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Dias Costa R, Silva V, Leite A, Saraiva M, Lopes TT, Themudo P, Campos J, Vieira-Pinto M. Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae Control at a Pig Abattoir: Are We Missing Lairage Time Effect, Pig Skin, and Internal Carcass Surface Contamination? Foods 2023; 12:2910. [PMID: 37569179 PMCID: PMC10418833 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide meat safety and consumer protection, appropriate hygiene control measures at an abattoir are required. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of visual fecal contamination level (VFCL) and lairage time (LT) on pig skin (PS) and external (ECS) and internal (ICS) carcass surfaces. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella in PS, ECS, and ICS were evaluated. A total of 300 paired samples were collected from 100 pigs. Results underlined the importance of the skin (Enterobacteriaceae: 3.27 ± 0.68 log CFU/cm2; E. coli: 3.15 ± 0.63 log CFU/cm2; Salmonella: 21% of samples) as a direct or indirect source of carcass contamination. Although VFCL revealed no significant effect (p > 0.05), the increase of LT had a significant impact (p < 0.001) on Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli levels across all analysed surfaces, and Salmonella presence on ICS (p < 0.01), demanding attention to LT. Also, the ICS showed a higher level of these bacteria compared to ECS. These results highlight the need of food business operators to consider ICS as an alternative area to sample for Salmonella, as a criterion for process hygiene based on EC Regulation No. 2073/2005, and as a potential contamination source to be integrated in the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dias Costa
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences/Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Vanessa Silva
- CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Ana Leite
- CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- INSA—National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Food Microbiology Laboratory, Reference Unit, Department of Food and Nutrition, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (T.T.L.)
| | - Teresa Teixeira Lopes
- INSA—National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Food Microbiology Laboratory, Reference Unit, Department of Food and Nutrition, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (T.T.L.)
| | - Patrícia Themudo
- INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Bacteriology and Micology Laboratory, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Joana Campos
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences/Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (A.L.)
- Veterinary Science Department—Gab. B.1.02, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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2
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Meat safety legislation and its opportunities and hurdles for innovative approaches: A review. Food Control 2022; 141:109160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Impact of Industrial Practices on the Microbial and Quality Attributes of Fresh Vacuum-Packed Lamb Joints. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131850. [PMID: 35804666 PMCID: PMC9266051 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of different industrial practices at lamb export abattoirs in Ireland on the microbial and quality attributes of fresh vacuum-packed (VP) lamb leg joints, including Clean Livestock Policy (CLP), fleece clipping, carcass chilling times and vacuum pack storage, at typical chill and retail display temperatures was investigated. Five separate slaughter batches of lamb (ranging in size from 38 to 60 lambs) were followed at two lamb export plants over a two-year period, accounting for seasonal variation. In general, fleece clipping resulted in significantly lower microbial contamination on the fleece than the use of CLP alone. Lamb from carcasses chilled for 24 h had significantly lower psychrophilic total viable counts and Brochothrix thermosphacta and pseudomonad counts than carcasses chilled for 72 h. Following vacuum-packed (VP) storage of meat from these carcasses at 1.7 ± 1.6 °C for 23 days in the meat plant followed by retail display at 3.9 ± 1.7 °C (up to day 50), the dominant microorganisms were lactic acid bacteria, Br. thermosphacta, Enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonads, and all had reached maximum population density by storage day 34. Aligned with this, after day 34, the quality of the raw meat samples also continued to deteriorate, with off-odours and colour changes developing. While the mean values for cooked meat eating quality attributes did not change significantly over the VP storage period, high variability in many attributes, including off-flavours and off-odours, were noted for lamb meat from all storage times, highlighting inconsistences in lamb quality within and between slaughter batches.
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4
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Marcone G, Carnovale F, Arney D, De Rosa G, Napolitano F. A simple method for on-farm evaluation of sheep welfare using animal-based indicators. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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McCarthy SC, Burgess CM, Fanning S, Duffy G. An Overview of Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia coli Carriage and Prevalence in the Ovine Meat Production Chain. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:147-168. [PMID: 33395551 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic foodborne pathogens that are capable of causing serious human illness. Ovine ruminants are recognized as an important source of STEC and a notable contributor to contamination within the food industry. This review examined the prevalence of STEC in the ovine food production chain from farm-to-fork, reporting carriage in sheep herds, during abattoir processing, and in raw and ready-to-eat meats and meat products. Factors affecting the prevalence of STEC, including seasonality and animal age, were also examined. A relative prevalence can be obtained by calculating the mean prevalence observed over multiple surveys, weighted by sample number. A relative mean prevalence was obtained for STEC O157 and all STEC serogroups at multiple points along the ovine production chain by using suitable published surveys. A relative mean prevalence (and range) for STEC O157 was calculated: for feces 4.4% (0.2-28.1%), fleece 7.6% (0.8-12.8%), carcass 2.1% (0.2-9.8%), and raw ovine meat 1.9% (0.2-6.3%). For all STEC independent of serotype, a relative mean prevalence was calculated: for feces 33.3% (0.9-90.0%), carcass 58.7% (2.0-81.6%), and raw ovine meat 15.4% (2.7-35.5%). The prevalence of STEC in ovine fleece was reported in only one earlier survey, which recorded a prevalence of 86.2%. Animal age was reported to affect shedding in many surveys, with younger animals typically reported as having a higher prevalence of the pathogen. The prevalence of STEC decreases significantly along the ovine production chain after the application of postharvest interventions. Ovine products pose a small risk of potential STEC contamination to the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán C McCarthy
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Duffy
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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da Silva S, Farag K. The impact of lamb cleanliness and line speed on the effectiveness of steam vacuum and carcass wash as decontamination methods after slaughter. Meat Sci 2020; 171:108276. [PMID: 32827805 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effectiveness of steam vacuum and carcass wash in decontaminating lamb carcasses by measuring Enterobacteriaceae, total viable counts (TVC), and visible contamination. In addition, different levels of fleece cleanliness and different line speeds were evaluated for each group. The sampling covered four groups: i) control, ii) steam vacuum, iii) carcass wash, and iv) steam vacuum and carcass wash. A total of 660 surface swabs were collected: i) before treatment, ii) after treatment, and iii) 24 h post chilling. The results showed that Enterobacteriaceae and TVC means were significantly lower (P < 0.001) on the steam vacuum group compared to the other groups, both after treatment and after chilling. Conversely, the carcass wash was effective in removing visible contamination but not significant on microbial reduction. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between line speeds on TVC means, but not on Enterobacteriaceae means. Cat 3 unshorn lambs yielded carcasses with the lowest Enterobacteriaceae means, but with greatest TVC means and wool contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra da Silva
- Department of Food Technology and Innovation, Harper Adams University, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Farag
- Department of Food Technology and Innovation, Harper Adams University, United Kingdom.
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7
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Wang T, Guo H, Zhang H, Ren F, Zhang M, Ge S, Luo H, Zhao L. Dynamics of Bacterial Communities of Lamb Meat Packaged in Air and Vacuum Pouch during Chilled Storage. Food Sci Anim Resour 2019; 39:209-221. [PMID: 31149663 PMCID: PMC6533395 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the changes in microbial communities of lamb meat packaged in the
air (plastic tray, PT) and in a vacuum pouch (VAC) were assessed by polymerase
chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) during the
storage at 4°C. For the PT lamb, the total viable count (TVC) was
107 CFU/g on Day 5, and the dominated bacteria were
Pseudomonas fragi, P. fluorescens, and
Acinetobacter spp. For the VAC lamb, the TVC was
107 CFU/g on Day 9, and the dominated bacteria were lactic acid
bacteria, including Carnobacterium divergens, C.
maltaromaticum, and Lactococcus piscium. One
strain of Pseudomonas spp. also appeared in VAC lamb. The
relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in VAC lamb was higher than that PT
lamb, indicating a more important role of Enterobacteriaceae in spoilage for VAC
lamb than that of PT lamb. The microbial compositions changed faster in the lamb
stored in a PT than that stored in a VAC, and microbial community compositions
of the late storage period were largely different from those of the early
storage period for both the conditions. The findings of this study may guide
improve the lamb hygiene and prolong the shelf life of the lamb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taojun Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shaoyang Ge
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,Hebei Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, Sanhe 065200, China
| | - Hailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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8
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Presence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 on the hide, and presence of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157 and Campylobacter in feces from small-ruminant (goat and lamb) samples collected in the United States, Bahamas and Mexico. Meat Sci 2018; 135:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Røssvoll E, Røtterud OJ, Hauge SJ, Alvseike O. A comparison of two evisceration methods on hygienic quality in the pelvic area of sheep carcasses. Meat Sci 2017; 137:134-138. [PMID: 29179139 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to compare the effects of two evisceration methods under operational conditions, on the pelvic hygiene of sheep carcasses. Method 1: rectum sealed with plastic bag and pushed through the pelvic cavity. Method 2: rectum cut, placed back inside and pulled out from the carcass. The 18 largest Norwegian sheep abattoirs participated. Sampling areas were i) 400cm2 inside the pelvic cavity (n=623), ii) 100cm2 outside the circum-anal incision (n=622). There were pooled samples by swabbing the same area of five carcasses, representing totally 3115 carcasses. Mean E. coli results from Method 1: -1.61logCFU/cm2 inside and -0.25logCFU/cm2 for the outside area. Results from Method 2: -1.56logCFU/cm2 inside and -0.42logCFU/cm2 outside. There were no significant differences between the two methods. Both evisceration methods can produce carcasses that are of practically identical high hygienic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Røssvoll
- Animalia - Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, P.O. Box 396 Økern, N-0513 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole-Johan Røtterud
- Animalia - Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, P.O. Box 396 Økern, N-0513 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrun J Hauge
- Animalia - Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, P.O. Box 396 Økern, N-0513 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ole Alvseike
- Animalia - Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, P.O. Box 396 Økern, N-0513 Oslo, Norway
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10
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Rodríguez AI, Cózar A, Calvo L, Vergara H. Effect of bedding materials during transport on welfare indicators and microbiological quality in lambs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three bedding materials, sawdust, rice husk and double layer of sawdust used during transportation to slaughterhouse were compared. Sixty light male lambs of Merino breed were used in the present study. Welfare physiological indicators (glucose, lactate, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, cortisol and catecholamine) sampled before and immediately after the transportation, and carcass microbial quality (total viable counts, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp.) in three different sites of carcass (rump, flank and neck) were assessed. Bedding material during transport did not affect any of the physiological indicators analysed, except for creatinine, which was lower in lambs transported with rice husk. Bedding material had no effect on carcass microbial quality. Sampling site affected values of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. The lowest values for Enterobacteriaceae count were found in the neck, while Pseudomonas spp. presented the highest count in the flank site. In conclusion, under the conditions of the present study, all substrates tested could be recommended as bedding material during transport, without showing significant differences on animal-welfare indicators or carcass microbiological quality.
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Velázquez-Garduño G, Mariezcurrena-Berasain MA, Salem AZ, Gutiérrez-Ibañez AT, Bernal-Martínez LR, Pinzón-Martínez DL, Kholif AE, Odongo NE, Mariezcurrena-Berasain MD. Effect of Organic Selenium-Enriched Yeast Supplementation in Finishing Sheep Diet on Carcasses Microbiological Contamination and Meat Physical Characteristics. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdelfattah Z.M. Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinariay Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed E. Kholif
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nicholas E. Odongo
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
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12
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Trends in the microbial contamination of bovine, ovine and swine carcasses in three small-scale abattoirs in central Italy: A four-year monitoring. Meat Sci 2016; 111:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Microbial effect of steam vacuum pasteurisation implemented after slaughtering and dressing of sheep and lamb. Meat Sci 2015; 99:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Effects of hygienic treatments during slaughtering on microbial dynamics and contamination of sheep meat. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 194:7-14. [PMID: 25461602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate bacterial dynamics in the sheep meat chain, from fleece to meat trimmings, using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, and to study the effects on microbial load associated with the hygienic interventions of: i) shearing sheep immediately before slaughter, ii) manual steam vacuum pasteurisation, iii) hot water pasteurisation of carcasses, followed by iv) chilling. A further aim was to provide evidence to determine whether or not unshorn sheep should be handled in a processing line separate from that of shorn sheep in Norwegian abattoirs. A total of 176 surface swab samples were collected from three sites along the value chain: i) on fleeces, ii) on carcasses at the end of the slaughter line, and iii) on carcasses after chilling for 24h, and 32 samples were collected from meat trimmings. The results showed that Aerobic Plate Counts (APC) were lower for the shorn group compared to the unshorn group, both on carcasses before chilling and after chilling (difference of 0.8 and 0.9logCFU/1000cm(2) (p≤0.05), respectively) and in meat trimmings (difference of 0.5logCFU/g (p≤0.05)). Hygienic treatments were used on carcasses derived from unshorn sheep, and steam vacuum treatment reduced Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and APC before chilling by 1.2, 1.0, and 0.6logCFU/1000cm(2) (p≤0.05), respectively, and hot water pasteurisation, in addition to chilling, reduced E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and APC by 0.7, 1.0, and 0.9logCFU/1000cm(2) (p≤0.05), respectively, compared with untreated carcasses. The effect of chilling was shown by the significant reduction of number of carcasses where E. coli were detected; from 65% (13/20) of the shorn group before chilling to 35% (7/20) after chilling, and from 90% (36/40) to 45% (9/20) of the unshorn group. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene derived from 316 colonies of Enterobacteriaceae showed a tendency for the relative proportion of the genus Escherichia/Shigella, compared with other genera within Enterobacteriaceae, to be greater for unshorn, untreated sheep than from the other groups at the sampling locations along the meat chain. The study showed that steam vacuum and hot water pasteurisation reduced the contamination of carcasses derived from unshorn sheep, down to the level of the shorn group, and thus can replace the separate processing line for unshorn sheep. Indeed, the low microbial contamination in meat trimmings for all groups indicates that the separate processing line is unnecessary.
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15
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Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for biological hazards to be covered by meat inspection of domestic sheep and goats. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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16
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Salmela SP, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Hatakka M, Nevas M. Microbiological contamination of sheep carcases in Finland by excision and swabbing sampling. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Abstract
A risk ranking process identified Toxoplasma gondii and pathogenic verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as the most relevant biological hazards for meat inspection of sheep and goats. As these are not detected by traditional meat inspection, a meat safety assurance system using risk-based interventions was proposed. Further studies are required on T. gondii and pathogenic VTEC. If new information confirms these hazards as a high risk to public health from meat from sheep or goats, setting targets at carcass level should be considered. Other elements of the system are risk-categorisation of flocks/herds based on improved Food Chain Information (FCI), classification of abattoirs according to their capability to reduce faecal contamination, and use of improved process hygiene criteria. It is proposed to omit palpation and incision from post-mortem inspection in animals subjected to routine slaughter. For chemical hazards, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls were ranked as being of high potential concern. Monitoring programmes for chemical hazards should be more flexible and based on the risk of occurrence, taking into account FCI, which should be expanded to reflect the extensive production systems used, and the ranking of chemical substances, which should be regularly updated and include new hazards. Control programmes across the food chain, national residue control plans, feed control and monitoring of environmental contaminants should be better integrated. Meat inspection is a valuable tool for surveillance and monitoring of animal health and welfare conditions. Omission of palpation and incision would reduce detection effectiveness for tuberculosis and fasciolosis at animal level. Surveillance of tuberculosis at the slaughterhouse in small ruminants should be improved and encouraged, as this is in practice the only surveillance system available. Extended use of FCI could compensate for some, but not all, the information on animal health and welfare lost if only visual post-mortem inspection is applied.
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