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Ibrahim DD, Enem SI, Egwu G, Dantong D, Jolayemi KO, Gaddafi MS. An emerging zoonosis: molecular detection of multidrug-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from butchers' knives, livestock products and contact surfaces. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1697-1705. [PMID: 38519756 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) transmission in livestock, community, and healthcare settings poses a significant public health concern both locally and globally. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, molecular detection, and antibiogram of the MRSA strain in fresh beef, contact surfaces, and butchers' knives from the four major abattoirs (Karu, Gwagwalada, Deidei, and Kubwa) located in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to collect 400 swab samples from butchers' knives (132), fresh beef (136), and contact surfaces (132). Presumptive colonies on mannitol salt agar were subjected to culture, isolation, and biotyping. The antibiogram was carried out via a Kirby-Bauer disk containing eight antibiotics. MRSA was phenotypically confirmed by oxacillin-resistant screening agar base (ORSAB) and genotypically by PCR to detect the presence of the mecA gene. Out of the 400 samples, 47.24% of fresh beef, 37% of contact surfaces, and 64.33% of butchers' knife swabs were Staphylococcus aureus positive. Thirty-two Staphylococcus aureus-positive isolates were confirmed to be MRSA, 50% fresh beef, 28.12% contact surfaces, and 21.87% butcher's knife swabs. MRSA isolates displayed multidrug-resistant traits, with a high resistance of 90.62% against cloxacillin, and a highest susceptibility of 100% to co-trimaxole. The antibiogram showed MRSA strains to be multidrug resistant. Molecular characterisation of the MRSA detected the presence of the mecA gene at a band size of 163 bp in all isolates. Strict hygiene of butchers, and working equipment in meat processing and marketing should be of top priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dauda Dauda Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Simon Ikechukwu Enem
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Godwin Egwu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - David Dantong
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine Laboratory, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Mohammed Sani Gaddafi
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Animal Health, Husbandry and Fisheries, Kebbi, Nigeria
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The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2021-2022. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8583. [PMID: 38419967 PMCID: PMC10900121 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This report by the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease prevention and Control, provides an overview of the main findings of the 2021-2022 harmonised Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) monitoring in Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli from humans and food-producing animals (broilers, laying hens and fattening turkeys, fattening pigs and cattle under one year of age) and relevant meat thereof. For animals and meat thereof, AMR data on indicator commensal Escherichia coli, presumptive extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-/AmpC beta-lactamases (AmpC)-/carbapenemase (CP)-producing E. coli, and the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are also analysed. Generally, resistance levels differed greatly between reporting countries and antimicrobials. Resistance to commonly used antimicrobials was frequently found in Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates from humans and animals. In humans, increasing trends in resistance to one of two critically antimicrobials (CIA) for treatment was observed in poultry-associated Salmonella serovars and Campylobacter, in at least half of the reporting countries. Combined resistance to CIA was however observed at low levels except in some Salmonella serovars and in C. coli from humans and animals in some countries. While CP-producing Salmonella isolates were not detected in animals in 2021-2022, nor in 2021 for human cases, in 2022 five human cases of CP-producing Salmonella were reported (four harbouring bla OXA-48 or bla OXA-48-like genes). The reporting of a number of CP-producing E. coli isolates (harbouring bla OXA-48, bla OXA-181, bla NDM-5 and bla VIM-1 genes) in fattening pigs, cattle under 1 year of age, poultry and meat thereof by a limited number of MSs (5) in 2021 and 2022, requires a thorough follow-up. The temporal trend analyses in both key outcome indicators (rate of complete susceptibility and prevalence of ESBL-/AmpC-producers in E. coli) showed an encouraging progress in reducing AMR in food-producing animals in several EU MSs over the last 7 years.
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Xiao Z, Qu Z, Liu N, Wang J, Zhao J, Liu J, Wang L, Huang X, Zhang Q, Gao Y, Wang J, Yu Z, Guan J, Liu H. Molecular epidemiological characteristics and genetic evolutionary relationships of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of different avian origins in Qingdao, China, using whole-genome sequencing. J Vet Res 2023; 67:169-177. [PMID: 38143828 PMCID: PMC10740325 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To understand the prevalence of avian methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the current status of drug resistance in Qingdao, a comprehensive molecular epidemiological investigation and analysis of evolutionary relationships of MRSA isolates from broiler and layer chickens and waterfowl was conducted. Material and Methods One hundred and two avian MRSA strains were identified by multi-locus sequence typing, staphylococcal protein A (spa) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and whole-genome sequencing. Results The sequence type (ST) 9-t899-SCCmec IVb type represented the highest proportion of avian-derived MRSA strains (71.57%), with ST398 type strains occasionally observed in broilers and waterfowl. The poultry-derived MRSA strains were all resistant to eight or more antimicrobials. Avian-derived MRSA strains carried 20 resistance genes, 109 virulence genes and 10 plasmids. Strains carrying the cfr oxazolidinone resistance gene were occasionally seen in broiler- and layer-derived MRSA. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) core genome evolution and locus difference analysis showed that the closest strains were all of ST9-t899 type (to which also affiliated the highest number of strains) and this type occurred on all three kinds of poultry farm, but the SNP difference loci between strains of the same type ranged from 0 to 1472. Conclusion The dominant type of MRSA from different poultry sources in Qingdao is ST9-t899-SCCmec IVb, which is commonly resistant to a variety of antimicrobial drugs and carries a variety of resistance genes and a large number of virulence genes. Sequence type 9-t899 type is widely spread among the three kinds of poultry investigated, but there are differences in affiliations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109Qingdao, China
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 266032Qingdao, China
| | - Zhina Qu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 266032Qingdao, China
| | - Na Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 266032Qingdao, China
| | - Juan Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 266032Qingdao, China
| | - Jianmei Zhao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 266032Qingdao, China
| | - Junhui Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 266032Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 266032Qingdao, China
| | - Xiumei Huang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 266032Qingdao, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 266032Qingdao, China
| | - Yubin Gao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 266032Qingdao, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 266032Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109Qingdao, China
| | - Jiajia Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109Qingdao, China
| | - Huanqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109Qingdao, China
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Tenhagen BA, Alt K, Grobbel M, Maurischat S. MRSA in bulk tank milk of dairy herds in Germany - changes over time. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2023; 51:63-69. [PMID: 37230140 DOI: 10.1055/a-2004-1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have repeatedly been isolated from dairy herds. It was the purpose of this study to compare the results of 3 subsequent national scale cross-sectional investigations in dairy herds in Germany on the prevalence of MRSA in bulk tank milk and the characteristics of the isolates. MATERIAL AND METHODS The investigations were carried out in 2010, 2014 and 2019, respectively. MRSA were isolated from 25 ml of bulk tank milk using a double selective enrichment protocol. Samples were distributed across the country according to the regional dairy cattle population. RESULTS The prevalence of MRSA in bulk tank milk samples was lower in 2010 than in 2014 and tended to decrease until 2019. Prevalence was higher in samples from conventional than from organic herds and increased with herd size. Most isolates (75/78) were assigned to the clonal complex 398 and the spa-types t011 and t034. Resistance of the isolates to other antimicrobials than beta-lactams decreased over time. CONCLUSIONS MRSA remain present in the German dairy population and are found more frequently in larger vs. smaller herds and in conventional vs. organic herds. CLINICAL RELEVANCE MRSA should be considered in biosecurity protocols and with respect to occupational health of farm staff. Presence of MRSA in raw milk supports the recommendation not to drink unpasteurized raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Abteilung Biologische Sicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Alt
- Abteilung Biologische Sicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Grobbel
- Abteilung Biologische Sicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Maurischat
- Abteilung Biologische Sicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, Germany
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Belhout C, Boyen F, Vereecke N, Theuns S, Taibi N, Stegger M, de la Fé-Rodríguez PY, Bouayad L, Elgroud R, Butaye P. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci (MRS) and Mammaliicocci (MRM) in Dromedary Camels from Algeria: First Detection of SCC mec- mecC Hybrid in Methicillin-Resistant Mammaliicoccus lentus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:674. [PMID: 37107036 PMCID: PMC10134997 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dromedary camels are an important source of food and income in many countries. However, it has been largely overlooked that they can also transmit antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to identify the Staphylococcaceae bacteria composition of the nasal flora in dromedary camels and evaluate the presence of methicillin-resistant Mammaliicoccus (MRM) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) in dromedary camels in Algeria. Nasal swabs were collected from 46 camels from seven farms located in two different regions of Algeria (M'sila and Ouargla). We used non-selective media to determine the nasal flora, and antibiotic-supplemented media to isolate MRS and MRM. The staphylococcal isolates were identified using an Autoflex Biotyper Mass Spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS). The mecA and mecC genes were detected by PCR. Methicillin-resistant strains were further analysed by long-read whole genome sequencing (WGS). Thirteen known Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus species were identified in the nasal flora, of which half (49.2%) were coagulase-positive staphylococci. The results showed that four out of seven farms were positive for MRS and/or MRM, with a total of 16 isolates from 13 dromedary camels. The predominant species were M. lentus, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. Three methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were found to be ST6 and spa type t304. Among methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), ST61 was the predominant ST identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed clonal relatedness among M. lentus strains, while S. epidermidis strains were not closely related. Resistance genes were detected, including mecA, mecC, ermB, tet(K), and blaZ. An SCCmec type VIII element was found in a methicillin-resistant S. hominis (MRSH) belonging to the ST1 strain. An SCCmec-mecC hybrid element was detected in M. lentus, similar to what was previously detected in M. sciuri. This study highlights that dromedary camels may be a reservoir for MRS and MRM, and that they contain a specific set of SCCmec elements. This emphasizes the need for further research in this ecological niche from a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazed Belhout
- HASAQ Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, El Harrach, Algiers 16270, Algeria
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick Vereecke
- PathoSense, Pastoriestraat 10, 2500 Lier, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- PathoSense, Pastoriestraat 10, 2500 Lier, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nadia Taibi
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), Bou-Ismail, Tipaza 42415, Algeria
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pedro Yoelvys de la Fé-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5½, Santa Clara 54 830, Cuba
| | - Leila Bouayad
- HASAQ Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, El Harrach, Algiers 16270, Algeria
| | - Rachid Elgroud
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25017, Algeria
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2020/2021. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07867. [PMID: 36891283 PMCID: PMC9987209 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data on zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food are collected annually by the EU Member States (MSs) and reporting countries, jointly analysed by EFSA and ECDC and presented in a yearly EU Summary Report. This report provides an overview of the main findings of the 2020-2021 harmonised AMR monitoring in Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in humans and food-producing animals (broilers, laying hens and turkeys, fattening pigs and bovines under 1 year of age) and relevant meat thereof. For animals and meat thereof, indicator E. coli data on the occurrence of AMR and presumptive Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-/AmpC β-lactamases (AmpC)-/carbapenemases (CP)-producers, as well as the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are also analysed. In 2021, MSs submitted for the first time AMR data on E. coli isolates from meat sampled at border control posts. Where available, monitoring data from humans, food-producing animals and meat thereof were combined and compared at the EU level, with emphasis on multidrug resistance, complete susceptibility and combined resistance patterns to selected and critically important antimicrobials, as well as Salmonella and E. coli isolates exhibiting ESBL-/AmpC-/carbapenemase phenotypes. Resistance was frequently found to commonly used antimicrobials in Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter isolates from humans and animals. Combined resistance to critically important antimicrobials was mainly observed at low levels except in some Salmonella serotypes and in C. coli in some countries. The reporting of a number of CP-producing E. coli isolates (harbouring bla OXA-48, bla OXA-181, and bla NDM-5 genes) in pigs, bovines and meat thereof by a limited number of MSs (4) in 2021, requests a thorough follow-up. The temporal trend analyses in both key outcome indicators (rate of complete susceptibility and prevalence of ESBL-/AmpC- producers) showed that encouraging progress have been registered in reducing AMR in food-producing animals in several EU MSs over the last years.
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Clonal dissemination of successful emerging clone mecA-MRSA t304/ST6 among humans and hedgehogs in the Helsinki metropolitan area in Finland. One Health 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
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Guran HS, Bozan Bayrak AR, Alali W, Yesiloglu C. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retail raw meats in Turkey. INTERNATIONAL FOOD RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.47836/ifrj.29.5.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) through food products of animal origin may pose a public health concern. Therefore, the objectives of the present work were to determine the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in raw meat samples (beef, chicken, turkey, and duck) at retail level, and to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of the MRSA isolates. Between September 2018 and January 2019, a total of 325 raw meat samples were collected from retail stores, and analysed for the presence of S. aureus and MRSA using primary enrichment method as well as using secondary selective enrichment methods for MRSA detection. All the suspected S. aureus and MRSA colonies obtained from the samples were confirmed by both phenotypic and genotypic methods. The MRSA isolates were tested against various antimicrobials, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin was determined. Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance phenotypes were also screened using the double-disk diffusion test. The overall prevalence of S. aureus was 57.2%, whereas the food-specific prevalence in beef, turkey, duck, and chicken samples was 75, 53, 48, and 46%, respectively. The overall prevalence of MRSA was 1.2%, whereas it was 3, 1, 0, and 0% in beef, turkey, chicken, and duck samples, respectively. All MRSA isolates were detected by the secondary selective enrichment method. These MRSA isolates had a variety of MLSB resistance phenotypes (i.e., iMLSB, cMLSB, and MS-MLSB) with vancomycin MIC values ranging between 1 - 2 µg/mL. These findings are important for developing interventions to reduce raw meat contamination with S. aureus and MRSA, and to improve public health.
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Xiong D, Zhou Y, Song L, Liu B, Matchawe C, Chen X, Pelle R, Jiao X, Pan Z. Development of a Duplex TaqMan Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Accurate Identification and Quantification of Salmonella Enteritidis from Laboratory Samples and Contaminated Chicken Eggs. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050742. [PMID: 35267375 PMCID: PMC8909838 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enteritidis is a major causative agent of foodborne illnesses worldwide. As the traditional serotyping and quantification methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and expensive, faster and more convenient molecular diagnostic methods are needed. In this study, we developed and validated a rapid duplex TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the accurate identification and quantification of S. enteritidis. The primers and TaqMan probes were designed based on the S. enteritidis-specific gene lygD and the Salmonella genus-specific gene invA. The melt curve and gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the designed primers had potent specificity for the amplification of lygD and invA. The duplex real-time PCR specifically identified S. enteritidis from a panel of 40 Salmonella strains that represented 29 serovars and 12 non-Salmonella organisms. The duplex real-time PCR assay detected four copies of S. enteritidis DNA per reaction. The intra- and inter- assays indicated a high degree of reproducibility. The real-time PCR could accurately detect and quantify S. enteritidis in chicken organs after Salmonella infection. Furthermore, the assay identified 100% of the S. enteritidis and Salmonella genus isolates from chicken egg samples with superior sensitivity after 6 h of pre-enrichment compared to the traditional culture method. Additionally, the most-probable-number (MPN) combined with qPCR and a shortened incubation time (MPN-qPCR-SIT) method was developed for the population determination of S. enteritidis and compared with various enumeration methods. Thus, we have established and validated a new duplex real-time PCR assay and MPN-qPCR-SIT method for the accurate detection and quantification of S. enteritidis, which could contribute to meeting the need for fast detection and identification in prevention and control measures for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chelea Matchawe
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (C.M.); (R.P.)
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde 4123, Cameroon
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2019–2020. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07209. [PMID: 35382452 PMCID: PMC8961508 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food are collected annually by the EU Member States (MSs), jointly analysed by the EFSA and the ECDC and reported in a yearly EU Summary Report. The annual monitoring of AMR in animals and food within the EU is targeted at selected animal species corresponding to the reporting year. The 2020 monitoring specifically focussed on poultry and their derived carcases/meat, while the monitoring performed in 2019 specifically focused on fattening pigs and calves under 1 year of age, as well as their derived carcases/meat. Monitoring and reporting of AMR in 2019–2020 included data regarding Salmonella, Campylobacter and indicator E. coli isolates, as well as data obtained from the specific monitoring of presumptive ESBL‐/AmpC‐/carbapenemase‐producing E. coli isolates. Additionally, some MSs reported voluntary data on the occurrence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals and food, with some countries also providing data on antimicrobial susceptibility. This report provides an overview of the main findings of the 2019–2020 harmonised AMR monitoring in the main food‐producing animal populations monitored, in carcase/meat samples and in humans. Where available, monitoring data obtained from pigs, calves, broilers, laying hens and turkeys, as well as from carcase/meat samples and humans were combined and compared at the EU level, with particular emphasis on multidrug resistance, complete susceptibility and combined resistance patterns to critically important antimicrobials, as well as Salmonella and E. coli isolates possessing ESBL‐/AmpC‐/carbapenemase phenotypes. The key outcome indicators for AMR in food‐producing animals, such as complete susceptibility to the harmonised panel of antimicrobials in E. coli and the prevalence of ESBL‐/AmpC‐producing E. coli have been specifically analysed over the period 2014–2020.
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Zhang Y, Gao X, Ye Y, Shen Y. Fe-Doped polydopamine nanoparticles with peroxidase-mimicking activity for the detection of hypoxanthine related to meat freshness. Analyst 2022; 147:956-964. [PMID: 35170599 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02325j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate monitoring of food freshness to provide consumers with high-quality meat continues to be of tremendous importance to the food industry. In this report, an efficient Fe-doped polydopamine (Fe-PDA) nanozyme with peroxidase-mimicking activity was synthesized by a high-temperature hydrothermal method, and was applied to a spectrophotometric sensing system, which successfully reports the concentration of hypoxanthine (Hx) related to meat freshness. The Fe-PDA nanozyme showed excellent peroxidase simulation activity, which was primarily verified by steady-state kinetics experiments. In the presence of xanthine oxidase (XOD), Hx can react quantitatively with dissolved O2 to generate H2O2, which can be further catalyzed and produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH) under acidic conditions via the Fe-PDA nanozyme and oxidize colorless TMB to blue oxTMB with absorbance at 653 nm. The absorbance at 653 nm expressed a clear linear relationship with hypoxanthine concentration in the range of 5.13-200 μM, and the detection limit was 1.54 μM. This method was further assessed by measuring the recovery of Hx added to meat samples, which showed promising accuracy. Overall, the developed Fe-PDA nanozyme with excellent peroxidase-mimicking activity is cost-effective, high-performance and easy to produce, offering an efficient and low-cost sensing system based on spectrophotometry for meat freshness determination as an alternative to conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyin Zhang
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Yingwang Ye
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Yizhong Shen
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
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From cattle to pastirma: Contamination source of methicillin susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) along the pastirma production chain. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Wang Z, Xie G, Chen G, Gao X, Li J, Xie Z, Xu H. Triplex PCR combined with magnetic separation strategy for rapid and specific detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital samples. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bartels MD, Worning P, Andersen LP, Bes M, Enger H, Ås CG, Hansen TA, Holzknecht BJ, Larssen KW, Laurent F, Mäkitalo B, Pichon B, Svartström O, Westh H. Repeated introduction and spread of the MRSA clone t304/ST6 in northern Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 27:284.e1-284.e5. [PMID: 32439595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During the last decades several methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones with the capability of global spread have emerged in the community. Here, we have investigated a large collection of clinical isolates belonging to MRSA clone t304/ST6, which has emerged in many European countries over the last years, in order to retrace its phylogeny and its spread. METHODS We characterized 466 ST6 isolates from Denmark (n = 354), France (n = 10), Norway (n = 24), Sweden (n = 27) and the UK (n = 51). All had spa-type t304 (n = 454) or t304-related spa-types (n = 12) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) was carried out on Illumina Miseq or Hiseq with 100-300 bp reads. cgMLST was performed using Ridom SeqSphere. RESULTS A minimum spanning tree (MST) of all 466 isolates showed one large cluster including 182 isolates collected only from Denmark and related to a long-term neonatal outbreak in Copenhagen. This cluster contrasted with numerous small clusters, including the remaining Danish isolates and isolates from the other countries that interspersed throughout the tree. Most isolates were Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) negative (95%) and harboured SCCmec IVa. One genome was closed using Oxford Nanopore technology and Illumina MiSeq. It contained a plasmid of 19.769 bp including the blaZ gene. A similar plasmid was found in 78% of all isolates. DISCUSSION t304/ST6 is a successful emerging clone and the fact that isolates from five countries are interspersed throughout the MST indicates a common origin. This clone is commonly described in the Middle East and its emergence in Europe coincides with influx of refugees from the Syrian Civil War.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Bartels
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, MRSA Knowledge Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark.
| | - P Worning
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, MRSA Knowledge Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark
| | - L P Andersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - M Bes
- Institute for Infectious Agents - Department of Bacteriology, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Lyon, France
| | - H Enger
- Norwegian MRSA Reference Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - C G Ås
- Norwegian MRSA Reference Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - T A Hansen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, MRSA Knowledge Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark
| | - B J Holzknecht
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Denmark
| | - K W Larssen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - F Laurent
- Institute for Infectious Agents - Department of Bacteriology, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Lyon, France
| | - B Mäkitalo
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - B Pichon
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, London, UK
| | | | - H Westh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, MRSA Knowledge Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Lee HH, Lee GY, Eom HS, Yang SJ. Occurrence and Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from the Beef Production Chain in Korea. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:401-414. [PMID: 32426719 PMCID: PMC7207094 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and persistence of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus
aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus
(MRSA) in livestock animals have been reported as a potential risk factor for
transmission to humans. In this study, we investigated the nationwide prevalence
and characteristics of MRSA and MSSA in the Korean beef production system,
including retail markets, slaughterhouses, and cattle farms. From a total of
1,285 samples, only 5 MRSA strains were isolated: from a farmer (1 ST72 MRSA), a
carcass sample from a slaughterhouse (1 ST72 MRSA), and beef cattle (3 ST5
MRSA). In addition, 11 MSSA strains were isolated from beef cattle (n=3),
humans (1 farmer, 1 slaughterhouse worker, and 4 retail market workers), and
carcass samples (n=1) and slaughterhouse environment (n=1).
Although the prevalence of MRSA and MSSA in beef cattle was much lower than that
reported in pigs, 5/5 MRSA and 2/11 MSSA strains displayed multiple drug
resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Unlike the swine-associated MRSA, no correlation
was found between tetracycline/zinc resistance and MDR phenotype. However, MRSA
strains had an identical set of staphylococcal enterotoxins and exhibited
enhanced levels of resistance to antimicrobial peptides (PMAP-36 and LL-37)
compared to the MSSA strains. In conclusion, continued and systemic surveillance
of livestock, meat products, and humans in close contact with livestock/meat
products is necessary to prevent the transmission of MRSA and MSSA to
humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeng Ho Lee
- School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17547, Korea
| | - Gi Yong Lee
- School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17547, Korea
| | - Hong Sik Eom
- School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17547, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yang
- School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17547, Korea
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Savin M, Bierbaum G, Hammerl JA, Heinemann C, Parcina M, Sib E, Voigt A, Kreyenschmidt J. ESKAPE Bacteria and Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Wastewater and Process Water from German Poultry Slaughterhouses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02748-19. [PMID: 32033950 PMCID: PMC7117925 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02748-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The wastewater of livestock slaughterhouses is considered a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria with clinical relevance and may thus be important for their dissemination into the environment. To get an overview of their occurrence and characteristics, we investigated process water (n = 50) from delivery and unclean areas as well as wastewater (n = 32) from the in-house wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of two German poultry slaughterhouses (slaughterhouses S1 and S2). The samples were screened for ESKAPE bacteria (Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp.) and Escherichia coli Their antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and the presence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL), carbapenemase, and mobilizable colistin resistance genes were determined. Selected ESKAPE bacteria were epidemiologically classified using different molecular typing techniques. At least one of the target species was detected in 87.5% (n = 28/32) of the wastewater samples and 86.0% (n = 43/50) of the process water samples. The vast majority of the recovered isolates (94.9%, n = 448/472) was represented by E. coli (39.4%), the A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii (ACB) complex (32.4%), S. aureus (12.3%), and K. pneumoniae (10.8%), which were widely distributed in the delivery and unclean areas of the individual slaughterhouses, including their wastewater effluents. Enterobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., and P. aeruginosa were less abundant and made up 5.1% of the isolates. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses revealed that the recovered isolates exhibited diverse resistance phenotypes and β-lactamase genes. In conclusion, wastewater effluents from the investigated poultry slaughterhouses exhibited clinically relevant bacteria (E. coli, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and species of the ACB and Enterobacter cloacae complexes) that contribute to the dissemination of clinically relevant resistances (i.e., blaCTX-M or blaSHV and mcr-1) in the environment.IMPORTANCE Bacteria from livestock may be opportunistic pathogens and carriers of clinically relevant resistance genes, as many antimicrobials are used in both veterinary and human medicine. They may be released into the environment from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which are influenced by wastewater from slaughterhouses, thereby endangering public health. Moreover, process water that accumulates during the slaughtering of poultry is an important reservoir for livestock-associated multidrug-resistant bacteria and may serve as a vector of transmission to occupationally exposed slaughterhouse employees. Mitigation solutions aimed at the reduction of the bacterial discharge into the production water circuit as well as interventions against their further transmission and dissemination need to be elaborated. Furthermore, the efficacy of in-house WWTPs needs to be questioned. Reliable data on the occurrence and diversity of clinically relevant bacteria within the slaughtering production chain and in the WWTP effluents in Germany will help to assess their impact on public and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhailo Savin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele Bierbaum
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Andre Hammerl
- Department for Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marijo Parcina
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Esther Sib
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Voigt
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Judith Kreyenschmidt
- Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Hochschule Geisenheim University, Department of Fresh Produce Logistics, Geisenheim, Germany
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Plaza‐Rodríguez C, Kaesbohrer A, Tenhagen B. Probabilistic model for the estimation of the consumer exposure to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus due to cross-contamination and recontamination. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e900. [PMID: 31328433 PMCID: PMC6854851 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in retail meat is one of the current concerns of the public health authorities. Bacterial cross-contamination and recontamination during household food preparation could play an important role in the dissemination of such bacteria, and therefore could contribute to a serious health problem, more specifically for immunocompromised people. In order to evaluate the importance of such events, a probabilistic model was developed to estimate the likelihood and extent of cross-contamination and recontamination and the burden of MRSA from contaminated raw chicken meat via hands and kitchen utensils in a serving (consisting on a slice of bread and a piece of grilled chicken meat) during a household barbecue in Germany. A modular design was used, taking into account the chronological order of the routines during the barbecue event, and Monte Carlo simulations were applied. Available data on the prevalence and burden of MRSA in chicken meat at retail in Germany were used as starting point and were incorporated in the model as probability distributions. The probabilities and extent of bacterial transfer between food items and kitchen utensils (referred to as "Objects") and the routines performed during food preparation (referred to as "Actions") specified by their probabilities of occurrence were incorporated as the main input parameters. The model was set up in R 3.5.0 and converted to a standardized format (FSKX file). Therefore, the code can be easily accessed, evaluated, modified, and reused for different purposes. The present study contributes to the quantification of consumer exposure to MRSA through food consumption once contaminated food has entered the household kitchen. Even when the MRSA prevalence and bacterial load in retail chicken meat in Germany are low, resistant bacteria can reach the consumer due to cross-contamination and recontamination events. The results show that the probability of one CFU to be transferred from the contaminated raw chicken meat to the final serving and the number of MRSA bacteria transferred due to cross-contamination and recontamination events are in general low, being the contamination of the final serving more likely to occur via bread, rather than via grilled chicken. The results show that the prevalence of MRSA at retail highly influences the probability of the final serving to be contaminated. However, this study also highlights the importance of keeping good hygiene practices during the household food manipulation for reducing the spread of MRSA. The provision of the model in a standardized data format will allow an easy incorporation of the developed model into a complete quantitative microbial risk assessment model that will greatly help to estimate the risk of consumer exposure to MRSA through the consumption of contaminated food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annemarie Kaesbohrer
- Department‐Biological SafetyGerman Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)BerlinGermany
| | - Bernd‐Alois Tenhagen
- Department‐Biological SafetyGerman Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)BerlinGermany
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