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Li H, Li Z, Zhang X, Sun W, Ao X, Li Z. Nitrate Enhanced Sulfamethoxazole Degradation by 222 nm Far-UVC Irradiation: Role of Reactive Nitrogen Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:17510-17519. [PMID: 39297779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c07539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
The application of 222 nm far-UVC irradiation for degrading organic micropollutants in water shows promise. Nitrate (NO3-), found in nearly all water bodies, can significantly impact the performance of 222 nm far-UVC-driven systems. This work was the first to investigate the effect of NO3- on sulfamethoxazole (SMX) photodegradation at 222 nm, finding that NO3- significantly enhances SMX degradation in different dissociated forms. Besides the hydroxyl radical (•OH), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) also played important roles in SMX degradation. With increasing NO3- concentration, the RNS contribution to SMX degradation decreased from 25.7 to 8.6% at pH 3 but increased from 1.5 to 24.7% at pH 7, since the deprotonated SMX with electron-rich groups reacted more easily with RNS. The transformation mechanisms of SMX involving isomerization, bond cleavage, hydroxylation, nitrosation, and nitration processes were proposed. 15N isotope labeling experiments showed that the RNS-induced nitrated products even became the major products of SMX in the 222 nm far-UVC/NO3- system at pH 7 and exhibited a higher toxicity than SMX itself. Further research is necessary to avoid or eliminate these toxic byproducts. This study provides valuable insights for guiding the utilization of 222 nm far-UVC for treating antibiotics in NO3--containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Xiuwei Ao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zifu Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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2
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Suthaparan A, Stensvand A. Shedding the Light on Powdery Mildew: The Use of Optical Irradiation in Management of the Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 62:289-308. [PMID: 38876113 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-115201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation below 300 nm may control powdery mildew in numerous crops. Depending on disease pressure, wavelength, and crop growth stage, one to three applications of 100-200 J/m2 per week at night are as effective or better than the best fungicides. Higher doses may harm the plants and reduce yields. Although red light alone or in combination with UV has a suppressive effect on powdery mildew, concomitant or subsequent exposure to blue light or UV-A strongly reduces the efficacy of UV treatments. To be effective, direct exposure of the pathogen/infection sites to UV/red light is important, but there are clear indications for the involvement of induced resistance in the host. Other pathogens and pests are susceptible to UV, but the effective dose may be phytotoxic. Although there are certain limitations, this technology is gradually becoming more used in both protected and open-field commercial production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruppillai Suthaparan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway;
| | - Arne Stensvand
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway;
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3
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Im YH, Ha JW. The synergistic bactericidal effect of simultaneous 222 nm krypton-chlorine excilamp and 307 nm UVB light treatment on sliced cheese and its mechanisms. Food Microbiol 2024; 122:104552. [PMID: 38839232 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the combined effect of 222 nm krypton-chlorine excilamp (EX) and 307 nm ultraviolet-B (UVB) light on the inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes on sliced cheese. The data confirmed that simultaneous exposure to EX and UVB irradiation for 80 s reduced S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes population by 3.50 and 3.20 log CFU/g, respectively, on sliced cheese. The synergistic cell count reductions in S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes in the combined treatment group were 0.88 and 0.59 log units, respectively. The inactivation mechanism underlying the EX and UVB combination treatment was evaluated using fluorescent staining. The combination of EX and UVB light induced the inactivation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase) and synergistic ROS generation, resulting in synergistic lipid peroxidation and destruction of the cell membrane. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in the color, texture, or sensory attributes of sliced cheese between the combination treatment and control groups. These results demonstrate that combined treatment with EX and UVB light is a potential alternative strategy for inactivating foodborne pathogens in dairy products without affecting their quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hyun Im
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Global K-Food Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, 17579, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Ha
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Global K-Food Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, 17579, South Korea.
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Xu J, Kann RJ, Mohammed D, Huang CH. Far-UVC 222 nm Treatment: Effects of Nitrate/Nitrite on Disinfection Byproduct Formation Potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58. [PMID: 39133232 PMCID: PMC11360365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Irradiation at far ultraviolet C (far-UVC) 222 nm by krypton chloride (KrCl*) excilamps can enhance microbial disinfection and micropollutant photolysis/oxidation. However, nitrate/nitrite, which absorbs strongly at 222 nm, may affect the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Herein, we evaluated model organic matter and real water samples and observed a substantial increase in the formation potential for trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) (TCNM-FP), a nitrogenous DBP, by nitrate or nitrite after irradiation at 222 nm. At a disinfection dose of 100 mJ·cm-2, TCNM-FP of humic acids and fulvic acids increased from ∼0.4 to 25 and 43 μg·L-1, respectively, by the presence of 10 mg-N·L-1 nitrate. For the effect of nitrate concentration, the TCNM-FP peak was observed at 5-10 mg-N·L-1. Stronger fluence caused a greater increase of TCNM-FP. Similarly, the increase of TCNM-FP was also observed for wastewater and drinking water samples containing nitrate. Pretreatment using ozonation and coagulation, flocculation, and filtration or the addition of H2O2 can effectively control TCNM-FP. The formation potential of other DBPs was minorly affected by irradiation at 222 nm regardless of whether nitrate/nitrite was present. Overall, far-UVC 222 nm treatment poses the risk of increasing TCNM-FP of waters containing nitrate or nitrite at environmentally relevant concentrations and the mitigation strategies merit further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Xu
- Department
of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ryan J. Kann
- School
of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Dauda Mohammed
- Department
of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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5
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Lee SR, Jo S, Kim S, Oh Y, Kim DK. Synergistic efficacy of ultrasound and ammonium persulfate in inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 in buffered peptone water and orange juice. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 419:110749. [PMID: 38788343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the synergistic effects of ammonium persulfate (PS) and ultrasound (US) on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in buffered peptone water (BPW) and orange juice products. A comprehensive assessment of PS concentrations ranging from 1 to 300 mM, considering not only the statistical significance but also the reliability and stability of the experimental outcomes, showed that 150 mM was the optimal PS concentration for the inactivation of E. coli O157:H7. Additionally, US output intensities varying from 30 % to 60 % of the maximum US intensity were evaluated, and 50 % US amplitude was found to be the optimal US condition. A 50 % amplitude setting on the sonicator corresponds to half of its maximum displacement, approximately 60 μm, based on a maximum amplitude of 120 μm. The inactivation level of E. coli O157:H7 was significantly enhanced by the combined treatment of PS and US, compared to each treatment of PS and US alone. In the BPW, a 10-min treatment with the combination of PS and US resulted in a significant synergistic inactivation, achieving up to a log reduction of 3.86 log CFU/mL. Similarly, in orange juice products, a 5-min treatment with the combination of PS and US yielded a significant synergistic inactivation, with a reduction reaching 5.90 log CFU/mL. Although the treatment caused a significant color change in the sample, the visual differences between the treated and non-treated groups were not pronounced. Furthermore, the combined treatment in orange juice demonstrated significantly enhanced antimicrobial efficacy relative to BPW. Despite identical 5-min treatment periods, the application in orange juice resulted in a substantially higher log reduction of E. coli O157:H7, achieving 7.16 log CFU/mL at a reduced PS concentration of 30 mM, whereas the same treatment in BPW yielded only a 2.89 log CFU/mL reduction at a PS concentration of 150 mM, thereby highlighting its significantly superior antimicrobial performance in orange juice. The mechanism underlying microbial inactivation, induced by the combined treatment of PS and US, was identified as significant cell membrane damage. This damage is mediated by sulfate radicals, generated through the sono-activation of persulfate. In addition, the low pH of orange juice, measured at 3.7, is likely to have further deteriorated the E. coli O157:H7 cells compared to BPW (pH 7.2), by disrupting their cell membranes, proton gradients, and energy metabolism. These findings underscore the effectiveness of PS and US integration as a promising approach for non-thermal pasteurization in the food industry. Further research is needed to optimize treatment parameters and fully explore the practical application of this technique in large-scale food processing operations. Sensory evaluation and nutritional assessment are also necessary to address the limitations of PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Rim Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebin Jo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeawon Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Kyun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Sheng X, Wang J, Zhao L, Yan W, Qian J, Wang Z, Zhang J, Raghavan V. Inactivation mechanism of cold plasma combined with 222 nm ultraviolet for spike protein and its application in disinfecting of SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133458. [PMID: 38215522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible virus that has precipitated a worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease since 2019. Developing an effective disinfection strategy is crucial to prevent the risk of surface cross-contamination by SARS-CoV-2. This study employed pseudovirus and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein of SARS-CoV-2 as models to investigate the spike protein inactivation process and its underlying mechanisms using a novel nonthermal technology. Cold plasma combined with 222 nm ultraviolet (CP+UV) treatment was applied to accelerate the generation of reactive species and enhance sterilization efficiency. The results indicated that the binding activity of RBD protein was completely inhibited at specific concentrations (0.01-0.05 mg/cm2) with corresponding treatment times of 15-30 s. The mechanism potentially involves the reactive species generated by CP+UV, which react with the spike protein RBD of SARS-CoV-2, leading to the loss of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity by causing damage to the β-sheet structure and chemical bonds in the RBD protein. Validated by a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) laboratory, the CP+UV treatment for 30 s could completely inactivate SARS-CoV-2 with a concentration of 19054 ± 1112 TCID50/cm2. Therefore, this study potentially provides a novel disinfection strategy for the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on surface cross-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sheng
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Luling Zhao
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Qian
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaobin Wang
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3V9, Canada
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7
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Li YQ, Sun R, Zhang CM, Liu ZX, Chen RT, Zhao J, Gu HD, Yin HC. Inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in water by electron beam excitation multi-wavelength ultraviolet irradiation: Efficiency, influence factors and mechanism. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 350:119597. [PMID: 38029495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limitations of traditional ultraviolet (UV) in microbial inactivation in water, it is necessary to explore a more suitable and efficient UV disinfection method. In this study, an electron beam excitation multi-wavelength ultraviolet (EBE-MW-UV) system was established and aims to analyze its differential microbial inactivation capabilities in comparison to single-wavelength UV-LEDs in waterborne applications. Furthermore, the inactivation mechanisms of this system on microorganisms were explored. The results showed that EBE-MW-UV had significantly higher inactivation effects on the Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans in water compared to UV-LEDs (p<0.05), and the inactivation effect of EBE-MW-UV on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the same UV dose was 3.8 and 1.9 log higher than that of UV-LEDs, respectively, EBE-MW-UV exhibited better inactivation effects on Gram-negative bacteria. Further research found that, under the majority of irradiation doses, neither EBE-MW-UV nor UV-LEDs were significantly affected by the concentration of suspended solids (5 and 20 mg/L) or humic acids (2 and 5 mg/L) in the water. Mechanism analysis revealed that during the disinfection process of EBE-MW-UV, microbial DNA and proteins were initially damaged, which prevented the occurrence of dark repair and led to bacterial inactivation. In addition, UV irradiation led to the production of additional reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the cells, increasing cell membrane permeability and exacerbating membrane damage. This was accompanied by a decrease in energy metabolism and depletion of ATP, ultimately resulting in microbial inactivation. Therefore, EBE-MW-UV demonstrated more effective disinfection than single-wavelength UV-LEDs, showing great potential. Our research gives new insights into the characteristics of multiple wavelength ultraviolet, and provides scientific basis for the selection of new light sources in the field of ultraviolet disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Rui Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Chong-Miao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Zi-Xuan Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Rui-Tao Chen
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Shanghai NovelUv Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Hua-Dong Gu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Huan-Cai Yin
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China.
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8
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Chen H, Moraru C. Synergistic effects of sequential light treatment with 222-nm/405-nm and 280-nm/405-nm wavelengths on inactivation of foodborne pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0065023. [PMID: 37800967 PMCID: PMC10617431 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00650-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-based technologies of different wavelengths can inactivate pathogenic microorganisms, but each wavelength has its limitations. This work explores the potential of sequential treatments with different wavelengths for enhancing the disinfection performance of individual treatments by employing various bactericidal mechanisms. The effectiveness, inactivation kinetics, and bactericidal mechanisms of treatments with 222/405, 280/405, and 405 nm alone against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated. Inactivation experiments were performed in thin liquid bacterial suspensions that were treated either individually with 48 h of 405-nm light or sequentially with (i) 30 s of 222-nm far-UV-C light, followed by 48 h of 405-nm light, or (ii) 30 s of 280-nm far-UV-C light, followed by 48 h of 405-nm light. Survivors were recovered and enumerated by standard plate counting. All inactivation curves were non-linear and followed the Weibull model (0.99 ≥ R2 ≥ 0.70). Synergistic effects were found for E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and S. Typhimurium, with maximum inactivation level increases of 2.9, 3.3, and 1.1 log CFU after the sequential treatments, respectively. Marginal synergy was found for S. aureus, and an antagonistic effect was found for P. aeruginosa after sequential treatments. Significant differences in reactive oxygen species accumulation were found (P < 0.05) after various treatment combinations, and the performance of sequential treatments was correlated with cellular oxidative damage. The sequential wavelength treatments proposed demonstrate the potential for enhanced disinfection of multiple foodborne pathogens compared with individual wavelength treatments, which can have significant food safety benefits. IMPORTANCE Nonthermal light-based technologies offer a chemical-free method to mitigate microbial contamination in the food and healthcare industries. However, each individual wavelength has different limitations in terms of efficacy and operating conditions, which limits their practical applicability. In this study, bactericidal synergism of sequential treatments with different wavelengths was identified. Pre-treatments with 280 and 222 nm enhanced the disinfection performance of follow-up 405-nm treatments for multiple foodborne pathogens by inducing higher levels of cellular membrane damage and oxidative stress. These findings deliver useful information for light equipment manufacturers, food processors, and healthcare users, who can design and optimize effective light-based systems to realize the full potential of germicidal light technologies. The results from the sequential treatments offer practical solutions to improve the germicidal efficacy of visible light systems, as well as provide inspiration for future hurdle disinfection systems design, with a positive impact on food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Chen
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Carmen Moraru
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Xin X, Kim J, Ashley DC, Huang CH. Degradation and Defluorination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances by Direct Photolysis at 222 nm. ACS ES&T WATER 2023; 3:2776-2785. [PMID: 37588805 PMCID: PMC10425954 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility of 19 representative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to direct photolysis and defluorination under far-UVC 222 nm irradiation was investigated. Enhanced photolysis occurred for perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acids (FTUCAs), and GenX, compared to that at conventional 254 nm irradiation on a similar fluence basis, while other PFAS showed minimal decay. For degradable PFAS, up to 81% of parent compound decay (photolysis rate constant (k222 nm) = 8.19-34.76 L·Einstein-1; quantum yield (Φ222 nm) = 0.031-0.158) and up to 31% of defluorination were achieved within 4 h, and the major transformation products were shorter-chain PFCAs. Solution pH, dissolved oxygen, carbonate, phosphate, chloride, and humic acids had mild impacts, while nitrate significantly affected PFAS photolysis/defluorination at 222 nm. Decarboxylation is a crucial step of photolytic decay. The slower degradation of short-chain PFCAs than long-chain ones is related to molar absorptivity and may also be influenced by chain-length dependent structural factors, such as differences in pKa, conformation, and perfluoroalkyl radical stability. Meanwhile, theoretical calculations indicated that the widely proposed HF elimination from the alcohol intermediate (CnF2n+1OH) of PFCA is an unlikely degradation pathway due to high activation barriers. These new findings are useful for further development of far-UVC technology for PFAS in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Xin
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Juhee Kim
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Daniel C. Ashley
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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10
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Xu J, Huang CH. Enhanced Direct Photolysis of Organic Micropollutants by Far-UVC Light at 222 nm from KrCl* Excilamps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:543-548. [PMID: 37333939 PMCID: PMC10269434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Krypton chloride (KrCl*) excilamps emitting at far-UVC 222 nm represent a promising technology for microbial disinfection and advanced oxidation of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in water treatment. However, direct photolysis rates and photochemical properties at 222 nm are largely unknown for common OMPs. In this study, we evaluated photolysis for 46 OMPs by a KrCl* excilamp and compared it with a low-pressure mercury UV lamp. Generally, OMP photolysis was greatly enhanced at 222 nm with fluence rate-normalized rate constants of 0.2-21.6 cm2·μEinstein-1, regardless of whether they feature higher or lower absorbance at 222 nm than at 254 nm. The photolysis rate constants and quantum yields were 10-100 and 1.1-47 times higher, respectively, than those at 254 nm for most OMPs. The enhanced photolysis at 222 nm was mainly caused by strong light absorbance for non-nitrogenous, aniline-like, and triazine OMPs, while notably higher quantum yield (4-47 times of that at 254 nm) occurred for nitrogenous OMPs. At 222 nm, humic acid can inhibit OMP photolysis by light screening and potentially by quenching intermediates, while nitrate/nitrite may contribute more than others to screen light. Overall, KrCl* excilamps are promising in achieving effective OMP photolysis and merit further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Xu
- Department
of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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11
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B. Soro A, Shokri S, Nicolau-Lapeña I, Ekhlas D, Burgess CM, Whyte P, Bolton DJ, Bourke P, Tiwari BK. Current challenges in the application of the UV-LED technology for food decontamination. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Photobiochemical mechanisms of biomolecules relevant to germicidal ultraviolet irradiation at 222 and 254 nm. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18217. [PMID: 36309578 PMCID: PMC9617911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22969-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To inactivate viruses and microorganisms, ultraviolet light in the short wavelength region is a promising candidate for mitigating the infection of disease. Germicidal mercury lamps emitting at 254 nm and KrCl excimer lamps emitting at 222 nm have sterilisation properties. In this work, wavelength dependence of the photobiochemical mechanisms was investigated with 222- and 254-nm irradiation to analyze the underlying damage mechanisms of DNA/RNA and proteins, using Escherichia coli, a protease, an oligopeptide, amino acids, plasmid DNA and nucleosides. The photorepair of damaged DNA and the "dark" reversion of the hydrates of uracil phosphoramidite coupling blocks were also investigated.
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Cho ER, Kim JY, Oh SW, Kang DH. Inactivation of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. Carotovorum and Dickeya chrysanthemi on the surface of fresh produce using a 222 nm krypton–chlorine excimer lamp and 280 nm UVC light-emitting diodes. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Synergistic Antimicrobial Effect of UV-A Irradiation and Malic Acid Combination Treatment Against Foodborne Pathogens on Spinach and the Underlying Mechanism. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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15
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Lim JS, Ha JW. Growth temperature influences the resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on lettuce to X-ray irradiation. Food Microbiol 2021; 99:103825. [PMID: 34119110 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of different growth temperatures on the resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium to low-energy X-ray irradiation. Irradiation of contaminated phosphate-buffered saline with 0.6 kGy X-ray decreased the counts of E. coli O157:H7 cultured at 37 °C to below the detection limit (<1.0 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL) and those of E. coli O157:H7 cultured at 25 and 15 °C by 4.82 and 4.45 log CFU/mL, respectively. The viable counts of S. Typhimurium cultured at 37, 25, and 15 °C in phosphate-buffered saline decreased by 3.56, 3.08, and 2.75 log CFU/mL, respectively, after irradiation with 0.6 kGy X-ray. Irradiation of contaminated lettuce with 0.4 kGy decreased the counts of E. coli O157:H7 cultured at 37, 25, and 15 °C by 3.97, 3.45, and 3.10 log CFU/cm2, respectively, and those of S. Typhimurium by 4.41, 3.84, and 3.40 log CFU/cm2, respectively. Growth temperature influenced pathogen resistance to X-ray irradiation by modulating cellular membrane and DNA integrity, intracellular enzyme activity, and efflux pump function. The results of this study suggest that the stress resistance status of pathogenic bacteria cultured at different growth temperatures should be considered for the application of X-ray irradiation for fresh produce sterilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Seong Lim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Global K-Food Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, 17579, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Ha
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Global K-Food Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, 17579, South Korea.
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16
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Seok JH, Ha JW. Synergistic mechanism and enhanced inactivation exhibited by UVA irradiation combined with citric acid against pathogenic bacteria on sliced cheese. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Hessling M, Haag R, Sieber N, Vatter P. The impact of far-UVC radiation (200-230 nm) on pathogens, cells, skin, and eyes - a collection and analysis of a hundred years of data. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2021; 16:Doc07. [PMID: 33643774 PMCID: PMC7894148 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: The ongoing coronavirus pandemic requires new disinfection approaches, especially for airborne viruses. The 254 nm emission of low-pressure vacuum lamps is known for its antimicrobial effect, but unfortunately, this radiation is also harmful to human cells. Some researchers published reports that short-wavelength ultraviolet light in the spectral region of 200-230 nm (far-UVC) should inactivate pathogens without harming human cells, which might be very helpful in many applications. Methods: A literature search on the impact of far-UVC radiation on pathogens, cells, skin and eyes was performed and median log-reduction doses for different pathogens and wavelengths were calculated. Observed damage to cells, skin and eyes was collected and presented in standardized form. Results: More than 100 papers on far-UVC disinfection, published within the last 100 years, were found. Far-UVC radiation, especially the 222 nm emission of KrCl excimer lamps, exhibits strong antimicrobial properties. The average necessary log-reduction doses are 1.3 times higher than with 254 nm irradiation. A dose of 100 mJ/cm2 reduces all pathogens by several orders of magnitude without harming human cells, if optical filters block emissions above 230 nm. Conclusion: The approach is very promising, especially for temporary applications, but the data is still sparse. Investigations with high far-UVC doses over a longer period of time have not yet been carried out, and there is no positive study on the impact of this radiation on human eyes. Additionally, far-UVC sources are unavailable in larger quantities. Therefore, this is not a short-term solution for the current pandemic, but may be suitable for future technological approaches for decontamination in rooms in the presence of people or for antisepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robin Haag
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicole Sieber
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Vatter
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
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Welch D, Brenner DJ. Improved Ultraviolet Radiation Film Dosimetry Using OrthoChromic OC-1 Film †. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:498-504. [PMID: 33294996 PMCID: PMC8547612 DOI: 10.1111/php.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in far-UVC lighting, defined as wavelengths from 200 to 230 nm, because research has demonstrated these wavelengths to be an effective antimicrobial technology while posing a minimal hazard to human health. Far-UVC lighting is now being installed to directly irradiate spaces where humans are present, and it will be important to perform measurements to verify far-UVC lighting installations are operating within widely accepted exposure guidelines. In this work, we explore the use of a commercially available film, known as OrthoChromic OC-1, to measure ultraviolet radiation exposure. The film was tested with a variety of ultraviolet wavelengths and irradiance conditions, and the color change of the film was analyzed for increasing levels of radiant exposure. The film response extended over a dynamic range that was greater than the recommended exposure limits for far-UVC radiation so it can potentially be useful for health hazard monitoring. The spectrum of the incident ultraviolet radiation strongly affected the response of the film; therefore, for accurate measurements we recommend the measured spectrum match the spectrum used for calibration. Overall, dosimetry with this film provides a simple, accurate, and inexpensive method of quantifying ultraviolet radiation exposure that is suitable for far-UVC measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Hashemi SMB, Jafarpour D. Ultrasound and malic acid treatment of sweet lemon juice: Microbial inactivation and quality changes. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dornoush Jafarpour
- Department of Food Science and Technology College of Agriculture Islamic Azad University of Fasa Branch Fars Iran
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Kang JW, Kim WJ, Kang DH. Synergistic effect of 222-nm krypton-chlorine excilamp and mild heating combined treatment on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in apple juice. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 329:108665. [PMID: 32497789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous treatment with 222-nm KrCl excilamp and mild heating (EX-MH) at 45, 50 and 55 °C showed synergistic bactericidal effects on non-acid and acid adapted cells of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in apple juice. In particular, acid-adapted pathogens exhibited increased resistance to EX-MH compared to pathogenic bacteria that were not acid-adapted. Also, elucidation of the synergistic bactericidal mechanism of EX-MH was performed through several assays and this mechanism was described as follows: (i) when KrCl excilamp (EX) and mild heating (MH) are applied simultaneously, MH reversibly inactivates the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD), thereby increasing accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by EX and thus inducing synergistic ROS generation, (ii) ROS production induces lipid peroxidation occurrence in the cell membrane, (iii) this lipid peroxidation occurrence in the cell membrane induces synergistic destruction of cell membrane, resulting in synergistic cell death. While EX-MH of 45, 50, or 55 °C reduced E. coli O157:H7 (the pathogen most resistant to EX-MH) in apple juice by 5-log, the qualities such as color (L*, a*, and b*), total phenolic compounds (TPC), and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of apple juice did not change significantly (P > 0.05). This study not only suggests the applicability of EX-MH to the apple juice industry, but also can be used as baseline data for future relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Won Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Ju Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Combined treatment with a 222-nm krypton-chlorine excilamp and a 280-nm LED-UVC for inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Cadet J. Harmless Effects of Sterilizing 222-nm far-UV Radiation on Mouse Skin and Eye Tissues. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:949-950. [PMID: 32526045 DOI: 10.1111/php.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this issue, Yamano et al. provide further evidence that germicidal 222-nm far UV light has no immediate and delayed harmful effects on the skin and ocular tissue of rats. The safety of 222-nm krypton-chlorine excimer lamps, highlighted in the commentary article, has already received relevant applications in the treatment of surgical site infections and in the control of airborne and foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Kang JW, Hong HN, Kang DH. Application of a Krypton-Chlorine Excilamp To Control Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris Spores in Apple Juice and Identification of Its Sporicidal Mechanism. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00159-20. [PMID: 32220842 PMCID: PMC7237776 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00159-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the sporicidal effect of a krypton-chlorine (KrCl) excilamp against Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores and to compare its inactivation mechanism to that of a conventional UV lamp containing mercury (Hg). The inactivation effect of the KrCl excilamp was not significantly different from that of the Hg UV lamp for A. acidoterrestris spores in apple juice despite the 222-nm wavelength of the KrCl excilamp having a higher absorption coefficient in apple juice than the 254-nm wavelength of the Hg UV lamp; this is because KrCl excilamps have a fundamentally greater inactivation effect than Hg UV lamps, which is confirmed under ideal conditions (phosphate-buffered saline). The inactivation mechanism analysis revealed that the DNA damage induced by the KrCl excilamp was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from that induced by the Hg UV lamp, while the KrCl excilamp caused significantly higher (P < 0.05) lipid peroxidation incidence and permeability change in the inner membrane of A. acidoterrestris spores than did the Hg UV lamp. Meanwhile, the KrCl excilamp did not generate significant (P > 0.05) intracellular reactive oxygen species, indicating that the KrCl excilamp causes damage only through the direct absorption of UV light. In addition, after KrCl excilamp treatment with a dose of 2,011 mJ/cm2 to reduce A. acidoterrestris spores in apple juice by 5 logs, there were no significant (P > 0.05) changes in quality parameters such as color (L*, a*, and b*), total phenolic compounds, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity.IMPORTANCEAlicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores, which have high resistance to thermal treatment and can germinate even at low pH, are very troublesome in the juice industry. UV technology, a nonthermal treatment, can be an excellent means to control heat-resistant A. acidoterrestris spores in place of thermal treatment. However, the traditionally applied UV sources are lamps that contain mercury (Hg), which is harmful to humans and the environment; thus, there is a need to apply novel UV technology without the use of Hg. In response to this issue, excilamps, an Hg-free UV source, have been actively studied. However, no studies have been conducted applying this technique to control A. acidoterrestris spores. Therefore, the results of this study, which applied a KrCl excilamp for the control of A. acidoterrestris spores and elucidated the inactivation principle, are expected to be utilized as important basic data for application to actual industry or conducting further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Won Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Nyeong Hong
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Synergistic antimicrobial effect of X-ray and curcumin against Listeria monocytogenes on sliced cheese. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Kim SS, Shin M, Kang JW, Kim DK, Kang DH. Application of the 222 nm krypton-chlorine excilamp and 280 nm UVC light-emitting diode for the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium in water with various turbidities. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Kim S, Park J, Park H, Hong H, Kang D. Combined ohmic heating and krypton‐chlorine excilamp treatment for the inactivation of
Listeria monocytogenes
,
Salmonella
Typhimurium, and
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 in apple juice. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang‐Soon Kim
- Department of Food EngineeringDankook University Chungnam Korea
| | - Jihun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life SciencesSeoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Heesoo Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life SciencesSeoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Haknyeong Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life SciencesSeoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Dong‐Hyun Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life SciencesSeoul National University Seoul Korea
- Institutes of Green Bio Science & TechnologySeoul National University Pyeongchang‐gun Gangwon‐do Korea
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Park JS, Ha JW. Ultrasound treatment combined with fumaric acid for inactivating food-borne pathogens in apple juice and its mechanisms. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Jeong YJ, Ha JW. Combined treatment of UV-A radiation and acetic acid to control foodborne pathogens on spinach and characterization of their synergistic bactericidal mechanisms. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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29
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Kang JW, Lee JI, Jeong SY, Kim YM, Kang DH. Effect of 222-nm krypton-chloride excilamp treatment on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium on alfalfa seeds and seed germination. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:171-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Shen Z, Hu Y, Chen R, He X, Wu K, Cheng Z, Pan P, Jiang L, Mao J, Ni C. Excimer ultraviolet-irradiated exfoliated graphite loaded with carbon-coated SnO x small nanoparticles as advanced anodes for high-rate-capacity lithium-ion batteries. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:7744-7753. [PMID: 30949642 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10379h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a fast and efficient excimer ultraviolet (EUV) radiation method to prepare carbon-coated mixed tin oxide-loaded exfoliated graphite (SnOx@C-G) nanocomposites. The SnOx small nanoparticles (SNPs) are isolated using oxidized sucrose and uniformly deposited onto mildly oxidized exfoliated graphite during the 20-minute EUV radiation process. XPS and ESR analyses suggest the existence of abundant oxygen vacancies in the SnOx SNPs. The electrochemical kinetics of SnOx@C-G, which are determined by in situ electrochemical impedance analysis, demonstrated a high reversible capacity of approximately 740 mA h g-1 after 250 cycles at a current density of 1.6 A g-1, and an impressive reversible rate performance exceeding 450 mA h g-1 can be obtained even at a high current density of 3.2 A g-1 when applied as an anode for lithium storage. This improved cycling stability and rate capability benefit from the carbon coating, which not only buffers the volume change of SnOx SNPs but also provides a path for electron transport on the surface of the SnOx SNPs during the electrochemical process. Furthermore, the oxygen vacancies in SnOx SNPs result in a large capacitive contribution to capacity. The EUV radiation method used to synthesize SnOx@C-graphite nanosheets is universally applicable to prepare a high-performance SNPs/carbon-based anode for lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China.
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Kang JW, Kang DH. Increased Resistance of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 to 222-Nanometer Krypton-Chlorine Excilamp Treatment by Acid Adaptation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02221-18. [PMID: 30610077 PMCID: PMC6414383 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02221-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the change in resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 to 222-nm krypton-chlorine (KrCl) excilamp treatment as influenced by acid adaptation and identified a mechanism of resistance change. In addition, we measured changes in apple juice quality indicators, such as color, total phenols, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, during treatment. Non-acid-adapted and acid-adapted pathogens were induced by growing the cells in tryptic soy broth without dextrose (TSB w/o D) at pH 7.3 and in TSB w/o D at pH 5.0 (adjusted with HCl), respectively. For the KrCl excilamp treatment, acid-adapted pathogens exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher D5d values, which indicate dosages required to achieve a 5-log reduction, than those for non-acid-adapted pathogens in both commercially clarified apple juice and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and the pathogens in the juice showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher D5d values than those for pathogens in PBS because of the UV-absorbing characteristics of apple juice. Through mechanism identification, it was found that the generation of lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane, inducing cell membrane destruction, was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in acid-adapted cells than in non-acid-adapted cells for the same amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated at the same dose because the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (USFA/SFA) in the cell membrane was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased as a result of acid adaptation. Treated apple juice showed no significant (P > 0.05) difference in quality indicators compared to those of untreated controls during treatment at 1,773 mJ/cm2IMPORTANCE There is a need for novel, mercury-free UV lamp technology to replace germicidal lamps containing harmful mercury, which are routinely utilized for UV pasteurization of apple juice. In addition, consideration of the changes in response to antimicrobial treatments that may occur when pathogens are adapted to the acid in an apple juice matrix is critical to the practical application of this technology. Based on this, an investigation using 222-nm KrCl excilamp technology, an attractive alternative to mercury lamps, was conducted. Our study demonstrated increased resistance to 222-nm KrCl excilamp treatment as pathogens adapted to acids, and this was due to changes in reactivity to ROS with changes in the fatty acid composition of the cell membrane. Despite increased resistance, the 222-nm KrCl excilamp achieved pathogen reductions of 5 log or more at laboratory scale without affecting apple juice quality. These results provide valuable baseline data for application of 222-nm KrCl excilamps in the apple juice industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Won Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green-bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green-bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157:H7 grown at low temperatures to the krypton-chlorine excilamp. Sci Rep 2019; 9:563. [PMID: 30679621 PMCID: PMC6346039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to 222-nm krypton-chlorine(KrCl) excilamp and 254-nm low-pressure Hg lamp (LP lamp) treatment according to growth temperature. As growth temperature decreased, lag time of E. coli O157:H7 significantly increased while the growth rate significantly decreased. Regardless of growth temperature, the KrCl excilamp showed higher disinfection capacity compared to the LP lamp at stationary growth phase. KrCl excilamp treatment showed significantly higher reduction as growth temperature decreased. Conversely, reduction levels according to growth temperature were not significantly different when the pathogen was subjected to LP lamp treatment. Inactivation mechanisms were evaluated by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay and SYBR green assay, and we confirmed that lipid oxdiation capacity following KrCl excilamp treatment increased as growth temperature decreased, which was significantly higher than that of LP lamp treated samples regardless of growth temperature. DNA damage level was significantly higher for LP Hg lamp treated samples compared to those subjected to the KrCl excilamp, but no significant difference pursuant to growth temperature was observed. At the transcriptional level, gene expression related to several metabolic pathways was significantly higher for the pathogen grown at 15 °C compared that of 37 °C, enabling it to adapt and survive at low temperature, and membrane lipid composition became altered to ensure membrane fluidity. Consequently, resistance of E. coli O157:H7 to the KrCl excilamp decreased as growth temperature decreased because the ratio of unsaturated fatty acid composition increased at low growth temperature resulting in higher lipid oxidation levels. These results indicate that KrCl excilamp treatment should be determined carefully considering the growth temperature of E. coli O157:H7.
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Park JS, Ha JW. X-ray irradiation inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on sliced cheese and its bactericidal mechanisms. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 289:127-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kang JW, Kang DH. The Synergistic Bactericidal Mechanism of Simultaneous Treatment with a 222-Nanometer Krypton-Chlorine Excilamp and a 254-Nanometer Low-Pressure Mercury Lamp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e01952-18. [PMID: 30315076 PMCID: PMC6293110 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01952-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic bactericidal effect of 222-nm KrCl excilamp and 254-nm low-pressure (LP) Hg lamp simultaneous treatment against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes in tap water and to identify the synergistic bactericidal mechanism. Sterilized tap water inoculated with pathogens was treated individually or simultaneously with a 254-nm LP Hg lamp or 222-nm KrCl excilamp. Overall, for all pathogens, an additional reduction was found compared to the sum of the log unit reductions of the individual treatments resulting from synergy in the simultaneous treatment with both kinds of lamps. In order to identify the mechanism of this synergistic bactericidal action, the form and cause of membrane damage were analyzed. Total reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide generation as well as the activity of ROS defense enzymes then were measured, and the overall mechanism was described as follows. When the 222-nm KrCl excilamp and the 254-nm LP Hg lamp were treated simultaneously, inactivation of ROS defense enzymes by the 222-nm KrCl excilamp induced additional ROS generation following exposure to 254-nm LP Hg lamp (synergistic) generation, resulting in synergistic lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane. As a result, there was a synergistic increase in cell membrane permeability leading to a synergistic bactericidal effect. This identification of the fundamental mechanism of the combined disinfection system of the 222-nm KrCl excilamp and 254-nm LP Hg lamp, which exhibited a synergistic bactericidal effect, can provide important baseline data for further related studies or industrial applications in the future.IMPORTANCE Contamination of pathogenic microorganisms in water plays an important role in inducing outbreaks of food-borne illness by causing cross-contamination in foods. Thus, proper disinfection of water before use in food production is essential to prevent outbreaks of food-borne illness. As technologies capable of selecting UV radiation wavelengths (such as UV-LEDs and excilamps) have been developed, wavelength combination treatment with UV radiation, which is widely used in water disinfection systems, is actively being studied. In this regard, we have confirmed synergistic bactericidal effects in combination with 222-nm and 254-nm wavelengths and have identified mechanisms for this. This study clearly analyzed the mechanism of synergistic bactericidal effect by wavelength combination treatment, which has not been attempted in other studies. Therefore, it is also expected that these results will play an important role as baseline data for future research on, as well as industrial applications for, the disinfection strategy of effective wavelength combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Won Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Elevated Inactivation Efficacy of a Pulsed UVC Light-Emitting Diode System for Foodborne Pathogens on Selective Media and Food Surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01340-18. [PMID: 30097449 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01340-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UVC light, a strong surface disinfection technology, is used worldwide to ensure not only environmental safety but also food safety. Several drawbacks associated with the use of mercury-containing UV lamps, especially human and environmental health risks, led to the Minamata Convention on Mercury, which prohibits the manufacture and import/export of products containing mercury. Therefore, light-emitting diode (LED)-based UVC irradiation, a new technology that is ecofriendly and represents an effective UV light source, has been researched recently. To date, however, there has been no report describing pulsed UVC-LED irradiation for improvement of inactivation of foodborne pathogens, although much research regarding conventional pulsed xenon lamps has been published. In this investigation, we evaluated the enhanced bactericidal effect of a pulsed UVC-LED system, compared to continuous irradiation, and optimum conditions for maximizing the effect were determined. Also, the differences in inactivation between pulsed and continuous UVC-LED irradiation were determined by inactivation mechanism analyses. The combination of 20-Hz frequency and 50% duty ratio for pulsed UVC-LED irradiation achieved 4- to 5-log-unit reductions of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes; this combination showed the greatest bactericidal effect among various treatment conditions using 2 or 5 mJ/cm2 In mechanism assessments, membrane integrity (propidium iodide uptake) was not affected by UVC-LED treatment but membrane potential [bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4(3)] accumulation] showed significantly different values when pulsed and continuous treatments were compared. Changes in membrane lipid peroxidation and respiratory enzyme activity were attributed to generation of more reactive oxygen species by pulsed UVC-LED irradiation.IMPORTANCE In 2013, the United Nations Environment Programme convened the Minamata Convention on Mercury, which prohibits trade in mercury-containing products in order to ensure human health. It will be effectuated in 2020; use of low-pressure mercury lamps will be discontinued and a new UV light source selected to replace the conventional technology. In this regard, UVC-LEDs have been developed and the fundamental inactivating effect has been researched. However, a pulsed UVC-LED system has not been studied, because of the difficulty of generating a UVC-LED pulse wave. An optical chopper system that physically divides the light with an adjustable blade, with personalized frequency and duty ratio settings, was introduced for generation of pulsed UVC-LED irradiation. This study elucidated the efficacy of a pulsed UVC-LED system and investigated its enhanced bactericidal effect in mechanism analyses.
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Ha JW, Kang DH. Effect of intermittent 222 nm krypton-chlorine excilamp irradiation on microbial inactivation in water. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kang JW, Kim SS, Kang DH. Inactivation dynamics of 222 nm krypton-chlorine excilamp irradiation on Gram-positive and Gram-negative foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Food Res Int 2018; 109:325-333. [PMID: 29803456 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The object of this study was to elucidate the bactericidal mechanism of a 222 nm Krypton Chlorine (KrCl) excilamp compared with that of a 254 nm Low Pressure mercury (LP Hg) lamp. The KrCl excilamp had higher bactericidal capacity against Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and L. monocytogenes) and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria (S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7) than did the LP Hg lamp when cell suspensions in PBS were irradiated with each type of UV lamp. It was found out that the KrCl excilamp induced cell membrane damage as a form of depolarization. From the study of respiratory chain dehydrogenase activity and the lipid peroxidation assay, it was revealed that cell membrane damage was attributed to inactivation of enzymes related to generation of membrane potential and occurrence of lipid peroxidation. Direct absorption of UV radiation which led to photoreaction through formation of an excited state was one of the causes inducing cell damage. Additionally, generation of ROS and thus occurrence of secondary damage can be another cause. The LP Hg lamp only induced damage to DNA but not to other components such as lipids or proteins. This difference was derived from differences of UV radiation absorption by cellular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Won Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soon Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, Republic of Korea.
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