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De Maio FA, Winter M, Abate S, Birochio D, Iglesias NG, Barrio DA, Bellusci CP. Torque teno sus virus k2a (TTSuVk2a) in wild boars from northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:981-989. [PMID: 38286944 PMCID: PMC10920574 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01261-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Torque teno sus virus k2a (TTSuVk2a) is a member of the family Anelloviridae that can establish persistent infections in both domestic pigs and wild boars. Its association with diseases has not been precisely elucidated, and it is often considered only as a commensal virus. This infectious agent has been reported in herds throughout the world. In this study, we investigated the detection rate and diversity of TTSuVk2a in free-living wild boars from northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. Total DNA was extracted from tonsil samples of 50 animals, nested PCR assays were carried out, and infection was verified in 60% of the cases. Sequence analysis of the viral non-coding region revealed distinct phylogenetic groups. These clusters showed contrasting patterns of spatial distribution, which presented statistically significant differences when evaluating spatial aggregation. In turn, the sequences were compared with those available in the database to find that the clusters were distinguished by having similarity with TTSuVk2a variants of different geographic origin. The results suggested that Patagonian wild boar populations are bearers of diverse viral strains of Asian, European, and South American provenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Andrés De Maio
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Ruta Provincial N°1 y Rotonda Cooperación, CP 8500, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Winter
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Ruta Provincial N°1 y Rotonda Cooperación, CP 8500, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Abate
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Ruta Provincial N°1 y Rotonda Cooperación, CP 8500, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Diego Birochio
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Ruta Provincial N°1 y Rotonda Cooperación, CP 8500, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Néstor Gabriel Iglesias
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Hurlingham (UNAHUR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Alejandro Barrio
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Ruta Provincial N°1 y Rotonda Cooperación, CP 8500, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Paula Bellusci
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Ruta Provincial N°1 y Rotonda Cooperación, CP 8500, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez Ordoñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fernandez Escamez P, Gonzales‐Barron U, Roberts H, Ru G, Simmons M, Cruz RB, Lourenço Martins J, Messens W, Ortiz‐Pelaez A, Simon AC, De Cesare A. Assessment on the efficacy of methods 2 to 5 and method 7 set out in Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 to inactivate relevant pathogens when producing processed animal protein of porcine origin intended to feed poultry and aquaculture animals. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08093. [PMID: 37416785 PMCID: PMC10320699 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An assessment was conducted on the level of inactivation of relevant pathogens that could be present in processed animal protein of porcine origin intended to feed poultry and aquaculture animals when methods 2 to 5 and method 7, as detailed in Regulation (EU) No 142/2011, are applied. Five approved scenarios were selected for method 7. Salmonella Senftenberg, Enterococcus faecalis, spores of Clostridium perfringens and parvoviruses were shortlisted as target indicators. Inactivation parameters for these indicators were extracted from extensive literature search and a recent EFSA scientific opinion. An adapted Bigelow model was fitted to retrieved data to estimate the probability that methods 2 to 5, in coincidental and consecutive modes, and the five scenarios of method 7 are able to achieve a 5 log10 and a 3 log10 reduction of bacterial indicators and parvoviruses, respectively. Spores of C. perfringens were the indicator with the lowest probability of achieving the target reduction by methods 2 to 5, in coincidental and consecutive mode, and by the five considered scenarios of method 7. An expert knowledge elicitation was conducted to estimate the certainty of achieving a 5 log10 reduction of spores of C. perfringens considering the results of the model and additional evidence. A 5 log10 reduction of C. perfringens spores was judged: 99-100% certain for methods 2 and 3 in coincidental mode; 98-100% certain for method 7 scenario 3; 80-99% certain for method 5 in coincidental mode; 66-100% certain for method 4 in coincidental mode and for method 7 scenarios 4 and 5; 25-75% certain for method 7 scenario 2; and 0-5% certain for method 7 scenario 1. Higher certainty is expected for methods 2 to 5 in consecutive mode compared to coincidental mode.
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Potential for the cross-species transmission of swine torque teno viruses. Vet Microbiol 2018; 215:66-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Monini M, Vignolo E, Ianiro G, Ostanello F, Ruggeri FM, Di Bartolo I. Detection of Torque Teno Sus Virus in Pork Bile and Liver Sausages. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:283-288. [PMID: 27294982 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Torque teno viruses (TTV) are small DNA viruses widespread among humans and pigs. The clinical significance of TTV infections in either humans or pigs is uncertain. In fact, TTV viremia is highly prevalent in patients with different pathologies, but it can also be frequently observed in healthy subjects. Virus infection in pigs is considered a putative cofactor in several diseases; despite being detected frequently in healthy animals, its role still remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) in 62 bile samples collected from pigs at slaughterhouse and in 36 fresh pork liver sausages bought at point of sale. Quantitative Real-Time PCR, confirmed that 19.4 and 58.3 % of bile and sausage samples tested positive for TTSuV, respectively. The mean viral load was established as 5.6 × 104 GE/µl for bile and 7.16 × 103 GE/g for sausages. TTSuV nucleotide sequence analysis confirmed a wide heterogeneity among the circulating TTSuV strains, which included both TTSuV1 and TTSuV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Monini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vignolo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Franco Maria Ruggeri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Identification of heterologous Torque Teno Viruses in humans and swine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26655. [PMID: 27222164 PMCID: PMC4879562 DOI: 10.1038/srep26655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque Teno Viruses (TTVs) are ubiquitous viruses which are highly prevalent in several mammalian species. Human TTV’s are epidemiologically associated with several human disease conditions such as respiratory illnesses, auto-immune disorders and hepatitis. Recently it was found that swine TTV’s (TTSuVs) can act as primary pathogens. The common occurrence of TTVs as environmental contaminants and the increasing interest in the use of swine organs for xenotransplantation lend importance to the question of whether TTV’s can cross-infect across species. In this study, we examined human and swine sera by swine or human TTV-specific PCRs, to determine whether swine TTVs (TTSuV) DNA can be detected in humans and vice versa. Surprisingly, both human and TTSuV DNA were present in a majority of the samples tested. Transfection of human PBMC’s with TTSuV1 genomic DNA resulted in productive viral infection which was sustained for the three serial passages tested. Lymphoproliferative responses in infected human PBMCs were diminished when compared to the controls. Furthermore, mild to moderate antibody responses against the TTSuV1 ORF2 protein was detected in 16 of the 40 human sera by ELISA. Therefore, these study findings provide initial and fundamental evidence for possible cross-species transmission of TTVs.
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Li Z, Qiao J, He Y, Chen Y, Wang G. Analysis of TTSuV1b antibody in porcine serum and its correlation with four antibodies against common viral infectious diseases. Virol J 2015; 12:125. [PMID: 26260234 PMCID: PMC4531394 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between Torque teno sus virus 1b (TTSuV1b) infection and other viral infections or vaccine immunization in conventional pigs. Methods With overexpressed and purified viral protein TTSuV1b as antigen, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for detecting TTSuV1b antibody was established, which demonstrated great specificity and reproducibility. Porcine serum samples (n = 212) were tested using ELISA. Meanwhile, the antibodies against Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV), Pseudorabies Virus (PRV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), and Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) were also examined using the commercial kits. Results Statistical analysis indicated that the level of anti-TTSuV1b antibody was positively correlated with the level of anti-PCV2 antibody in a lesser extent; the level of antibodies against TTSuV1b or PCV2 were significantly lower in porcine serum with low level of TTSuV1b virus, implicating the potential consistency and synchronization in the mechanism of TTSuV1b and PCV2 infection. Whereas, antibodies against PRRSV or CSFV showed no statistical significance on comparison with anti-TTSuV1b antibody, implicating that in conventional pigs, the antibody level for PRRSV and CSFV were not significantly influenced by TTSuV1b infection. Conclusion In conclusion, examination of anti-TTSuV1b antibody in porcine serum with the presently established ELISA method would serve as a supplementary approach for etiological investigation, and the combined statistical analysis of the antibodies against four other viruses might help to further understand the TTSuV1b infection as well as its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsheng Li
- Department of veterinary research, Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Panyu District, Fuping Road, Guangzhou, 511440, China.
| | - Jingxin Qiao
- Department of veterinary research, Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Panyu District, Fuping Road, Guangzhou, 511440, China.
| | - Yonglong He
- Department of veterinary research, Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Panyu District, Fuping Road, Guangzhou, 511440, China.
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of veterinary research, Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Panyu District, Fuping Road, Guangzhou, 511440, China.
| | - Guiping Wang
- Department of veterinary research, Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Panyu District, Fuping Road, Guangzhou, 511440, China.
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Teixeira TF, Cibulski SP, dos Santos HF, Wendlant A, de Sales Lima FE, Schmidt C, Franco AC, Roehe PM. Torque teno sus virus 1 (TTSuV1) and 2 (TTSuV2) viral loads in serum of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected and healthy pigs in Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2015; 101:38-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Analysis of complete genome sequences and a V239A substitution in the helicase domain of swine hepatitis E virus strains isolated in Canada. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1767-73. [PMID: 25916609 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Among Canadian swine HEV strains, only one complete genome sequence has been published so far, and there are no data on the virulence of these strains. A collection of 28 Canadian swine HEV strains was used in this study. After RNA extraction, a portion of ORF2, the 3' end of the helicase domain, and two complete genomes were amplified and sequenced. These two new Canadian complete genomes belonged to two different subtypes and showed 87.5 and 87.7% sequence identity to the Canadian swine HEV strain Arkell. The V239A substitution within the helicase domain, which is associated with increased virulence of genotype 3 HEV, was detected in one Canadian swine HEV strain. However, no human hepatitis E infections have been associated with this strain.
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