animal consumption but also is a favorable microhabitat for many spore-forming bacteria. Among them, Bacillus cereus can produce several toxins and other virulence factors, causing an emetic or diarrheal syndrome after ingestion. The study involved 36 bee-pollen samples obtained from different sampling points throughout the production process (collecting, freezing, drying, and cleaning) in Argentina. Fifty isolates of B. cereus yielded 24 different fingerprint patterns with BOX and ERIC primers. Only three fingerprint patterns were maintained throughout the production process. In contrast, others were lost or incorporated during the different steps, suggesting that cross-contamination occurred as shown by differences in fingerprint patterns after freezing, drying, and cleaning steps compared to the initial collection step. Genes encoding for cereulide (ces), cytotoxin K (cytK), sphingomyelinase (sph), the components of hemolysin BL (hblA, hblB, hblC, hblD) and non-hemolytic complex (nheAB) were studied. All the isolates displayed one or more enterotoxin genes. The most frequent virulence genes detected belong to the HBL complex, being the most abundant hblA (98%), followed by hblD (64%), hblB (54%), and hblC (32%), respectively. Ten strains (20%), present at all sampling points, carried all the subunits of the HBL complex. The non-hemolytic enterotoxic complex (nheAB) was found in 48 strains (96%), while seven strains (14%) present at all sampling points showed the amplification product for sphingomyelinase (sph). One cereulide-producer was isolated at the cleaning step; this strain contained all the components for the hemolytic enterotoxin complex HBL, the NHE complex, and cytotoxin K related to the foodborne diarrhoeal syndrome. In total, 11 different virulence patterns were observed, and also a correlation between rep-fingerprint and virulence patterns. The results suggest that bee-pollen can be contaminated at any point in the production process with potential enterotoxic B. cereus strains, emphasizing the importance of hygienic processing.
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Vílchez JI, Yang Y, He D, Zi H, Peng L, Lv S, Kaushal R, Wang W, Huang W, Liu R, Lang Z, Miki D, Tang K, Paré PW, Song CP, Zhu JK, Zhang H. DNA demethylases are required for myo-inositol-mediated mutualism between plants and beneficial rhizobacteria. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:983-995. [PMID: 32661278 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Root-associated soil bacteria can strongly influence plant fitness. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark important to many fundamental biological processes; however, its roles in plant interactions with beneficial microbes remain elusive. Here, we report that active DNA demethylation in Arabidopsis controls root secretion of myo-inositol and consequently plant growth promotion triggered by Bacillus megaterium strain YC4. Root-secreted myo-inositol is critical for YC4 colonization and preferentially attracts B. megaterium among the examined bacteria species. Active DNA demethylation antagonizes RNA-directed DNA methylation in controlling myo-inositol homeostasis. Importantly, we demonstrate that active DNA demethylation controls myo-inositol-mediated mutualism between YC4 and Solanum lycopersicum, thus suggesting a conserved nature of this epigenetic regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Vílchez
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Danxia He
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hailing Zi
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Peng
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Suhui Lv
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Richa Kaushal
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Renyi Liu
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhaobo Lang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daisuke Miki
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Tang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Paul W Paré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Huiming Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
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Alippi AM, Abrahamovich E. HiCrome Bacillus agar for presumptive identification of Bacillus and related species isolated from honey samples. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 305:108245. [PMID: 31295678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Hicrome Bacillus™ agar for isolation and rapid identification of the aerobic spore-forming bacteria most frequently found in honey samples. A collection of 197 bacterial isolates of Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Lysinibacillus, Paenibacillus, and Rummeliibacillus belonging to different species that have been reported in honey were screened for their abilities to grow and for their colony colors and medium appearance in HiCrome Bacillus agar. Also, 21 strains from culture collections were used for comparison and quality controls. A flowchart utilizing a combination of colony and media characteristics in the chromogenic medium and a set of simple biochemical and morphological tests were elaborated for quick presumptive identification. A procedure for direct isolation from honey samples was developed. In conclusion, HiCrome Bacillus agar in combination with simple microbiological tests was highly useful for rapid and reliable identification of most Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Lysinibacillus and Paenibacillus species commonly found in honey samples facilitating isolation from polymicrobial honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Alippi
- CIDEFI - Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 60 y 119 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Eliana Abrahamovich
- CIDEFI - Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 60 y 119 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ngalimat MS, Raja Abd. Rahman RNZ, Yusof MT, Syahir A, Sabri S. Characterisation of bacteria isolated from the stingless bee, Heterotrigona itama, honey, bee bread and propolis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7478. [PMID: 31497388 PMCID: PMC6708576 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are present in stingless bee nest products. However, detailed information on their characteristics is scarce. Thus, this study aims to investigate the characteristics of bacterial species isolated from Malaysian stingless bee, Heterotrigona itama, nest products. Honey, bee bread and propolis were collected aseptically from four geographical localities of Malaysia. Total plate count (TPC), bacterial identification, phenotypic profile and enzymatic and antibacterial activities were studied. The results indicated that the number of TPC varies from one location to another. A total of 41 different bacterial isolates from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were identified. Bacillus species were the major bacteria found. Therein, Bacillus cereus was the most frequently isolated species followed by Bacillus aryabhattai, Bacillus oleronius, Bacillus stratosphericus, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus nealsonii, Bacillus toyonensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus safensis, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pantoea dispersa and Streptomyces kunmingensis. Phenotypic profile of 15 bacterial isolates using GEN III MicroPlate™ system revealed most of the isolates as capable to utilise carbohydrates as well as amino acids and carboxylic acids and derivatives. Proteolytic, lipolytic and cellulolytic activities as determined by enzymatic assays were detected in Bacillus stratosphericus PD6, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PD9, Bacillus subtilis BD3 and Bacillus safensis BD9. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PD9 showed broad-spectrum of antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro. The multienzymes and antimicrobial activities exhibited by the bacterial isolates from H. itama nest products could provide potential sources of enzymes and antimicrobial compounds for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Syazwan Ngalimat
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd. Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Termizi Yusof
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amir Syahir
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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López AC, Alippi AM. Feasibility of using RFLP of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene(s) for rapid differentiation of isolates of aerobic spore-forming bacteria from honey. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 165:105690. [PMID: 31425714 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using RFLP of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene (s) by using universal primers 27f/1492r and a combination of three restriction enzymes, AluI, CfoI, and TaqI, for a low-cost, rapid screen for a primarily differentiation of isolates of the complex of aerobic spore-forming bacteria commonly found in honey samples. The described method produced unique and distinguishable patterns to differentiate among 80 isolates belonging to 26 different species of Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Lysinibacillus, Rummeliibacillus, and Paenibacillus reported in honey and other apiarian sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C López
- Unidad de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 31, calle 60 y 119, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Adriana M Alippi
- Unidad de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 31, calle 60 y 119, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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13
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Analysis of bacteria associated with honeys of different geographical and botanical origin using two different identification approaches: MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rDNA PCR technique. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217078. [PMID: 31120945 PMCID: PMC6532876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presented work identification of microorganisms isolated from various types of honeys was performed. Martix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and 16S rDNA sequencing were applied to study environmental bacteria strains.With both approches, problematic spore-forming Bacillus spp, but also Staphylococcus spp., Lysinibacillus spp., Micrococcus spp. and Brevibacillus spp were identified. However, application of spectrometric technique allows for an unambiguous distinction between species/species groups e.g.B. subtilis or B. cereus groups. MALDI TOF MS and 16S rDNA sequencing allow for construction of phyloproteomic and phylogenetic trees of identified bacterial species. Furthermore, the correlation beetween physicochemical properties, geographical and botanical origin and the presence bacterial species in honey samples were investigated.
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14
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Pajor M, Worobo RW, Milewski S, Szweda P. The Antimicrobial Potential of Bacteria Isolated from Honey Samples Produced in the Apiaries Located in Pomeranian Voivodeship in Northern Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2002. [PMID: 30223435 PMCID: PMC6163485 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15092002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The principal objective of this study was to determine whether the honeys produced in apiaries located in Pomeranian Voivodeship (Northern Poland) contain bacteria producing metabolites with growth inhibition potential against important human and animal pathogens. The pathogens included Staphylococcus aurues, Staphyloccocus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. From 12 samples of honey, 163 strains of bacteria were isolated. Activity against reference staphylococci: S. aurues ATCC 25923; S. aureus ATCC 29213; S. epidermidis 12228 was observed in 33 (20.3%), 38 (23.3%), and 41 (25.1%) isolates, respectively. High inhibitory activity was also found against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 in 34 strains (20.9%). Activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and especially Gram-negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27857 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was rarely observed. Production of metabolites exhibiting activity against the three pathogens mentioned above was confirmed for 13 (7.8%), 3 (1.8%), and 2 (1.2%) isolates, respectively. Forty-six isolates were selected for further analysis. Within this group, metabolites synthesized by 18 producing strains (39.13%) inhibited growth of only one of the reference strains of pathogenic microorganisms. However, 14 (30.44%), 8 (17.39%), and 6 (13.04%) strains produced agents active against three, two, and four pathogens, respectively. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that 80.4% of these 46 producing strains belong to the genus Bacillus. However, some producing strains belonging to the genus of Peanibacillus, Lysinibacillus, Microbacterium, and Staphylococcus were also identified. Furthermore, the analysis of the sequences of 16S rRNA, as well as RAPD-PCR, exhibited a significant diversity in the strains tested, even in the case of bacteria isolated from the same honey (and classified to the same genus, usually Bacillus spp.). This observation suggests environmental origin (nectar, water, or pollen) of the producing strains. The research carried out confirmed that honey produced in Northern Poland is a promising source of strains of bacteria producing metabolites with antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pajor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Randy W Worobo
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Sławomir Milewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Szweda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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15
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Gao T, Ding Y, Wu Q, Wang J, Zhang J, Yu S, Yu P, Liu C, Kong L, Feng Z, Chen M, Wu S, Zeng H, Wu H. Prevalence, Virulence Genes, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Genetic Diversity of Bacillus cereus Isolated From Pasteurized Milk in China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:533. [PMID: 29632521 PMCID: PMC5879084 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a common and important food-borne pathogen that can be found in various food products. Due to low-temperature sterilization for a short period of time, pasteurization is not sufficient for complete elimination of B. cereus in milk, thereby cause severe economic loss and food safety problems. It is therefore of paramount importance to perform risk assessment of B. cereus in pasteurized milk. In this study, we isolated B. cereus from pasteurized milk samples in different regions of China, and evaluated the contamination situation, existence of virulence genes, antibiotic resistance profile and genetic polymorphism of B. cereus isolates. Intriguingly, 70 samples (27%) were found to be contaminated by B. cereus and the average contamination level was 111 MPN/g. The distribution of virulence genes was assessed toward 10 enterotoxigenic genes (hblA, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, nheC, cytK, entFM, bceT, and hlyII) and one emetic gene (cesB). Forty five percent strains harbored enterotoxigenic genes hblACD and 93% isolates contained nheABC gene cluster. The positive rate of cytK, entFM, bceT, hlyII, and cesB genes were 73, 96, 75, 54, and 5%, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility assessment showed that most of the isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and rifampicin, but susceptible to other antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol. Total multidrug-resistant population was about 34%. In addition, B. cereus isolates in pasteurized milk showed a high genetic diversity. In conclusion, our findings provide the first reference on the prevalence, contamination level and characteristics of B. cereus isolated from pasteurized milk in China, suggesting a potential high risk of B. cereus to public health and dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shubo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Bartoszewicz M, Czyżewska U. Spores and vegetative cells of phenotypically and genetically diverse Bacillus cereus sensu lato are common bacteria in fresh water of northeastern Poland. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:939-950. [PMID: 28930645 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gram-positive rods Bacillus cereus sensu lato (sl) are common in natural habitats and food products. It is believed that they are restricted to spores; however, their ecology in aquatic habitats is still poorly investigated. Thus, the aim of the study was to assess the rain-dependent fluctuations in the concentration of B. cereus sl vegetative cells and spores, with evaluation of their phylogenetic and population structure in relation to the toxicity and psychrotolerance. We proved that vegetative cells of B. cereus sl are widely distributed in fresh water of rivers and lakes, being as common as spores. Moreover, heavy rain has a huge impact on their concentration in undisturbed environments. The diversity of B. cereus sl reflects the multiple sources of bacteria and the differences between their distinct environments. Next, their diverse genetic structure and phenotypes better fit their ecological properties than their taxonomic affiliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bartoszewicz
- a Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bialystok, 1J Ciolkowski Street, Bialystok 15-245, Poland
| | - Urszula Czyżewska
- b Department of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bialystok, 1J Ciolkowski Street, Bialystok 15-245, Poland
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17
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Avşar C, Civek S, Aras ES. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of foodborne bacteria isolated from Sinop Province, Turkey. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2017.1331450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Microbiological quality of honey from the Pampas Region (Argentina) throughout the extraction process. Rev Argent Microbiol 2016; 49:55-61. [PMID: 27989610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiological quality of honey obtained from different processing points and the environmental quality within honey houses were assessed in the Pampas Region (Argentina). Mold and yeast (MY), culturable heterotrophic mesophilic bacteria (CHMB), the number of spore-forming bacteria as well as the presence of Shigella spp., Salmonella spp. and fecal coliforms were evaluated in 163 samples. These samples were taken from eight honey houses. Results showed that 89 samples had ≤10CFU of MY/g honey, 69 ranged from 10 to 50CFU/g and two reached 65.5CFU/g. Eighty one percent of the samples showed ≤30CFU of CHMB/g honey and only seven samples had between 50 and 54.25CFU/g. Thirty six honey samples were obtained from drums: in 25 samples (69.4%) CHMB counts were less than ≤30CFU/g of honey; in 20 samples (55.5%) the values of MY were between 10 and 50CFU/g honey and total coliforms were only detected in 20 samples. Fecal coliforms, spores of clostridia as well as Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp were not detected and less than 50 spores of Bacillus spp. per g were observed in the honey from drums. Therefore, the microbiological honey quality within the honey houses did not show any sanitary risks. Our results were reported to honey house owners to help them understand the need to reinforce proper honey handling and sanitation practices.
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19
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A case of intoxication due to a highly cytotoxic Bacillus cereus strain isolated from cooked chicken. Food Microbiol 2015; 46:195-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Hwang JY, Park JH. Characteristics of enterotoxin distribution, hemolysis, lecithinase, and starch hydrolysis of Bacillus cereus isolated from infant formulas and ready-to-eat foods. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:1652-60. [PMID: 25597976 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous environmental microbe implicated as a main cause of food poisoning with various symptoms, depending on the strain type and the isolation source. In this study, the potential virulence factors and biochemical properties of B. cereus isolated from infant formulas and ready-to-eat (RTE) foods were analyzed and compared. A total of 347 B. cereus strains were isolated and identified from 687 infant food formulas and RTE food samples. All the isolates had one or more enterotoxin genes, and one-half of the strains had all 3 enterotoxin genes (hbl, nhe, and cytK) that are involved in food poisoning in humans. Here, all the 3 genes were detected in 50% of the B. cereus isolates from RTE foods and only 14% of the isolates were identified from infant formulas. The latter harbored low cytK and bceT, and very low hbl genes. Most B. cereus isolates possessed the hemolysis gene, but not the ces gene. The infant formula isolates showed stronger hemolysis activity than the other isolates. In addition, 26% of the total isolates showed low lecithinase activities and 10% showed high lecithinase activities. A greater number of isolates from the infant formula showed high lecithinase activity than those from the RTE foods. Approximately 83% of the isolates were positive and 17% were negative for starch hydrolysis. Over 90% of the RTE food isolates and only 35% of the infant formula isolates were positive for starch hydrolysis. However, all the strains possessed nhe, but their harboring patterns of hbl and cytK were significantly different. Most starch-hydrolyzing strains possessed hbl, but only 23% nonstarch-hydrolyzing isolates possessed this gene. Moreover, very low nonstarch hydrolyzing strains harbored cytK. Most nonstarch-hydrolyzing isolates showed high lecithinase and strong hemolysis activities, and very low hbl and cytK harboring. In summary, most infant formula isolates showed stronger hemolysis and higher lecithinase activities with lower frequency of harboring hbl and cytK and lower starch hydrolysis compared with RTE food isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Sungnam 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Sungnam 461-701, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Das S, Dash HR, Mangwani N, Chakraborty J, Kumari S. Understanding molecular identification and polyphasic taxonomic approaches for genetic relatedness and phylogenetic relationships of microorganisms. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 103:80-100. [PMID: 24886836 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The major proportion of earth's biological diversity is inhabited by microorganisms and they play a useful role in diversified environments. However, taxonomy of microorganisms is progressing at a snail's pace, thus less than 1% of the microbial population has been identified so far. The major problem associated with this is due to a lack of uniform, reliable, advanced, and common to all practices for microbial identification and systematic studies. However, recent advances have developed many useful techniques taking into account the house-keeping genes as well as targeting other gene catalogues (16S rRNA, rpoA, rpoB, gyrA, gyrB etc. in case of bacteria and 26S, 28S, β-tubulin gene in case of fungi). Some uncultivable approaches using much advanced techniques like flow cytometry and gel based techniques have also been used to decipher microbial diversity. However, all these techniques have their corresponding pros and cons. In this regard, a polyphasic taxonomic approach is advantageous because it exploits simultaneously both conventional as well as molecular identification techniques. In this review, certain aspects of the merits and limitations of different methods for molecular identification and systematics of microorganisms have been discussed. The major advantages of the polyphasic approach have also been described taking into account certain groups of bacteria as case studies to arrive at a consensus approach to microbial identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769 008, Odisha, India.
| | - Hirak R Dash
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769 008, Odisha, India
| | - Neelam Mangwani
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769 008, Odisha, India
| | - Jaya Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769 008, Odisha, India
| | - Supriya Kumari
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769 008, Odisha, India
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22
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Otlewska A, Oltuszak-Walczak E, Walczak P. Differentiation of strains from the Bacillus cereus group by RFLP-PFGE genomic fingerprinting. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3023-8. [PMID: 23893780 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Bacillus weihenstephanensis, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus cereus belong to the B. cereus group. The last three species are characterized by different phenotype features and pathogenicity spectrum, but it has been shown that these species are genetically closely related. The macrorestriction analysis of the genomic DNA with the NotI enzyme was used to generate polymorphism of restriction profiles for 39 food-borne isolates (B. cereus, B. mycoides) and seven reference strains (B. mycoides, B. thuringiensis, B. weihenstephanensis, and B. cereus). The PFGE method was applied to differentiate the examined strains of the B. cereus group. On the basis of the unweighted pair group method with the arithmetic mean method and Dice coefficient, the strains were divided into five clusters (types A-E), and the most numerous group was group A (25 strains). A total of 21 distinct pulsotypes were observed. The RFLP-PFGE analysis was successfully used for the differentiation and characterization of B. cereus and B. mycoides strains isolated from different food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Otlewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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23
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Oltuszak-Walczak E, Walczak P. PCR detection of cytK gene in Bacillus cereus group strains isolated from food samples. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 95:295-301. [PMID: 24060693 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A method for detection of the cytotoxin K cytK structural gene and its active promoter preceded by the PlcR-binding box, controlling the expression level of this enterotoxin, was developed. The method was applied for the purpose of the analysis of 47 bacterial strains belonging to the Bacillus cereus group isolated from different food products. It was found that the majority of the analyzed strains carried the fully functional cytK gene with its PlcR regulated promoter. The cytK gene was not detected in four emetic strains of Bacillus cereus carrying the cesB gene and potentially producing an emetic toxin - cereulide. The cytotoxin K gene was detected in 4 isolates classified as Bacillus mycoides and one reference strain B. mycoides PCM 2024. The promoter region and the N-terminal part of the cytK gene from two strains of B. mycoides (5D and 19E) showed similarities to the corresponding sequences of Bacillus cereus W23 and Bacillus thuringiensis HD-789, respectively. It was shown for the first time that the cytK gene promoter region from strains 5D and 19E of Bacillus mycoides had a similar arrangement to the corresponding sequence of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. The presence of the cytK gene in Bacillus mycoides shows that this species, widely recognized as nonpathogenic, may pose potential biohazard to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Oltuszak-Walczak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Wolczanska 171/173, Poland
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Munday CI, O'Loingsigh T, Tapper NJ, De Deckker P, Allison GE. Utilisation of Rep-PCR to track microbes in aerosols collected adjacent to their source, a saline lake in Victoria, Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 450-451:317-325. [PMID: 23500831 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dust storms are a major source of aerosolized bacteria, especially in the drought conditions experienced in Australia in the decade to 2009. The major aims of this project were to identify the culturable bacteria in environmental samples and to genetically fingerprint all isolates using repetitive element PCR (Rep-PCR) to investigate the possibility of tracking isolates from their source into the atmosphere. Four field trips were conducted to a dry lake in western Victoria, Australia to sample aerosols and sediments. Aerosols were collected at heights up to 150 m using vacuum pumps with filters attached to a tethered helium balloon, while corresponding sediments were collected in sterile polypropylene tubes. Isolates were cultivated on Tryptic Soy Agar, R2 Agar and Marine Agar, and grown in dark conditions at ambient temperature. By sequencing the 16S rRNA gene of 270 isolates, fifteen different bacterial families were identified, with both the aerosols and sediments dominated by the Bacillaceae family. Four sets of Rep-PCR primers were tested, with the ERIC and (GTG)5 primers proving to be the most suitable for fingerprinting the cultured taxa. Rep-PCR revealed very high strain diversity in the samples collected, however some strains were still able to be tracked from sediments up to 150 m in height. This shows the potential of Rep-PCR, however very large reference databases would be required for the technique to be more useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I Munday
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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