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Siddi G, Piras F, Meloni MP, Gymoese P, Torpdahl M, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Migoni M, Cabras D, Cuccu M, De Santis EPL, Scarano C. Hunted Wild Boars in Sardinia: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Analysis of Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitica. Foods 2023; 13:65. [PMID: 38201093 PMCID: PMC10778173 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitica prevalence in wild boars hunted in Sardinia and further characterize the isolates and analyse antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns. In order to assess slaughtering hygiene, an evaluation of carcasses microbial contamination was also carried out. Between 2020 and 2022, samples were collected from 66 wild boars hunted during two hunting seasons from the area of two provinces in northern and central Sardinia (Italy). Samples collected included colon content samples, mesenteric lymph nodes samples and carcass surface samples. Salmonella and Y. enterocolitica detection was conducted on each sample; also, on carcass surface samples, total aerobic mesophilic count and Enterobacteriaceae count were evaluated. On Salmonella and Y. enterocolitica isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility was tested and whole genome sequencing was applied. Salmonella was identified in the colon content samples of 3/66 (4.5%) wild boars; isolates were S. enterica subs. salamae, S. ser. elomrane and S. enterica subs. enterica. Y. enterocolitica was detected from 20/66 (30.3%) wild boars: in 18/66 (27.3%) colon contents, in 3/66 (4.5%) mesenteric lymph nodes and in 3/49 (6.1%) carcass surface samples. In all, 24 Y. enterocolitica isolates were analysed and 20 different sequence types were detected, with the most common being ST860. Regarding AMR, no resistance was detected in Salmonella isolates, while expected resistance towards β-lactams (blaA gene) and streptogramin (vatF gene) was observed in Y. enterocolitica isolates (91.7% and 4.2%, respectively). The low presence of AMR is probably due to the low anthropic impact in the wild areas. Regarding the surface contamination of carcasses, values (mean ± standard deviation log10 CFU/cm2) were 2.46 ± 0.97 for ACC and 1.07 ± 1.18 for Enterobacteriaceae. The results of our study confirm that wild boars can serve as reservoirs and spreaders of Salmonella and Y. enterocolitica; the finding of Y. enterocolitica presence on carcass surface highlights how meat may become superficially contaminated, especially considering that contamination is linked to the conditions related to the hunting, handling and processing of game animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Siddi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (M.P.M.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (M.C.); (E.P.L.D.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Francesca Piras
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (M.P.M.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (M.C.); (E.P.L.D.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Maria Pina Meloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (M.P.M.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (M.C.); (E.P.L.D.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Pernille Gymoese
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (P.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Mia Torpdahl
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (P.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Mattia Migoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (M.P.M.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (M.C.); (E.P.L.D.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Daniela Cabras
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (M.P.M.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (M.C.); (E.P.L.D.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Mario Cuccu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (M.P.M.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (M.C.); (E.P.L.D.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Enrico Pietro Luigi De Santis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (M.P.M.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (M.C.); (E.P.L.D.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Christian Scarano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (M.P.M.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (M.C.); (E.P.L.D.S.); (C.S.)
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Stachelska MA. Identification of Pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica in Pig Tonsils Using the Real-Time PCR. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 67:219-222. [PMID: 30015460 PMCID: PMC7256803 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of DNA-based methods enables to identify Yersinia enterocolitica carrying the ail-gene with a greater sensitivity compared to culture methods and biochemical tests used for detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in animal and food samples. In this study, 100 samples of pig tonsils were examined, among which 17 were positive for the ail gene. Additionally, biochemical tests and RT-PCR showed that nine Y. enterocolitica isolates carried the ail-gene. Two Y. enterocolitica isolates of 1A biotype had the ail gene. The results demonstrated the usefulness of RT-PCR method applied for detection of potentially pathogenic, possessing the ail gene Y. enterocolitica in the material examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena A Stachelska
- Lomza State University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Food Technology and Gastronomy,Lomza,Poland
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3
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Jakobsen AM, Bahl MI, Buschhardt T, Hansen TB, Al-Soud WA, Brejnrod AD, Sørensen SJ, Nesbakken T, Aabo S. Bacterial community analysis for investigating bacterial transfer from tonsils to the pig carcass. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 295:8-18. [PMID: 30776731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tonsils in the oral cavity are an important source of contamination during pig slaughter, but have not received as much attention as faecal contamination. In the present study, ten pigs were sampled from tonsils, faeces and three different areas on each carcass. The samples were analysed by both culturing of Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterocolitica and by 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the bacterial communities. Comparing culture data from deep tonsil tissue and tonsil surface showed similar numbers of E. coli but significantly higher numbers of Y. enterocolitica in the deep tissue samples. Microbiota analysis showed similar bacterial communities in the two sample types at phylum level, while comparison at genus level showed significant differences between the relative abundance of several genera in the two sample types. The finding of a significantly higher relative abundance of Yersinia in tonsil tissue compared to tonsil surface supported the culture analysis. The microbiota analysis also investigated characteristics of the bacterial community that could discriminate bacterial transfer from tonsils and faeces to the carcass during slaughter. The microbiota analyses demonstrated that Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria are the most abundant phyla in tonsils, while Firmicutes showed the highest relative abundance in faeces. The dominating phylum on carcasses was Proteobacteria. Besides Proteobacteria, the swabbing area on the forepart of the carcass, showed a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and Fusobacteria compared to swabbing areas on the rear part and mid-section of the carcass. Principal coordinate analysis showed clear clustering of samples based on sample source (tonsils, faeces and carcass). Carcass swab samples from the forepart tended to cluster closer to the tonsil samples compared to carcass swab samples from the rear part and mid-section. Identification of the genera Fusobacterium, Moraxella, Actinobacillus and non-E. coli genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae in carcass swabs could indicate tonsil contamination, while faecal contamination would more likely include higher prevalence of bacteria belonging to the class of Clostridia. The present study supports that it is possible to identify bacterial groups that are indicative for either tonsil or faecal carcass contamination. The level and composition of Enterobacteriaceae on the carcasses did, however, indicate that other sources of meat contamination than tonsils and faeces may be important, such as the process environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mette Jakobsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Iain Bahl
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tasja Buschhardt
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tina Beck Hansen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Waleed Abu Al-Soud
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Section of Microbiology, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Asker D Brejnrod
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Section of Microbiology, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Section of Microbiology, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Truls Nesbakken
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus Oslo, Dept. of Food Safety and Infection Biology, P. O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Søren Aabo
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Reduced contamination of pig carcasses using an alternative pluck set removal procedure during slaughter. Meat Sci 2018; 145:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Råsbäck T, Rosendal T, Stampe M, Sannö A, Aspán A, Järnevi K, Lahti ET. Prevalence of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in Swedish pig farms. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:39. [PMID: 29940995 PMCID: PMC6020225 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs are the most important reservoir for human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica. We investigated the herd prevalence of human pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in Swedish pig farms by analysing pen faecal samples using a cold enrichment of 1 week and thereafter subsequent plating onto chromogenic selective media (CAY agar). RESULTS Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was found in 32 (30.5%) of the 105 sampled farms with finisher pigs. Bioserotype 4/O:3 was identified at all but one farm, where 2/O:9 was identified. Pen-prevalence within the positive herds varied from 1/4 to 4/4 pens. The calculated intra-class correlation coefficient ICC (0.89) from a model with a random effect for grouping within herd indicated a very high degree of clustering by herd. None of the explored risk factors, including herd size, herd type, pig flow, feed type, access to outdoors, evidence of birds and rodents in the herd, usage of straw, number of pigs in sampled pen and age of pigs in pen were significantly associated with Y. enterocolitica status of the pen. The use of high pressure washing with cold water was significantly associated with Y. enterocolitica in the pen (OR = 84.77, 4.05-1772). Two culture methods were assessed for detection of Y. enterocolitica, one of which included the use of a chromogenic agar (CAY agar) intended for detection of human pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. The chromogenic media was found equal or superior to traditional methods and was used in this study. The isolates obtained were characterised by biotyping, serotyping, mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and PCR. Characterisation by MALDI-TOF gave identical results to that of conventional bioserotyping. All porcine isolates were positive for the ail and inv genes by PCR, indicating that the isolates were most likely pathogenic to humans. CONCLUSIONS Human pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was found in nearly one-third of the Swedish pig farms with finisher pigs. The use of high pressure washing with cold water was associated with the presence of Y. enterocolitica in the pen. A modified culturing method using a chromogenic agar was efficient for detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in pig faeces. The use of masspectrometry for identification and subtyping was in agreement with conventional biotyping and serotyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Råsbäck
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Rosendal
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Stampe
- Farm and Animal Health, Kungsängens Gård 6B, 753 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Axel Sannö
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7070, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Aspán
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7070, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Järnevi
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elina Tast Lahti
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Stachelska M. Quantitative assessment of Yersinia enterocolitica in raw pork meat using real time PCR (qPCR) technique. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/74422/2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Petsios S, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Sakkas H, Papadopoulou C. Conventional and molecular methods used in the detection and subtyping of Yersinia enterocolitica in food. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:55-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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8
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Rahikainen Ibañez T, Laukkanen-Ninios R, Hakkinen M, Johansson T, Vilar M, Korkeala H. Prevalence of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in Finnish Slaughter Pigs. J Food Prot 2016; 79:677-81. [PMID: 27052875 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica was determined in tonsil and intestinal content samples from 388 healthy fattening pigs at the four biggest Finnish slaughterhouses. These slaughterhouses process 73% of pigs in Finland. Tonsil samples were tested by PCR targeted for yadA, and intestinal samples were cultured. All pathogenic Y. enterocolitica isolates represented bioserotype 4/O:3. The prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in tonsil samples was 60% (95% confidence limit, 55.4 to 65.1%), and its prevalence in intestinal samples was 26% (95% confidence limit, 22.1 to 31.2%). The prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in tonsil and intestinal samples varied between the four slaughterhouses. The tonsil prevalence of Y. enterocolitica was higher in slaughterhouse B, and the prevalence in intestinal content was higher in slaughterhouse C. There were more positive results in both tonsil and intestinal samples in pigs coming from fattening farms than in pigs coming from farrowing-and-fattening farms. A seasonal variation was observed in the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in intestinal samples, with the highest prevalence during July and August, but no seasonal variation was detected in tonsil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rahikainen Ibañez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland.
| | - R Laukkanen-Ninios
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland
| | - M Hakkinen
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Johansson
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Vilar
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland
| | - H Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland
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9
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Zhou C, Sun C, Ruan J, Zou H, Li Y. Determination of Yersinia enterocoliticain Food by Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser Induced Fluorescence Detection. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1012676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Contamination of freshly slaughtered pig carcasses with enteropathogenic Yersinia spp.: Distribution, quantification and identification of risk factors. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 204:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Mazzette R, Fois F, Consolati SG, Salza S, Tedde T, Soro P, Collu C, Ladu D, Virgilio S, Piras F. Detection of Pathogenic Yersinia Enterocolitica in Slaughtered Pigs by Cultural Methods and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Ital J Food Saf 2015; 4:4579. [PMID: 27800392 PMCID: PMC5076650 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2015.4579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy pigs carrying pathogenic to human Yersinia enterocolitica strains are the main source of entry into slaughterhouse, where cross-contamination of carcasses can happen. The aim of this work was to determine Y. enterocolitica prevalence in slaughtered pigs, investigating the presence of carriers in relation to carcass contamination. A total of 132 pig samples (tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes, colon content, carcass surface) were collected from 4 Sardinian slaughterhouses. All the samples were examined by the ISO 10273:2003 method, and the prevalence was also determined by direct plating on CIN Agar. Moreover, to detect the ail positive Y. enterocolitica strains in enrichment broths and isolates a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied. Y. enterocolitica prevalence was 19% with direct plating and 12% with enrichment methods. Carcass surfaces and tonsils prevalence was 5.30% by direct plating, and 5.3% and 2.2%, respectively, by enrichment method. Tonsil samples showed an average contamination level of 3.2×103 CFU/g, while the mean value on carcass was 8.7×102 CFU/g. An overall prevalence of 9.8% of ail positive Y. enterocolitica broths was detected by RT-PCR, that found a higher prevalence in tonsils (7.5%) with respect to cultural methods, confirming the greater sensitivity of this technique when applied for tonsils and faeces samples. The results show a relatively low pathogenic Y. enterocolitica prevalence in pigs slaughtered in Sardinia. Good hygiene measures should be applied at slaughterhouse in order to prevent the entry of carriers and control carcass contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Mazzette
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari
| | - Federica Fois
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari
| | | | - Sara Salza
- Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Sardinia, Sassari
| | - Tiziana Tedde
- Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Sardinia, Sassari
| | | | | | - Daniela Ladu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari
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Laukkanen-Ninios R, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Korkeala H. EnteropathogenicYersiniain the Pork Production Chain: Challenges for Control. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki Finland
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13
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Arrausi-Subiza M, Ibabe JC, Atxaerandio R, Juste RA, Barral M. Evaluation of different enrichment methods for pathogenic Yersinia species detection by real time PCR. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:192. [PMID: 25168886 PMCID: PMC4152762 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yersiniosis is a zoonotic disease reported worldwide. Culture and PCR based protocols are the most common used methods for detection of pathogenic Yersinia species in animal samples. PCR sensitivity could be increased by an initial enrichment step. This step is particularly useful in surveillance programs, where PCR is applied to samples from asymptomatic animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the improvement in pathogenic Yersinia species detection using a suitable enrichment method prior to the real time PCR (rtPCR). Nine different enrichment protocols were evaluated including six different broth mediums (CASO, ITC, PSB, PBS, PBSMSB and PBSSSB). RESULTS The analysis of variance showed significant differences in Yersinia detection by rtPCR according to the enrichment protocol used. These differences were higher for Y. pseudotuberculosis than for Y. enterocolitica. In general, samples incubated at lower temperatures yielded the highest detection rates. The best results were obtained with PBSMSB and PBS2. Application of PBSMSB protocol to free-ranging wild board samples improved the detection of Y. enterocolitica by 21.2% when compared with direct rtPCR. Y. pseudotuberculosis detection was improved by 10.6% when results obtained by direct rtPCR and by PBSMSB enrichment before rtPCR were analyzed in combination. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in the present study indicate a difference in Yersinia detection by rtPCR related to the enrichment protocol used, being PBSMSB enrichment during 15 days at 4°C and PBS during 7 days at 4°C the most efficient. The use of direct rtPCR in combination with PBSMSB enrichment prior to rtPCR resulted in an improvement in the detection rates of pathogenic Yersinia in wild boar and could be useful for application in other animal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maialen Arrausi-Subiza
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development (NEIKER), Berreaga 1, Derio-Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Ibabe
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development (NEIKER), Berreaga 1, Derio-Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
| | - Raquel Atxaerandio
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development (NEIKER), Berreaga 1, Derio-Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
| | - Ramon A Juste
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development (NEIKER), Berreaga 1, Derio-Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
| | - Marta Barral
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development (NEIKER), Berreaga 1, Derio-Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
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14
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Vanantwerpen G, Van Damme I, De Zutter L, Houf K. Within-batch prevalence and quantification of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis in tonsils of pigs at slaughter. Vet Microbiol 2014; 169:223-7. [PMID: 24472227 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Yersiniosis is a common bacterial zoonosis in Europe and healthy pigs are known to be the primary reservoir of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis. However, little information is available about the prevalence of these pathogens within pig batches at time of slaughter. The tonsils of 7047 fattening pigs, belonging to 100 farms, were aseptically collected immediately after evisceration in two Belgian slaughterhouses. The batch size varied between 70 and 930 pigs. On average, 70 pigs were sampled per batch. The tonsils were examined by direct plating on cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin (CIN) agar plates and the number of suspect Yersinia colonies was counted. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica serotype O:3 were found in tonsils of 2009 pigs (28.5%), originating from 85 farms. The within-batch prevalence in positive farms ranged from 5.1 to 64.4%. The number of Y. enterocolitica in positive pigs varied between 2.01 and 5.98 log10 CFU g(-1) tonsil, with an average of 4.00 log10 CFU g(-1) tonsil. Y. pseudotuberculosis was found in seven farms, for which the within-batch prevalence varied from 2 to 10%. In five of these farms, both Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis were simultaneously present. Human pathogenic Yersinia spp. are widespread in slaughter pig batches in Belgium as 87% of the tested batches were infected with these pathogens at the time of slaughter. The large variation of the prevalence between batches may lead to different levels of contamination of carcasses and risks for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerty Vanantwerpen
- Department Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Inge Van Damme
- Department Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Van Damme I, Berkvens D, Botteldoorn N, Dierick K, Wits J, Pochet B, De Zutter L. Evaluation of the ISO 10273:2003 method for the isolation of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica from pig carcasses and minced meat. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:170-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lambrecht E, Baré J, Van Damme I, Bert W, Sabbe K, Houf K. Behavior of Yersinia enterocolitica in the presence of the bacterivorous Acanthamoeba castellanii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6407-13. [PMID: 23934496 PMCID: PMC3811209 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01915-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living protozoa play an important role in the ecology and epidemiology of human-pathogenic bacteria. In the present study, the interaction between Yersinia enterocolitica, an important food-borne pathogen, and the free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii was studied. Several cocultivation assays were set up to assess the resistance of Y. enterocolitica to A. castellanii predation and the impact of environmental factors and bacterial strain-specific characteristics. Results showed that all Y. enterocolitica strains persist in association with A. castellanii for at least 14 days, and associations with A. castellanii enhanced survival of Yersinia under nutrient-rich conditions at 25°C and under nutrient-poor conditions at 37°C. Amoebae cultivated in the supernatant of one Yersinia strain showed temperature- and time-dependent permeabilization. Intraprotozoan survival of Y. enterocolitica depended on nutrient availability and temperature, with up to 2.8 log CFU/ml bacteria displaying intracellular survival at 7°C for at least 4 days in nutrient-rich medium. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to locate the Yersinia cells inside the amoebae. As Yersinia and Acanthamoeba share similar ecological niches, this interaction identifies a role of free-living protozoa in the ecology and epidemiology of Y. enterocolitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Lambrecht
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J. Baré
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - I. Van Damme
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - W. Bert
- Nematology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K. Sabbe
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K. Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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