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Xu A, Zhou H, Yu S, Li Y, Wang L, Wu A, Liang J, Peng S, Liu N. Fusarium Mycotoxins and OTA in Beer from Shanghai, the Largest Megacity in China: Occurrence and Dietary Risk Assessment. Foods 2023; 12:3071. [PMID: 37628069 PMCID: PMC10452965 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Beer is susceptible to mycotoxin contamination originating from infected grains. It could be that mycotoxins are not completely removed during the brewing process and remain in the final product. Nevertheless, there have been no surveys of exposure to mycotoxin for Chinese inhabitants through beer consumption. This study aimed to investigate the presence of eight mycotoxins in 158 beer samples purchased in Shanghai, the largest megacity in China. The multiple mycotoxins determination was carried out using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Our findings revealed that 48.1% (76/158) of the beer samples were contaminated with Fusarium toxins. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) and zearalenone (ZEN) were detected in 34.81% and 16.46% of the total samples, respectively. The significant differences between D3G/ZEN contamination and various beer types were performed. Furthermore, this study performed a health risk assessment for Shanghai residents based on data for Fusarium toxins and ochratoxin A (OTA) present in beer for the first time. The results revealed that the 95th percentile dietary exposures of Shanghai residents did not pose any chronic or acute health risks, either individually or in combination. Dietary exposures to Fusarium toxins revealed different risk levels among residents. The cumulative health risk for women is higher than that for men at the same beer consumption. In addition, the acute risk of DONs exposure for adults deserves concern. The insights obtained from this study may be of assistance for beer manufacturers and governmental regulators to further develop beer monitoring and guarantee public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Shenghao Yu
- Information Application Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai 200030, China; (S.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Yiqi Li
- Information Application Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai 200030, China; (S.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Lan Wang
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Jiang Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), Department of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 37, Guangqu Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Shaojie Peng
- Information Application Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai 200030, China; (S.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Na Liu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
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2
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Wang X, Jarmusch SA, Frisvad JC, Larsen TO. Current status of secondary metabolite pathways linked to their related biosynthetic gene clusters in Aspergillus section Nigri. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:237-274. [PMID: 35587705 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2021Aspergilli are biosynthetically 'talented' micro-organisms and therefore the natural products community has continually been interested in the wealth of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding numerous secondary metabolites related to these fungi. With the rapid increase in sequenced fungal genomes combined with the continuous development of bioinformatics tools such as antiSMASH, linking new structures to unknown BGCs has become much easier when taking retro-biosynthetic considerations into account. On the other hand, in most cases it is not as straightforward to prove proposed biosynthetic pathways due to the lack of implemented genetic tools in a given fungal species. As a result, very few secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways have been characterized even amongst some of the most well studied Aspergillus spp., section Nigri (black aspergilli). This review will cover all known biosynthetic compound families and their structural diversity known from black aspergilli. We have logically divided this into sub-sections describing major biosynthetic classes (polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, terpenoids, meroterpenoids and hybrid biosynthesis). Importantly, we will focus the review on metabolites which have been firmly linked to their corresponding BGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wang
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Scott A Jarmusch
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jens C Frisvad
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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3
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Li X, Gu N, Ye Y, Lan H, Peng F, Peng G. Intense pulsed light for inactivating planktonic and biofilm molds in food. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1104875. [PMID: 36687621 PMCID: PMC9846768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1104875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that about a quarter of the world's agriculture products is unable to be consumed each year because of mold contamination, resulting in incalculable economic losses. Despite modern food technology and the various preservation techniques available, the problem of mold contamination of food is still not adequately controlled. In this study, we simulated the biofilm formed by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium glaucum in liquid and solid food in 96 well cell culture plates and polycarbonate membrane models, respectively, and investigated the fungicidal effect of IPL on planktonic and biofilm molds at three different capacitance parameters at room and refrigerator temperatures. The results show that IPL can achieve fungicidal rates of over 99% for planktonic molds and over 90% for biofilm molds, and that the smaller the capacitance, the more frequent the irradiation required to achieve the same fungicidal rate. In addition, temperature, A. niger or Penicillium glaucum have no effect on the fungicidal effect of IPL. We believe that IPL is a promising non-thermal physical sterilization technique for fungal inhibition on food surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China,Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nixuan Gu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China,Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanrui Ye
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yanrui Ye, ✉
| | - Haifeng Lan
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gongyong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,Gongyong Peng, ✉
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4
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Conventional vs. organic vineyards: Black Aspergilli population structure, mycotoxigenic capacity and mycotoxin contamination assessment in wines, using a new Q-TOF MS-MS detection method. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Araújo IF, Marinho VHDS, Sena IDS, Curti JM, Ramos RDS, Ferreira RMA, Souto RNP, Ferreira IM. Larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti and molecular docking studies of compounds extracted from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. isolated from Bertholletia excelsa Humn. & Bonpl. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:439-459. [PMID: 35147845 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are microorganisms capable of colonizing the interior of plant tissues without causing damage to them. The study of the secondary metabolites produced by their vast biodiversity fungal is relevant for the discovery of new products for biotechnological and agrochemical applications. In addition, extract of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp., isolated from the almonds of Bertholletia excelsa Humn & Bonlp collected in the Brazilian Amazon, oviposition deterrent, and larvicidal activity of against Aedes aegypti. In the oviposition deterrence test was observed that females able to lay eggs preferred the control oviposition sites (46.6%). Furthermore, the extract showed larvicidal activity with LC50 26.86 µg/mL at 24 h and 18.75 µg/mL at 48 h. Molecular docking studies showed the compound Aspergillol B a potent larvicide by to inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (- 7.74 kcal/mol). These results indicate that compounds from secondary metabolites of Aspergillus sp., isolated from almonds of B. excelsa, are useful biological potential against vectors A. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inana F Araújo
- Biocatalysis and Applied Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Collegiate of Chemistry, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. JK, KM 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo de S Marinho
- Biocatalysis and Applied Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Collegiate of Chemistry, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. JK, KM 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Iracirema da S Sena
- Biocatalysis and Applied Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Collegiate of Chemistry, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. JK, KM 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Jhone M Curti
- Biocatalysis and Applied Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Collegiate of Chemistry, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. JK, KM 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Ryan da S Ramos
- Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, AP, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M A Ferreira
- Arthropod Laboratory, Collegiate of Biology, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. JK, KM 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Raimundo N P Souto
- Arthropod Laboratory, Collegiate of Biology, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. JK, KM 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Irlon M Ferreira
- Biocatalysis and Applied Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Collegiate of Chemistry, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. JK, KM 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil.
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Perera D, Savocchia S, Prenzler PD, Thomson PC, Steel CC. Occurrence of fumonisin-producing black aspergilli in Australian wine grapes: effects of temperature and water activity on fumonisin production by A. niger and A. welwitschiae. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:327-339. [PMID: 34694577 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Black aspergilli are some of the most common mycotoxigenic fungi in vineyards worldwide. The aims of this research were to assess the occurrence of fumonisin-producing black aspergilli in Australian wine grapes and the effects of environmental factors on fumonisin production by A. niger and A. welwitschiae (syn. A. awamori). Thirty-eight Aspergillus isolates (black aspergilli) were collected from six wine grape varieties grown in Australian vineyards. LC-MS/MS analysis of culture extracts revealed that six isolates produced fumonisins FB2 and FB4. Molecular data revealed that all fumonisin-producing isolates were A. niger and A. welwitschiae. None of the reference isolates, A. carbonarius, A. tubingensis, A. japonicus, and A. foetidus, were positive for fumonisin production. The effects of temperature and water activity on the growth and production of fumonisins were studied using two A. niger and an isolate of A. welwitschiae on synthetic grape juice medium (SGJM) at 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C, and 0.92 aw, 0.95 aw, and 0.98 aw levels. All isolates produced FB2 and FB4 at 0.95 aw and 0.98 aw and 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C. The highest growth rate observed was 14.89 mm/day for A. welwitschiae at 0.98 aw and 35 °C, whereas the highest fumonisin production observed was 25.3 mg/kg at 0.98 aw and 20 °C for A. welwitschiae. None of the isolates produced fumonisins at 35 °C at any water activity levels. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of fumonisin-positive isolates of Aspergillus from Australian wine grapes and the impact of the environmental factors on fumonisin production by A. welwitschiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Perera
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia. .,School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.
| | - S Savocchia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.,School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - P D Prenzler
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - P C Thomson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - C C Steel
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.,School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
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7
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Lv XJ, Ding F, Wei YJ, Tan RX. Antiosteoporotic Tetrahydroxanthone Dimers from
Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus
FB
‐2 Residing in Human Gut. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jing Lv
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Fei Ding
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Ying Jie Wei
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
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8
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Nievierowski TH, Veras FF, Silveira RD, Dachery B, Hernandes KC, Lopes FC, Scortegagna E, Zini CA, Welke JE. Role of partial dehydration in a naturally ventilated room on the mycobiota, ochratoxins, volatile profile and phenolic composition of Merlot grapes intended for wine production. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110145. [PMID: 33642011 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehydration of grapes has been used in various regions of the world to produce special wines, aiming to add value to oenological products. Post-harvest dehydration in rooms may be carried out regardless of weather conditions, without the additional cost of a specific infrastructure, in addition to the benefits of protecting the grapes from damages and environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to verify, for the first time, the impact of the dehydration in a naturally ventilated room on the quality of Merlot grapes. Physicochemical characteristics, mycobiota, occurrence of mycotoxins, volatile profile and phenolic composition of grapes were monitored on 7th, 14th and 21st days of dehydration (weight loss of 10, 20 and 27%, respectively). A decrease in aw (6%), pH (4%), and berry hardness (58%), along with an increase in total soluble solid content (15%) were observed during dehydration. The presence of Pestalotiopsis clavispora, Neopestalotiopsis clavispora, Colletotrichum siamense and Alternaria porri was favored during the dehydration process, while a decrease in the occurrence of Aspergillus niger and Phanerochaete sp. was verified. A. niger isolates showed no potential to produce forms of ochratoxins. These toxins were also not found in the grape samples. Regarding the volatile profile, 1-hexanal, 2-hexenal, and 1-octanal gave rise to the corresponding alcohols during dehydration, such as 1-hexanol, 2-hexen-1-ol, and 1-octanol. Acids (hexanoic, decanoic, and 3-hexenoic) resulted in the respective ethyl esters (hexanoate, decanoate, and ethyl 3-hexenoate) during dehydration. Terpenes as limonene, myrcene, and geraniol decreased throughout dehydration, while their biotransformation products (α-terpineol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and linalool, respectively) had an increase in concentration. The phenolic content oscillated during dehydration, with an emphasis on increased levels of four hydroxybenzoic acids (ethyl gallate, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid-hexose, and gallic acid), two hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid and caftaric acid), two flavonols (kaempeferol galactoside and quercetin) and two anthocyanins (peonidin 3-O-hexoside and delphinidin 3-O-hexoside). Grapes of satisfactory quality were produced by dehydration in a naturally ventilated room. Even small wine producers can be encouraged to implement this procedure for the diversification of oenological products, as it has no costs related to the implementation of chambers/tunnels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia Henrique Nievierowski
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43212, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flávio Fonseca Veras
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43212, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Diogo Silveira
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43212, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Dachery
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43212, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karolina Cardoso Hernandes
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43212, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cortez Lopes
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Edegar Scortegagna
- Luiz Argenta Vinhos Finos, Av. 25 de Julho, 700, CEP: 95270-000 Flores da Cunha, Brazil; ConceptWine - Escola Profissional de Vinhos, Flores da Cunha, Brazil
| | - Claudia Alcaraz Zini
- Instituto de Química (IQ), UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43111, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliane Elisa Welke
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43212, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Schabo DC, Freire L, Sant'Ana AS, Schaffner DW, Magnani M. Mycotoxins in artisanal beers: An overview of relevant aspects of the raw material, manufacturing steps and regulatory issues involved. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110114. [PMID: 33641981 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of artisanal beer has increased worldwide. Artisanal beers can include malted or unmalted wheat, maize, rice and sorghum, in addition to the basic ingredients. These grains can be infected by toxigenic fungi in the field or during storage and mycotoxins can be produced if they find favorable conditions. Mycotoxins may not be eliminated throughout the beer brewing and be detected in the final product. In addition, modified mycotoxins may also be formed during beer brewing. This review compiles relevant information about mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium in raw material of artisanal beer, as well as updates information about the production and fate of mycotoxins during the beer brewing process. Findings highlight that malting conditions favor the production of mycotoxins by the fungi contaminating cereals. Therefore, good agricultural and postharvest mitigation strategies are the most effective options for preventing the growth of toxigenic fungi and the production of mycotoxins in cereals. However, the final concentration of mycotoxin in artisanal beer is difficult to predict as it depends on the initial concentration contained in the raw material and the processing conditions. The current lack of limits of mycotoxins in artisanal beer underestimates possible risks to human health. In addition, modified mycotoxins, not detected by conventional methods, may be formed in artisanal beers. Maximum tolerated limits for these contaminants must be urgently established based on scientific data about transfer of mycotoxins throughout the artisanal beer brewery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danieli C Schabo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia, Campus Colorado do Oeste, BR 435, Km 63, Colorado do Oeste, RO 76993-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Microbial Processes in Foods, Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Luísa Freire
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 3083-862, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 3083-862, Brazil
| | - Donald W Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes in Foods, Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil.
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10
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Recent Advances in Mycotoxin Analysis and Detection of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Grapes and Derived Products. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13052537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi that can cause toxic effects in human and animal health. Most of the filamentous fungi that produce these mycotoxins belong to four genera, namely, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria. Mycotoxigenic fungi, along with mycotoxins, create a constant and serious economic threat for agriculture in many terms, counting product losses due to crop contamination and food spoilage, as well malnutrition when considering nutritional quality degradation. Given the importance of robust and precise diagnostics of mycotoxins and the related producing fungi in the grape food chain, one of the most important agricultural sectors worldwide, the present review initially delivers a comprehensive presentation of mycotoxin reports on grape and derived products, including a wide range of commodities such as fresh grapes, raisins, wine, juices, and other processed products. Next, based on worldwide regulations’ requirements for mycotoxins, and referring to the relative literature, this work presents methodological approaches for mycotoxin determination, and stresses major methods for the detection of fungal species responsible for mycotoxin production. The principle of function and basic technical background on the available analytical and molecular biology techniques developed—including chromatography, mass spectrometry, immunochemical-based assays, biosensors, and molecular assays—is briefly given, and references for their application to grape and derived product testing are highlighted.
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11
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Silva ARPD, Fungaro MHP, Silva JJ, Martins LM, Taniwaki MH, Iamanaka BT. Ochratoxin A and related fungi in Brazilian black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Food Res Int 2021; 142:110207. [PMID: 33773682 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic, genotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic properties, produced by several species of Aspergillus, mainly those belonging to the A. section Circumdati and A. section Nigri. Although this toxin has been detected in spices and condiments, in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) few studies have investigated the mycobiota (based on a molecular approach) and the presence of OTA in this food. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of potentially ochratoxigenic species and ochratoxin A in black pepper marketed in Brazil, one of the largest producers in the world. A total of 60 samples of black pepper (29 in powder and 31 in grain) were collected in markets. The presence of OTA was investigated in black pepper samples using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), OTA was detected in 55% of the samples, with levels ranging from 0.05 to 13.15 μg/kg, all of which were below the Brazilian legal tolerances. A. section Nigri and A. section Circumdati were found in 80% of the samples, but the species of A. section Nigri were significantly more frequent than those of A. section Circumdati. The potential for OTA production by fungal isolates was tested using the agar plug technique and confirmed by HPLC. Among the isolates belonging to A. section Nigri (n = 1,083) and A. section Circumdati (n = 129), 3.7% and 3.8%, respectively, were able to produce OTA in Yeast Extract Sucrose Agar (YESA). A total of 25 strains from A. section Circumdati and 64 from A. section Nigri were identified using molecular data. The following potentially ochratoxigenic species were found in black pepper: A. niger, A. welwitschiae, A. carbonarius, A. westerdijkiae and A. ochraceus. The occurrence of these species denotes the need for continuous monitoring of black pepper by regulatory bodies in order to safeguard consumers' health.
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da Silva JJ, Iamanaka BT, Ferranti LS, Massi FP, Taniwaki MH, Puel O, Lorber S, Frisvad JC, Fungaro MHP. Diversity within Aspergillus niger Clade and Description of a New Species: Aspergillus vinaceus sp. nov. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040371. [PMID: 33348541 PMCID: PMC7767288 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity of species within Aspergillus niger clade, currently represented by A. niger sensu stricto and A. welwitshiae, was investigated combining three-locus gene sequences, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, secondary metabolites profile and morphology. Firstly, approximately 700 accessions belonging to this clade were investigated using calmodulin gene sequences. Based on these sequences, eight haplotypes were clearly identified as A. niger (n = 247) and 17 as A. welwitschiae (n = 403). However, calmodulin sequences did not provide definitive species identities for six haplotypes. To elucidate the taxonomic position of these haplotypes, two other loci, part of the beta-tubulin gene and part of the RNA polymerase II gene, were sequenced and used to perform an analysis of Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition. This analysis enabled the recognition of two new phylogenetic species. One of the new phylogenetic species showed morphological and chemical distinguishable features in comparison to the known species A. welwitschiae and A. niger. This species is illustrated and described as Aspergillus vinaceus sp. nov. In contrast to A. niger and A. welwitschiae, A. vinaceus strains produced asperazine, but none of them were found to produce ochratoxin A and/or fumonisins. Sclerotium production on laboratory media, which does not occur in strains of A. niger and A. welwitschiae, and strictly sclerotium-associated secondary metabolites (14-Epi-hydroxy-10,23-dihydro-24,25-dehydroaflavinine; 10,23-Dihydro-24,25-dehydroaflavinine; 10,23-Dihydro-24,25-dehydro-21-oxo-aflavinine) were found in A. vinaceus. The strain type of A. vinaceus sp. nov. is ITAL 47,456 (T) (=IBT 35556).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué J. da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil; (J.J.d.S.); (L.S.F.); (F.P.M.)
| | - Beatriz T. Iamanaka
- Centro de Ciência e Qualidade de Alimentos, Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, São Paulo 13070-178, Brazil; (B.T.I.); (M.H.T.)
| | - Larissa S. Ferranti
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil; (J.J.d.S.); (L.S.F.); (F.P.M.)
| | - Fernanda P. Massi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil; (J.J.d.S.); (L.S.F.); (F.P.M.)
| | - Marta H. Taniwaki
- Centro de Ciência e Qualidade de Alimentos, Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, São Paulo 13070-178, Brazil; (B.T.I.); (M.H.T.)
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 31027 Toulouse, France; (O.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Sophie Lorber
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 31027 Toulouse, France; (O.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Jens C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Maria Helena P. Fungaro
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil; (J.J.d.S.); (L.S.F.); (F.P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-4399-955-4100
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Silva JJ, Bertoldo R, Fungaro MHP, Massi FP, Taniwaki MH, Sant'Ana AS, Iamanaka BT. Black aspergilli in Brazilian onions: From field to market. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108958. [PMID: 33176225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of black aspergilli in onions has been reported as frequent, and this group of fungi harbors potentially toxigenic species. In addition, Aspergillus niger has been reported as the causative agent of black mold rot, an important postharvest disease that causes damage throughout the world. Brazil stands out as one of the world's largest onion producers. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the mycobiota in Brazilian onions. For this reason, we investigated the mycobiota of 48 market (n = 25) and field (n = 23) onion bulb samples. Nineteen soil samples were collected from the same fields and evaluated. In field onions and soil samples, Penicillium spp. was the prevalent fungal group, whereas in market samples A. section Nigri was the most frequent group. Due to the taxonomic complexity of this group, species identification was supported by phylogenetic data (CaM gene). A. welwitschiae was the most prevalent species in market samples. Black aspergillus strains were evaluated for fumonisin B2 (FB2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) production. Overall, 53% and 2.2% of the strains produced FB2 and OTA, respectively. The occurrence of FB2 and OTA was also investigated in onion bulb samples but none showed contamination with these mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Bertoldo
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Molecular analysis of Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from onion samples reveals the prevalence of A. welwitschiae. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:387-392. [PMID: 33094470 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate Aspergillus section Nigri from onion samples bought in supermarkets and to analyze the fungal isolates by means of molecular data in order to differentiate A. niger and A. welwitschiae species from the other non-toxigenic species of black aspergilli, and detect genes involved in the biosynthesis of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B2. Aspergillus section Nigri were found in 98% (94/96) of the onion samples. Based on the results of multiplex PCR (performed on 500 randomly selected strains), 97.4% of the Aspergillus section Nigri strains were recognized as A. niger/A. welwitschiae. Around half of them were subjected to partial sequencing of the CaM gene to distinguish one from the other. A total of 97.9% of the isolates were identified as A. welwitschiae and only 2.1% as A. niger. The fum8 gene, involved in fumonisin B2 biosynthesis, was found in 36% of A. welwitschiae isolates, but radH and pks genes, involved in ochratoxin A biosynthesis, were found in only 2.8%. The presence/absence of fum8 gene in the A. welwitschiae genome is closely associated with ability/inability of the isolates to produce fumonisin in vitro. Based on these results, we suggest that in-depth studies are conducted to investigate the presence of fumonisins in onion bulbs.
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Huang X, Xiao Z, Kong F, Chen A, Perrone G, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhang H. Diversity and ochratoxin A-fumonisin profile of black Aspergilli isolated from grapes in China. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus spp. are a common contaminant of grapes and a major source of mycotoxins. China is the largest producer of grape in the world now, however, the toxigenic Aspergillus population on grape in this country is still largely unknown. In this study, a total of 345 strains were isolated from grapes of 13 main grapevine producing regions in China. Based on calmodulin gene sequences, eight species within Aspergillus section Nigri were identified. Among them, Aspergillus tubingensis (48.7%) was predominant, followed by Aspergillus welwitschiae (20.6%) and Aspergillus aculeatinus (11%). Average of contamination level was up to 64.19%, and we found the occurrence of section Nigri species on the surface of fresh grapes was significantly influenced by the climate (P<0.05). The subtropical monsoon climate showed the highest fungal detection rate (72.45%), followed by the temperate monsoon climate (49.82%), and the lowest frequency was found in the temperate continental climate (37.23%). Regarding mycotoxin-producing capacity, 4.4% of the total tested section Nigri isolates (137) were positive for ochratoxin A (OTA) production and 59.6% were fumonisin B2 (FB2) producers. Of those, Aspergillus carbonarius was the main OTA producer and A. welwitschiae and Aspergillus niger were the main FB2 producers with different toxigenic ability. Our results highlight the potential risk of OTA and FB2 contamination by A. carbonarius and A. welwitschiae on grape in China, respectively; management strategies should be considered for preventing and reducing the toxigenic Aspergillus and its mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
| | - Z. Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China P.R
| | - F. Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
| | - A.J. Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China P.R
| | - G. Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Z. Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
| | - J. Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China P.R
| | - H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
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Gil-Serna J, García-Díaz M, Vázquez C, González-Jaén MT, Patiño B. Significance of Aspergillus niger aggregate species as contaminants of food products in Spain regarding their occurrence and their ability to produce mycotoxins. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:240-248. [PMID: 31027779 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Aspergillus niger aggregate contains 15 morphologically indistinguishable species which presence is related to ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) contamination of foodstuffs. The taxonomy of this group was recently reevaluated and there is a need of new studies regarding the risk that these species might pose to food security. 258 isolates of A. niger aggregate obtained from a variety of products from Spain were classified by molecular methods being A. tubingensis the most frequently occurring (67.5%) followed by A. welwitschiae (19.4%) and A. niger (11.7%). Their potential ability to produce mycotoxins was evaluated by PCR protocols which allow a rapid detection of OTA and FB2 biosynthetic genes in their genomes. OTA production is not widespread in A. niger aggregate since only 17% of A. niger and 6% of A. welwitschiae isolates presented the complete biosynthetic cluster whereas the lack of the cluster was confirmed in all A. tubingensis isolates. On the other hand, A. niger and A. welwitschiae seem to be important FB2 producers with 97% and 29% of the isolates, respectively, presenting the complete cluster. The genes involved in OTA and FB2 were overexpressed in producing isolates and their expression was related to mycotoxin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Gil-Serna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid. Jose Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta García-Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid. Jose Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Vázquez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid. Jose Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa González-Jaén
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid. Jose Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Patiño
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid. Jose Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Taniwaki MH, Pitt JI, Magan N. Aspergillus species and mycotoxins: occurrence and importance in major food commodities. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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von Hertwig AM, Sant'Ana AS, Sartori D, da Silva JJ, Nascimento MS, Iamanaka BT, Pelegrinelli Fungaro MH, Taniwaki MH. Real-time PCR-based method for rapid detection of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus welwitschiae isolated from coffee. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 148:87-92. [PMID: 29580982 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some species from Aspergillus section Nigri are morphologically very similar and altogether have been called A. niger aggregate. Although the species included in this group are morphologically very similar, they differ in their ability to produce mycotoxins and other metabolites and their taxonomical status has evolved continuously. Among them, A. niger and A. welwitschiae are ochratoxin A and fumonisin B2 producers and their detection and/or identification is of crucial importance for food safety. The aim of this study was the development of a real-time PCR-based method for simultaneous discrimination of A. niger and A. welwitschiae from other species of the A. niger aggregate isolated from coffee beans. One primer pair and a hybridization probe specific for detection of A. niger and A. welwitschiae strains were designed based on the BenA gene sequences, and used in a Real-time PCR assay for the rapid discrimination between both these species from all others of the A. niger aggregate. The Real-time PCR assay was shown to be 100% efficient in discriminating the 73 isolates of A. niger/A. welwitschiae from the other A. niger aggregate species analyzed as a negative control. This result testifies to the use of this technique as a good tool in the rapid detection of these important toxigenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Morgan von Hertwig
- Food Technology Institute - ITAL, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maristela S Nascimento
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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