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Jonsdottir HR, Zysset D, Lenz N, Siegrist D, Ruedin Y, Ryter S, Züst R, Geissmann Y, Ackermann-Gäumann R, Engler OB, Weber B. Virucidal activity of three standard chemical disinfectants against Ebola virus suspended in tripartite soil and whole blood. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15718. [PMID: 37735604 PMCID: PMC10514052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper disinfection and inactivation of highly pathogenic viruses is an essential component of public health and prevention. Depending on environment, surfaces, and type of contaminant, various methods of disinfection must be both efficient and available. To test both established and novel chemical disinfectants against risk group 4 viruses in our maximum containment facility, we developed a standardized protocol and assessed the chemical inactivation of the two Ebola virus variants Mayinga and Makona suspended in two different biological soil loads. Standard chemical disinfectants ethanol and sodium hypochlorite completely inactivate both Ebola variants after 30 s in suspension at 70% and 0.5% v/v, respectively, concentrations recommended for disinfection by the World Health Organization. Additionally, peracetic acid is also inactivating at 0.2% v/v under the same conditions. Continued vigilance and optimization of current disinfection protocols is extremely important due to the continuous presence of Ebola virus on the African continent and increased zoonotic spillover of novel viral pathogens. Furthermore, to facilitate general pandemic preparedness, the establishment and sharing of standardized protocols is very important as it allows for rapid testing and evaluation of novel pathogens and chemical disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulda R Jonsdottir
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland.
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Zysset
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland.
| | - Nicole Lenz
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Federal Office for Agriculture, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denise Siegrist
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Yelena Ruedin
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Ryter
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Züst
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Geissmann
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Ackermann-Gäumann
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
- ADMED Microbiologie, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Olivier B Engler
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Weber
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
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Bai Y, Shi C, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Chang R, Hu X, Hu J, Yang C, Peng K, Xiang P, Zhang Z. Enhanced inactivation of Escherichia coli by ultrasound combined with peracetic acid during water disinfection. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 322:138095. [PMID: 36758811 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) is a desirable disinfectant for municipal wastewater because of its potent disinfection performance and limited toxic by-products. This study explored the efficiency and mechanism of Escherichia coli inactivation by PAA combined with ultrasound simultaneously (ultrasound + PAA) or (ultrasound → PAA) sequentially. The result showed that 60 kHz ultrasound combined with PAA sequentially (60 kHz → PAA) had excellent inactivation performance on E. coli, up to 4.69-log10. The result also showed that the increase of pH and humic acid concentration in solution significantly reduced the inactivation efficiency of 60 kHz → PAA treatment. We also observed that the increase of temperature was beneficial to the disinfection, while anions (Cl-; HCO3-) had little effect. With 60 kHz → PAA, the PAA and the synergism between PAA and ultrasound played major contribution to the inactivation, which we assumed might be due to both the diffusion of PAA into the cells and the damage to the cytomembrane by ultrasound, as evidenced through the laser confocal microscopy (LSCM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The inactivation mechanism involved the destruction of cell membrane and loss of intracellular material. Empirically, 60 kHz → PAA was found to be effective for the inactivation of E. coli in actual wastewater, and the regrowth potential of E. coli treated by 60 kHz → PAA was significantly lower than that treated only by PAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Chunhai Shi
- Northwest China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Haocheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Ruiting Chang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xueli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Jiawei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Chuanyao Yang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Kedi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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Cho JH, Jun NS, Park JM, Bang KI, Hong JW. Fungal Load of Groundwater Systems in Geographically Segregated Islands: A Step Forward in Fungal Control. MYCOBIOLOGY 2022; 50:345-356. [PMID: 36404906 PMCID: PMC9645270 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2123549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The fungal distribution, diversity, and load were analyzed in the geographically segregated island groundwater systems in Korea. A total of 79 fungal isolates were secured from seven islands and identified based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. They belonged to three phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chlorophyta), five classes, sixteen orders, twenty-two families, and thirty-one genera. The dominant phylum was Ascomycota (91.1%), with most fungi belonging to the Cladosporium (21.5%), Aspergillus (15.2%), and Stachybotrys (8.9%) genera. Cladosporium showed higher dominance and diversity, being widely distributed throughout the geographically segregated groundwater systems. Based on the diversity indices, the genera richness (4.821) and diversity (2.550) were the highest in the groundwater system of the largest scale. As turbidity (0.064-0.462) increased, the overall fungal count increased and the residual chlorine (0.089-0.308) had low relevance compared with the total count and fungal diversity. Cladosporium showed normal mycelial growth in de-chlorinated sterilized samples. Overall, if turbidity increases under higher fungal diversity, bio-deterioration in groundwater-supplying facilities and public health problems could be intensified, regardless of chlorine treatment. In addition to fungal indicators and analyzing methods, physical hydrostatic treatment is necessary for monitoring and controlling fungal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Hee Cho
- Water Quality Research Institute, Waterworks Headquarters Incheon Metropolitan City, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Soo Jun
- Water Quality Research Institute, Waterworks Headquarters Incheon Metropolitan City, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Myong Park
- Water Quality Research Institute, Waterworks Headquarters Incheon Metropolitan City, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki In Bang
- Water Quality Research Institute, Waterworks Headquarters Incheon Metropolitan City, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Hong
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Bio-resource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Belloli M, Cigarini M, Milesi G, Mutti P, Berni E. Effectiveness of two UV-C light-emitting diodes (LED) systems in inactivating fungal conidia on polyethylene terephthalate. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Visconti V, Rigalma K, Coton E, Dantigny P. Impact of temperature application and concentration of commercial sanitizers on inactivation of food-plant fungal spores. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 366:109560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang Y, Chen J, Zhang L, Liao W, Tong Z, Liu J, Mao L, Gao Y. Electron beam irradiation inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus on the PET bottle preform and HDPE bottle caps with different original colonies. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Visconti V, Coton E, Rigalma K, Dantigny P. Effects of disinfectants on inactivation of mold spores relevant to the food industry: a review. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sterilization of food packaging by UV-C irradiation: Is Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404 the best target microorganism for industrial bio-validations? Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 357:109383. [PMID: 34509931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In food industries UV-C irradiation is used to achieve decontamination of some packaging devices, such as plastic caps or laminated foils, and of those smooth surfaces that can be directly irradiated. Since its effectiveness can be checked by microbial validation tests, some ascospore-forming molds (Aspergillus hiratsukae, Talaromyces bacillisporus, Aspergillus montevidensis, and Chaetomium globosum) were compared with one of the target microorganisms actually used in industrial bio-validations (Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404) to find the species most resistant to UV-C. Tests were carried out with an UV-C lamp (irradiance = 127 μW/cm2; emission peak = 253.7 nm) by inoculating HDPE caps with one or more layers of spores. Inactivation kinetics of each strain were studied and both the corresponding 1D-values and the number of Logarithmic Count Reductions (LCR) achieved were calculated. Our results showed the important role played by the type of inoculum (one or more layers) and by the differences in cell structure (thickness, presence of protective solutes, pigmentation, etc.) of the strains tested. With a single-layer inoculum, Chaetomium globosum showed the highest resistance to UV-C irradiation (1D-value = 100 s). With a multi-layer inoculum, Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404 was the most resistant fungus (1D-value = 188 s), even if it reached a number of logarithmic reductions that was higher than those of some ascospore-forming mycetes (Aspergillus montevidensis, Talaromyces bacillisporus) tested.
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Impact of the physiological state of fungal spores on their inactivation by active chlorine and hydrogen peroxide. Food Microbiol 2021; 100:103850. [PMID: 34416954 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at assessing the impact of the physiological state of fungal spores on inactivation by sodium hypochlorite, 0.1% and 0.2% active chlorine, and 3% hydrogen peroxide. In this context, two physiological states were compared for 4 fungal species (5 strains). The first physiological state corresponded to fungal spores produced at 0.99 aw and harvested using an aqueous solution (laboratory conditions), while the second one corresponded to fungal spores produced under a moderate water stress (0.95 aw) and dry-harvested (mechanical harvesting without use of any water, mimicking food plant conditions). Aspergillus flavus "food plant" conidia were more resistant to all tested fungicide molecules than the "laboratory" ones. The same phenomenon was observed for Penicillium commune UBOCC-A-116003 conidia treated with hydrogen peroxide. However, this isolate did not exhibit any inactivation difference between "laboratory" and "food plant" conidia treated with sodium hypochlorite. Similarly, the physiological state of Cladosporium cladosporioides conidia did not impact the efficacy of the tested biocides. P. commune UBOCC-A-112059 "food plant" and "laboratory" conidia were more resistant to hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite, respectively. As for Mucor circinelloides, "laboratory" spores were more resistant to all disinfectant than the "food plant" ones. Noteworthy, regardless of the physiological state, all M. circinelloides and C. cladosporioides conidia were inactivated for 5 min treatment at 0.2% active chlorine and for 2.5 min treatment at 0.1% active chlorine, while the conidia of all the other species remained viable for these treatments. The obtained data indicate that the efficacy of disinfectant molecules depends not only on the encountered fungal species and its intraspecific diversity but also on the spore physiological state.
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Stefanello A, Fracari JC, Silva M, Lemos JG, Garcia MV, Alves Dos Santos B, Copetti MV. Influence of type, concentration, exposure time, temperature, and presence of organic load on the antifungal efficacy of industrial sanitizers against Aspergillus brasiliensis (ATCC 16404). Food Microbiol 2021; 97:103740. [PMID: 33653519 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Parameters such as type and concentration of the active compound, exposure time, application temperature, and organic load presence influence the antimicrobial action of sanitizers, although there is little data in the literature. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of different chemical sanitizers under different conditions according to the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Aspergillus brasiliensis (ATCC 16404) was exposed to four compounds (benzalkonium chloride, iodine, peracetic acid, and sodium hypochlorite) at two different concentrations (minimum and maximum described on the product label), different exposure times (5, 10, and 15 min), temperatures (10, 20, 30, and 40 °C), and the presence or absence of an organic load. All parameters, including the type of sanitizer, influenced the antifungal efficacy of the tested compounds. Peracetic acid and benzalkonium chloride were the best antifungal sanitizers. The efficacy of peracetic acid increased as temperatures rose, although the opposite effect was observed for benzalkonium chloride. Sodium hypochlorite was ineffective under all tested conditions. In general, 5 min of sanitizer exposure is not enough and >10 min are necessary for effective fungal inactivation. The presence of organic load reduced sanitizer efficacy in most of the tested situations, and when comparing the efficacy of each compound in the presence and absence of an organic load, a difference of up to 1.5 log CFU was observed. The lowest concentration recommended on the sanitizer label is ineffective for 99.9% fungal inactivation, even at the highest exposure time (15 min) or under the best conditions of temperature and organic load absence. Knowledge of the influence exerted by these parameters contributes to successful hygiene since the person responsible for the sanitization process in the food facility can select and apply a certain compound in the most favorable conditions for maximum antifungal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrieli Stefanello
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Copetti Fracari
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Silva
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Gonçalves Lemos
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Valle Garcia
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bibiana Alves Dos Santos
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Venturini Copetti
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Racchi I, Scaramuzza N, Hidalgo A, Berni E. Combined effect of water activity and pH on the growth of food-related ascospore-forming molds. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The contamination of raw materials, packaging, or processing environments by fungal ascospores is a real concern for food industries, where variable rates of spoilage can be reached in pasteurized acidic products such as fruit juices, fruit jams, or soft drinks. The aim of this work was to assess the combined effect of aw and pH on the growth of six isolates from three genera of ascospore-forming molds that may occur in raw materials and in food industrial environments, in order to determine the environmental conditions that prevent the spoilage of pasteurized foods and beverages.
Methods
Growth tests were carried out on 60-day-old ascospores from Aspergillus hiratsukae (≡Neosartorya hiratsukae), Aspergillus thermomutatus (≡Neosartorya pseudofischeri), Chaetomium flavoviride, Chaetomium globosum, Talaromyces bacillisporus, and Talaromyces trachyspermus. The tests were performed up to 90 days at 25 °C, using sucrose solutions at different aw (0.85, 0.88, 0.92, 0.95) and pH (3.20, 3.50, 3.80, 4.20, 4.60) values. Growth was characterized by fitting an ordinary logistic regression model to the collected growth data.
Results
The explained percentage of the growth/no growth models ranged between 81.0 and 99.3%: aw exerted the largest influence on the growth of all tested species, while pH was significant only for Chaetomium isolates. The minimum conditions for germination and growth were aw 0.92 and pH 3.50 or 3.80, respectively, for C. flavoviride (46 days) and C. globosum (39 days), aw 0.92 and pH 3.20 for T. trachyspermus (13 days), aw 0.88 and pH 3.20 for T. bacillisporus (39 days), and aw 0.88 and pH 3.20 for the two aspergilli (33 and 27 days, respectively, for A. hiratsukae and A. thermomutatus).
Conclusions
Most of the spoiling mycetes tested were well-adapted to the formulations considered; therefore, foods strategies aiming to inhibit their growth should explore also the hurdle effect exerted by other factors (e.g., antioxidants, organic acids, oxygen levels).
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