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Bahk GJ, Lee HJ. Microbial-Maximum Likelihood Estimation Tool for Microbial Quantification in Food From Left-Censored Data Using Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Microbial Risk Assessment. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:730733. [PMID: 35002994 PMCID: PMC8740018 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In food microbial measurements, when most or very often bacterial counts are below to the limit of quantification (LOQ) or the limit of detection (LOD) in collected food samples, they are either ignored or a specified value is substituted. The consequence of this approach is that it may lead to the over or underestimation of quantitative results. A maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) or Bayesian models can be applied to deal with this kind of censored data. Recently, in food microbiology, an MLE that deals with censored results by fitting a parametric distribution has been introduced. However, the MLE approach has limited practical application in food microbiology as practical tools for implementing MLE statistical methods are limited. We therefore developed a user-friendly MLE tool (called “Microbial-MLE Tool”), which can be easily used without requiring complex mathematical knowledge of MLE but the tool is designated to adjust log-normal distributions to observed counts, and illustrated how this method may be implemented for food microbial censored data using an Excel spreadsheet. In addition, we used two case studies based on food microbial laboratory measurements to illustrate the use of the tool. We believe that the Microbial-MLE tool provides an accessible and comprehensible means for performing MLE in food microbiology and it will also be of help to improve the outcome of quantitative microbial risk assessment (MRA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyung Jin Bahk
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Lee
- Department of Biology, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, South Korea
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Khalid T, Hdaifeh A, Federighi M, Cummins E, Boué G, Guillou S, Tesson V. Review of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment in Poultry Meat: The Central Position of Consumer Behavior. Foods 2020; 9:E1661. [PMID: 33202859 PMCID: PMC7697500 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food of animal origin, especially meat products, represent the main vehicle of foodborne pathogens and so are implicated in foodborne outbreaks. Poultry meat is a widely consumed food in various forms, but it is also a reservoir of thermotolerant Campylobacter and Salmonella bacterial species. To assess human health risks associated with pathogenic bacteria in poultry meat, the use of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has increased over the years as it is recognized to address complex food safety issues and is recommended by health authorities. The present project reviewed poultry meat QMRA, identified key steps of the farm-to-fork chain with significant impacts on food safety, highlighted current knowledge gaps, and provided risk mitigation advices. A PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)-based systematic analysis was carried out and enabled the collection of 4056 studies including 42 QMRA kept for analysis after screening. The latter emphasized Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. contaminations during the consumer stage as the main concern. The role of consumer handling on cross-contamination and undercooking events were of major concern. Thus, proper hygiene and safety practices by consumers have been suggested as the main intervention and would need to be followed with regular surveys to assess behavior changes and reduce knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahreem Khalid
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Ammar Hdaifeh
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Michel Federighi
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Enda Cummins
- Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Géraldine Boué
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Sandrine Guillou
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Vincent Tesson
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
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Rasschaert G, De Zutter L, Herman L, Heyndrickx M. Campylobacter contamination of broilers: the role of transport and slaughterhouse. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 322:108564. [PMID: 32163798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most important causative agents of foodborne illnesses worldwide. The poultry reservoir is the main source of Campylobacter. Within the broiler production chain, campylobacters can only multiply in the chicken's intestinal tract. Intervention at farm level to reduce Campylobacter is thus preferred, but despite extensive study, no highly effective solutions have been found to combat Campylobacter at farm level. Slaughterhouses are experiencing great pressure to deliver carcasses with low Campylobacter contamination even when they receive and slaughter Campylobacter colonized flocks. Since 2018, a process hygiene criterion (EU 2017/1495) with the critical limit of <1000 cfu/g neck skin has been implemented in EU Member States based on the calculation done at the time of the study that human campylobacteriosis cases could be halved if all carcasses would comply with a criterion of <1000 cfu/g neck skin. This review covers Campylobacter contamination of broiler carcasses from transport through the different slaughter steps. Possible intervention methods during slaughter are discussed with a focus on the European situation, where chemicals are not allowed to disinfect carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geertrui Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium.
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieve Herman
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Brouwer AF, Masters NB, Eisenberg JNS. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment and Infectious Disease Transmission Modeling of Waterborne Enteric Pathogens. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 5:293-304. [PMID: 29679300 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-018-0196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Waterborne enteric pathogens remain a global health threat. Increasingly, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and infectious disease transmission modeling (IDTM) are used to assess waterborne pathogen risks and evaluate mitigation. These modeling efforts, however, have largely been conducted independently for different purposes and in different settings. In this review, we examine the settings where each modeling strategy is employed. RECENT FINDINGS QMRA research has focused on food contamination and recreational water in high-income countries (HICs) and drinking water and wastewater in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). IDTM research has focused on large outbreaks (predominately LMICs) and vaccine-preventable diseases (LMICs and HICs). Human ecology determines the niches that pathogens exploit, leading researchers to focus on different risk assessment research strategies in different settings. To enhance risk modeling, QMRA and IDTM approaches should be integrated to include dynamics of pathogens in the environment and pathogen transmission through populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Brouwer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nina B Masters
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Wang H, Wang L, Hu Q, Wang R, Li Y, Kidd M. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Poultry Products Using a Nanoparticle-Based Piezoelectric Immunosensor Integrated with Magnetic Immunoseparation. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1321-1330. [PMID: 30019963 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of foodborne human gastrointestinal diseases. Poultry and poultry products have been identified as the major transmission routes to humans for this pathogenic bacterium. The objective of this research was to develop a rapid and sensitive immunosensor for detection of C. jejuni in poultry products on the basis of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) using magnetic nanobeads (MNBs) for separation of target pathogen and gold nanoparticles for amplification of the measurement. A QCM sensor in a flow cell was prepared by immobilizing the mouse anti- C. jejuni monoclonal antibody (mAb1) on the sensor surface to specifically capture C. jejuni. Rabbit anti- C. jejuni polyclonal antibody (pAb1) was conjugated with MNBs to capture and separate C. jejuni from food matrices. MNB-pAb1- C. jejuni complexes were injected into the flow cell to bind with the mAb1 immobilized on the QCM sensor surface. Goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G polyclonal antibody conjugated with gold nanoparticles was injected into the flow cell to bind with pAb1 on MNBs. Finally, resonant frequency was measured with a QCM analyzer, and the change in resonant frequency was correlated to the cell number of C. jejuni. The specificity of this immunosensor was confirmed with different strains of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and other foodborne pathogens commonly colonized in the broiler gastrointestinal tract. Samples of broiler carcass wash and ground turkey were spiked with C. jejuni at different concentrations for use in tests. Results showed that the QCM immunosensor could rapidly detect C. jejuni in poultry products, with a detection limit of 20 to 30 CFU/mL without preenrichment, and a total detection time of less than 30 min. Characteristics of C. jejuni captured by the antibody immobilized on the surface of the QCM sensor were visualized by using atomic force microscopy. This highly adaptive and flexible method could provide the poultry industry a more rapid, sensitive, and effective method for detection of major foodborne pathogens in poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- 1 Center of Excellence for Poultry Science and
| | - Lijun Wang
- 2 Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.,3 State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Qinqin Hu
- 2 Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.,4 College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghui Wang
- 2 Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Yanbin Li
- 1 Center of Excellence for Poultry Science and.,2 Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.,4 College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
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Duqué B, Daviaud S, Guillou S, Haddad N, Membré JM. Quantification of Campylobacter jejuni contamination on chicken carcasses in France. Food Res Int 2017; 106:1077-1085. [PMID: 29579901 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly prevalent in poultry, Campylobacter is a foodborne pathogen which remains the primary cause of enteritis in humans. Several studies have determined prevalence and contamination level of this pathogen throughout the food chain. However it is generally performed in a deterministic way without considering heterogeneity of contamination level. The purpose of this study was to quantify, using probabilistic tools, the contamination level of Campylobacter spp. on chicken carcasses after air-chilling step in several slaughterhouses in France. From a dataset (530 data) containing censored data (concentration <10CFU/g), several factors were considered, including the month of sampling, the farming method (standard vs certified) and the sampling area (neck vs leg). All probabilistic analyses were performed in R using fitdistrplus, mc2d and nada packages. The uncertainty (i.e. error) generated by the presence of censored data was small (ca 1 log10) in comparison to the variability (i.e. heterogeneity) of contamination level (3 log10 or more), strengthening the probabilistic analysis and facilitating result interpretation. The sampling period and sampling area (neck/leg) had a significant effect on Campylobacter contamination level. More precisely, two "seasons" were distinguished: one from January to May, another one from June to December. During the June-to-December season, the mean Campylobacter concentration was estimated to 2.6 [2.4; 2.8] log10 (CFU/g) and 1.8 [1.5; 2.0] log10 (CFU/g) for neck and leg, respectively. The probability of having >1000CFU/g (higher limit of European microbial criterion) was estimated to 35.3% and 12.6%, for neck and leg, respectively. In contrast, during January-to-May season, the mean contamination level was estimated to 1.0 [0.6; 1.3] log10 (CFU/g) and 0.6 [0.3; 0.9] log10 (CFU/g) for neck and leg, respectively. The probability of having >1000CFU/g was estimated to 13.5% and 2.0% for neck and leg, respectively. An accurate quantification of contamination level enables industrials to better adapt their processing and hygiene practices. These results will also help in refining exposure assessment models.
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Zhu J, Yao B, Song X, Wang Y, Cui S, Xu H, Yang B, Huang J, Liu G, Yang X, Gong P, Chen Q, Li F. Prevalence and quantification of Campylobacter contamination on raw chicken carcasses for retail sale in China. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang H, Slavik M, Li Y, Wang A. Rapid Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Poultry Products Using QD-FRET Based Fluoroimmunoassay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2015.548.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Hansson I, Nyman A, Lahti E, Gustafsson P, Olsson Engvall E. Associations between Campylobacter levels on chicken skin, underlying muscle, caecum and packaged fillets. Food Microbiol 2015; 48:178-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Korsak D, Maćkiw E, Rożynek E, Żyłowska M. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Retail Chicken, Turkey, Pork, and Beef Meat in Poland between 2009 and 2013. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1024-8. [PMID: 25951401 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter in poultry, pork, and beef meat at the retail level and to identify the main categories of meat representing the most significant reservoirs of Campylobacter. A monitoring study was conducted throughout Poland from 2009 to 2013. A total of 1,700 fresh meat samples were collected from supermarkets, large retail outlets, and smaller stores. Thermophilic Campylobacter species were detected in 690 (49.3%) of 1,400 poultry samples collected from retail trade. Strains were isolated from 50.2 and 41.1% of raw chicken and turkey meat samples, respectively, and from 50.1 and 42.6% of raw chicken and turkey giblets. The incidence of Campylobacter spp. on pork (10.6%) and beef (10.1%) was significantly lower than on poultry. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent Campylobacter species in chicken (46.6%), pork (68.6%), and beef (66.7%), and Campylobacter coli was the most frequently isolated Campylobacter species in turkey meat (71.2%). This study revealed that retail raw meats are often contaminated with Campylobacter; however, the prevalence of these pathogens is markedly different in different meats. Raw retail meats are potential vehicles for transmitting foodborne diseases, and our findings stress the need for increased implementation of hazard analysis critical control point programs and consumer food safety education efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Korsak
- Department of Food Safety, National Food and Nutrition Institute, Powsińska 61/63, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Maćkiw
- Department of Food Safety, National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of Hygiene, ul. Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Rożynek
- Department of Food Safety, National Food and Nutrition Institute, Powsińska 61/63, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Żyłowska
- Department of Food Safety, National Food and Nutrition Institute, Powsińska 61/63, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Baily JL, Méric G, Bayliss S, Foster G, Moss SE, Watson E, Pascoe B, Mikhail J, Pizzi R, Goldstone RJ, Smith DGE, Willoughby K, Hall AJ, Sheppard SK, Dagleish MP. Evidence of land-sea transfer of the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter to a wildlife marine sentinel species. Mol Ecol 2014; 24:208-21. [PMID: 25401947 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution often accompanies the expansion and urbanization of human populations where sewage and wastewaters commonly have an impact on the marine environments. Here, we explored the potential for faecal bacterial pathogens, of anthropic origin, to spread to marine wildlife in coastal areas. The common zoonotic bacterium Campylobacter was isolated from grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), an important sentinel species for environmental pollution, and compared to isolates from wild birds, agricultural sources and clinical samples to characterize possible transmission routes. Campylobacter jejuni was present in half of all grey seal pups sampled (24/50 dead and 46/90 live pups) in the breeding colony on the Isle of May (Scotland), where it was frequently associated with histological evidence of disease. Returning yearling animals (19/19) were negative for C. jejuni suggesting clearance of infection while away from the localized colony infection source. The genomes of 90 isolates from seals were sequenced and characterized using a whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach and compared to 192 published genomes from multiple sources using population genetic approaches and a probabilistic genetic attribution model to infer the source of infection from MLST data. The strong genotype-host association has enabled the application of source attribution models in epidemiological studies of human campylobacteriosis, and here assignment analyses consistently grouped seal isolates with those from human clinical samples. These findings are consistent with either a common infection source or direct transmission of human campylobacter to grey seals, raising concerns about the spread of human pathogens to wildlife marine sentinel species in coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Baily
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK; SeaMammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK
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Bouwknegt M, van Pelt W, Kubbinga ME, Weda M, Havelaar AH. Potential association between the recent increase in campylobacteriosis incidence in the Netherlands and proton-pump inhibitor use - an ecological study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 25139075 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.32.20873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Netherlands saw an unexplained increase in campylobacteriosis incidence between 2003 and 2011, following a period of continuous decrease. We conducted an ecological study and found a statistical association between campylobacteriosis incidence and the annual number of prescriptions for proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), controlling for the patient's age, fresh and frozen chicken purchases (with or without correction for campylobacter prevalence in fresh poultry meat). The effect of PPIs was larger in the young than in the elderly. However, the counterfactual population-attributable fraction for PPIs was largest for the elderly (ca 45% in 2011) and increased at population level from 8% in 2004 to 27% in 2011. Using the regression model and updated covariate values, we predicted a trend break for 2012, largely due to a decreased number of PPI prescriptions, that was subsequently confirmed by surveillance data. Although causality was not shown, the biological mechanism, age effect and trend-break prediction suggest a substantial impact of PPI use on campylobacteriosis incidence in the Netherlands. We chose the ecological study design to pilot whether it is worthwhile to further pursue the effect of PPI on campylobacteriosis and other gastrointestinal pathogens in prospective cohort studies. We now provide strong arguments to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouwknegt
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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