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Poitras EP, Levine MA, Harrington JM, Essader AS, Fennell TR, Snyder RW, Black SL, Sumner SS, Levine KE. Development of an analytical method for assessment of silver nanoparticle content in biological matrices by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 163:184-92. [PMID: 25308764 PMCID: PMC4297743 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a broad class of synthetic nanoparticles that are utilized in a wide variety of consumer products as antimicrobial agents. Despite their widespread use, a detailed understanding of their toxicological characteristics and biological and environmental hazards is not available. To support research into the biodistribution and toxicology of AgNPs, it is necessary to develop a suitable method for the assessment of AgNP content in biological samples. Two methods were developed and validated to analyze citrate-coated AgNP content that utilize acid digestion of rodent feces and liver tissue samples, and a third method was developed for the dilution and direct analysis of rodent urine samples. Following sample preparation, the silver content of each sample was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to quantify the silver and AgNP levels present. Analysis of rat feces matrix yielded analytical recoveries ranging from 82 to 93 %. Liver tissue spiked with a formulation of AgNPs over a range of concentrations yielded analytical recoveries between 88 and 90 %, providing acceptable accuracy results. The analysis of silver in urine samples exhibited recovery values ranging from 80 to 85 % for AgNP formulations and 62-84 % for standard silver ion solutions. All determinations exhibited a high degree of analytical precision. The results obtained here suggest that matrix interference plays a minimal role in AgNP recovery in feces and liver tissue, while the urine matrix can exhibit a significant effect on the determination of silver content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P. Poitras
- Trace Inorganics Department, Discovery Sciences and Technology, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Michael A. Levine
- Trace Inorganics Department, Discovery Sciences and Technology, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - James M. Harrington
- Trace Inorganics Department, Discovery Sciences and Technology, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Amal S. Essader
- Trace Inorganics Department, Discovery Sciences and Technology, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Timothy R. Fennell
- Systems and Translational Sciences, Discovery Sciences and Technology, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Rodney W. Snyder
- Systems and Translational Sciences, Discovery Sciences and Technology, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Sherry L. Black
- Systems and Translational Sciences, Discovery Sciences and Technology, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Susan S. Sumner
- Systems and Translational Sciences, Discovery Sciences and Technology, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Keith E. Levine
- Trace Inorganics Department, Discovery Sciences and Technology, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Hendriks HS, Koolen LAE, Dingemans MML, Viberg H, Lee I, Leonards PEG, Ramakers GMJ, Westerink RHS. Effects of neonatal exposure to the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A, aluminum diethylphosphinate or zinc stannate on long-term potentiation and synaptic protein levels in mice. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:2345-54. [PMID: 25253649 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants such as tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) may exert (developmental) neurotoxic effects. However, data on (neuro)toxicity of halogen-free flame retardants (HFFRs) are scarce. Recent in vitro studies indicated a high neurotoxic potential for some HFFRs, e.g., zinc stannate (ZS), whereas the neurotoxic potential of other HFFRs, such as aluminum diethylphosphinate (Alpi), appears low. However, the in vivo (neuro)toxicity of these compounds is largely unknown. We therefore investigated effects of neonatal exposure to TBBPA, Alpi or ZS on synaptic plasticity in mouse hippocampus. Male C57bl/6 mice received a single oral dose of 211 µmol/kg bw TBBPA, Alpi or ZS on postnatal day (PND) 10. On PND 17-19, effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity were investigated using ex vivo extracellular field recordings. Additionally, we measured levels of postsynaptic proteins involved in long-term potentiation (LTP) as well as flame retardant concentrations in brain, muscle and liver tissues. All three flame retardants induced minor, but insignificant, effects on LTP. Additionally, TBBPA induced a minor decrease in post-tetanic potentiation. Despite these minor effects, expression of selected synaptic proteins involved in LTP was not affected. The flame retardants could not be measured in significant amounts in the brains, suggesting low bioavailability and/or rapid elimination/metabolism. We therefore conclude that a single neonatal exposure on PND 10 to TBBPA, Alpi or ZS does affect neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity only to a small extent in mice. Additional data, in particular on persistence, bioaccumulation and (in vivo) toxicity, following prolonged (developmental) exposure are required for further (human) risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester S Hendriks
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas A E Koolen
- Master's Programme in Neuroscience and Cognition, Utrecht University, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Milou M L Dingemans
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Viberg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iwa Lee
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert M J Ramakers
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Vicente-Vicente L, Quiros Y, Pérez-Barriocanal F, López-Novoa JM, López-Hernández FJ, Morales AI. Nephrotoxicity of uranium: pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:324-47. [PMID: 20554698 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As in the case of other heavy metals, a considerable body of evidence suggests that overexposure to uranium may cause pathological alterations to the kidneys in both humans and animals. In the present work, our aim was to analyze the available data from a critical perspective that should provide a view of the real danger of the nephrotoxicity of this metal for human beings. A further aim was to elaborate a comparative compilation of the renal pathophysiological data obtained in humans and experimental animals with a view to gaining more insight into our knowledge of the mechanisms of action and renal damage. Finally, we address the existing perspectives for the improvement of diagnostic methods and the treatment of intoxications by uranium, performing an integrated analysis of all these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vicente-Vicente
- Unidad de Toxicología, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, S-19, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Zoriy P, Ostapczuk P, Dederichs H, Höbig J, Lennartz R, Zoriy M. Biomonitoring of environmental pollution by thorium and uranium in selected regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2010; 101:414-420. [PMID: 20346550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two former uranium mines and a uranium reprocessing factory in the city of Aktau, Kazakhstan, may represent a risk of contaminating the surrounding areas by uranium and its daughter elements. One of the possible fingerprinting tools for studying the environmental contamination is using plant samples, collected in the surroundings of this city in 2007 and 2008. The distribution pattern of environmental pollution by uranium and thorium was evaluated by determining the thorium and uranium concentrations in plant samples (Artemisia austriaca) from the city of Aktau and comparing these results with those obtained for the same species of plants from an unpolluted area (town of Kurchatov). The determination of the uranium and thorium concentrations in different parts of A. austriaca plants collected from the analyzed areas demonstrated that the main contamination of the flora in areas surrounding the city of Aktau was due to dust transported by the wind from the uranium mines. The results obtained demonstrate that all the areas surrounding Aktau have a higher pollution level due to thorium and uranium than the control area (Kurchatov). A few "hot points" with high concentrations of uranium and thorium were found near the uranium reprocessing factory and the uranium mines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zoriy
- Institute of Safety and Radiation Protection in the Environment, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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