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Alves NO, Oshiro JA, Silva YC, Pacher GC, Casaril AE, Rizk YS, Uehara SNO, Paniago AMM, Andrade ILX, Arruda CCP, Oliveira AG. VL-HIV co-infection with Leishmania containing skin lesions resembling para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012438. [PMID: 39186781 PMCID: PMC11379370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are a group of neglected vector-borne infectious diseases that are among the six priority endemic diseases worldwide. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe clinical manifestation, characterized by systemic and chronic visceral involvement and high mortality in immunosuppressed and untreated patients. VL can be complicated into post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), and when dermatologic disorders occur simultaneously with active VL, an intermediate clinical form called para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (para-KDL) occurs. This clinical form is of great epidemiological relevance, as humans act as a source of infection for vectorial transmission. In the Americas, Brazil is among the seven countries responsible for more than 90% of VL cases, though reports of PKDL and para-KDL are rare. This paper presents three cases of VL-HIV co-infection with Leishmania-containing skin lesions resembling para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. The cases were investigated by the team from the Infectious Diseases Department of University Hospital (HUMAP/UFMS) in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The three patients exhibited skin lesions where amastigote forms of L. (L.) infantum were identified. All cases exhibited similar clinical manifestations of para-KDL, including fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and disseminated skin lesions. The study described the prevalence of comorbidities, the incidence of VL relapse, and the therapeutic regimen in relation to the outcomes. The study underscores the importance of follow-up and secondary prophylaxis in patients with VL, which are essential for the efficacy of the treatment. Furthermore, the study provides insight into the potential epidemiological profile of para-KDL cases in Brazil, which contributes to the development of more efficient clinical management strategies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália O. Alves
- Laboratory of Human Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A. Oshiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Yunna C. Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C. Pacher
- Laboratory of Human Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Aline E. Casaril
- Laboratory of Human Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Yasmin S. Rizk
- Laboratory of Human Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Silvia N. O. Uehara
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Maria Aparecida Pedrossian University Hospital—Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Anamaria M. M. Paniago
- Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Maria Aparecida Pedrossian University Hospital—Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Isadora L. X. Andrade
- Maria Aparecida Pedrossian University Hospital—Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Carla C. P. Arruda
- Laboratory of Human Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Alessandra G. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Human Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
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Yadav P, Azam M, Ramesh V, Singh R. Unusual Observations in Leishmaniasis-An Overview. Pathogens 2023; 12:297. [PMID: 36839569 PMCID: PMC9964612 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis significantly affects the population of the tropics and subtropics. Clinical features and infective species of Leishmania are the primary factors driving the direction of diagnosis. The rise in incidences of atypical presentations present a challenge in patient treatment. Knowledge of unusual/rare presentations can aid in having a broader perspective for including the different aspects during the examination and thus avoid misdiagnosis. A comprehensive literature survey was performed to present the array of atypical presentations confounding clinicians which have been seen in leishmaniasis. Case reports of unusual findings based on the localizations and morphology of lesions and infective species and the predominant geographical sites over almost five decades highlight such presentations in the population. Information regarding the clinical features recorded in the patient and the chosen treatment was extracted to put forward the preferred drug regimen in such cases. This comprehensive review presents various unusual observations seen in visceral leishmaniasis, post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. It highlights the need to consider such features in association with differential diagnosis to facilitate proper treatment of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110029, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Mudsser Azam
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - V Ramesh
- Department of Dermatology, ESIC Hospital, Faridabad 1210026, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110029, India
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Immune recovery-related patterns of post kala-azar dermal and ocular leishmaniasis in people living with HIV. AIDS 2022; 36:1819-1827. [PMID: 35848585 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a rare complication of visceral leishmaniasis. We aimed at reporting PKDL cases in people living with HIV (PLHIV) and compare their characteristics based on whether PKDL occurred in the context of immune recovery under antiretroviral therapy (ART) or not. DESIGN National survey and literature review. METHODS We called for observations in France in October 2020 and performed a literature review from PubMed (Medline) and Web of Science up to December 2020. Two groups of patients were defined based on whether PKDL occurred in the context of immune recovery under ART (group 1) or not (group 2), and compared. RESULTS Three PLHIV with PKDL identified in France in the last decade were described and added to 33 cases from the literature. Compared with group 2 (16/36, 44.4%), patients from group 1 (20/36, 55.6%) originated more frequently from Europe (12/20, 60% vs. 2/16, 12.5%; P = 0.0038), had higher median blood CD4 + cell counts (221/μl vs. 61/μl; P = 0.0005) and increase under ART (122/μl, interquartile range 73-243 vs. 33/μl, interquartile range 0-53; P = 0.0044), had less frequently concomitant visceral leishmaniasis (3/20, 15% vs. 8/12, 66.7%; P = 0.006), and a trend to more frequent ocular involvement (7/20, 35% vs. 1/16, 6.25%; P = 0.0531). CONCLUSION In PLHIV, PKDL occurs after a cured episode of visceral leishmaniasis as part of an immune restoration disease under ART, or concomitant to a visceral leishmaniasis relapse in a context of AIDS. For the latter, the denomination 'disseminated cutaneous lesions associated with visceral leishmaniasis' seems more accurate than PKDL.
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Maruyama SR, de Santana AKM, Takamiya NT, Takahashi TY, Rogerio LA, Oliveira CAB, Milanezi CM, Trombela VA, Cruz AK, Jesus AR, Barreto AS, da Silva AM, Almeida RP, Ribeiro JM, Silva JS. Non-Leishmania Parasite in Fatal Visceral Leishmaniasis-Like Disease, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:2088-2092. [PMID: 31625841 PMCID: PMC6810192 DOI: 10.3201/eid2511.181548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Through whole-genome sequencing analysis, we identified non-Leishmania parasites isolated from a man with a fatal visceral leishmaniasis–like illness in Brazil. The parasites infected mice and reproduced the patient’s clinical manifestations. Molecular epidemiologic studies are needed to ascertain whether a new infectious disease is emerging that can be confused with leishmaniasis.
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Elliott T, Simpson J, Naresh KN, Lockwood D, Bailey AC. An unusual case of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in a patient with HIV and visceral leishmaniasis co-infection. Int J STD AIDS 2019; 30:1221-1223. [PMID: 31558131 DOI: 10.1177/0956462419868617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania donovani complex. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a rash that can occur following treatment for VL due to L. donovani species. We describe an unusual case of PKDL occurring during treatment for Leishmania infantum VL in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus-co infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Elliott
- HIV and Sexual Health Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Kikkeri N Naresh
- Histopathology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Diana Lockwood
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, UK
| | - Angela C Bailey
- HIV and Sexual Health Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Aronson N, Herwaldt BL, Libman M, Pearson R, Lopez-Velez R, Weina P, Carvalho EM, Ephros M, Jeronimo S, Magill A. Diagnosis and Treatment of Leishmaniasis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH). Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:e202-e264. [PMID: 27941151 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to realize that leishmaniasis guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. The IDSA and ASTMH consider adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determinations regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Aronson
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Michael Libman
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Peter Weina
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Selma Jeronimo
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Alan Magill
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
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Lyra MR, Pimentel MIF, Madeira MDF, Antonio LDF, Lyra JPDM, Fagundes A, Schubach ADO. FIRST REPORT OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS CAUSED BY Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi IN AN URBAN AREA OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:451-4. [PMID: 26603237 PMCID: PMC4660459 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, and transmitted by sandflies. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, almost all of the cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) are caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, while cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. The resurgence of autochthonous VL cases in Rio de Janeiro is related to the geographic expansion of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis and its ability to adapt to urban areas. We report the first case of leishmaniasis with exclusively cutaneous manifestations caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro. An eighty-one-year-old woman presented three pleomorphic skin lesions that were not associated with systemic symptoms or visceromegalies. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis identified L. (L.) infantum chagasi, but direct smear and PCR of bone narrow were negative for Leishmania sp. (suggesting exclusively cutaneous involvement). We discuss the different dermatological presentations of viscerotropic leishmaniasis of the New and Old World, and the clinical and epidemiological importance of the case. Etiologic diagnosis of ATL based upon exclusive clinical criteria may lead to incorrect conclusions. We should be aware of the constant changes in epidemiological patterns related to leishmaniases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Rosandiski Lyra
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Maria de Fátima Madeira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | - Aline Fagundes
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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PKDL and other dermal lesions in HIV co-infected patients with Leishmaniasis: review of clinical presentation in relation to immune responses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3258. [PMID: 25412435 PMCID: PMC4238984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Co-infection of leishmaniasis and HIV is increasingly reported. The clinical presentation of leishmaniasis is determined by the host immune response to the parasite; as a consequence, this presentation will be influenced by HIV-induced immunosuppression. As leishmaniasis commonly affects the skin, increasing immunosuppression changes the clinical presentation, such as in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL); dermal lesions are also commonly reported in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and HIV co-infection. Methods We reviewed the literature with regard to dermal manifestations in leishmaniasis and HIV co-infection, in three clinical syndromes, according to the primary presentation: PKDL, VL, or CL. Results A wide variety of descriptions of dermal leishmaniasis in HIV co-infection has been reported. Lesions are commonly described as florid, symmetrical, non-ulcerating, nodular lesions with atypical distribution and numerous parasites. Pre-existing, unrelated dermal lesions may become parasitized. Parasites lose their tropism and no longer exclusively cause VL or CL. PKDL in HIV co-infected patients is more common and more severe and is not restricted to Leishmania donovani. In VL, dermal lesions occur in up to 18% of patients and may present as (severe) localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (DL) or diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL); there may be an overlap with para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. In CL, dissemination in the skin may occur resembling DL or DCL; subsequent spread to the viscera may follow. Mucosal lesions are commonly found in VL or CL and HIV co-infection. Classical mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is more severe. Immune reconstitution disease (IRD) is uncommon in HIV co-infected patients with leishmaniasis on antiretroviral treatment (ART). Conclusion With increasing immunosuppression, the clinical syndromes of CL, VL, and PKDL become more severe and may overlap. These syndromes may be best described as VL with disseminated cutaneous lesions (before, during, or after VL) and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis with or without visceralization.
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Diro E, van Griensven J, Mohammed R, Colebunders R, Asefa M, Hailu A, Lynen L. Atypical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with HIV in north Ethiopia: a gap in guidelines for the management of opportunistic infections in resource poor settings. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 15:122-9. [PMID: 25300862 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In regions where it is endemic, visceral leishmaniasis is an important opportunistic infectious disease in people living with HIV. Typically, clinical presentation of visceral leishmaniasis includes chronic fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and weight loss. In Leishmania infantum endemic regions in Europe, atypical visceral leishmaniasis presentations have been well documented, with almost every possible organ involved. However, such reports are rare in Leishmania donovani endemic regions such as east Africa. In this Personal View, we describe the various atypical disease presentations in patients screened as part of an HIV and visceral leishmaniasis clinical trial in north Ethiopia, where up to 40% of patients with visceral leishmaniasis are co-infected with HIV. Atypical presentations such as these are not covered in clinical guidelines used in these settings. Apart from the lack of diagnostic facilities, this gap contributes to the underdiagnosis of atypical visceral leishmaniasis, with associated morbidity and mortality. Involvement of clinicians experienced with the management of HIV and visceral leishmaniasis co-infection in the development of HIV clinical guidelines in affected regions is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermias Diro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Johan van Griensven
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rezika Mohammed
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Robert Colebunders
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mesfin Asefa
- Department of Pathology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lutgarde Lynen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium
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Lindoso JA, Cota GF, da Cruz AM, Goto H, Maia-Elkhoury ANS, Romero GAS, de Sousa-Gomes ML, Santos-Oliveira JR, Rabello A. Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection in Latin America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3136. [PMID: 25233461 PMCID: PMC4169383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an endemic zoonotic disease in Latin America caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, which is transmitted by sand flies from the genus Lutzomyia. VL occurs in 12 countries of Latin America, with 96% of cases reported in Brazil. Recently, an increase in VL, primarily affecting children and young adults, has been observed in urban areas of Latin America. The area in which this spread of VL is occurring overlaps regions with individuals living with HIV, the number of whom is estimated to be 1.4 million people by the World Health Organization. This overlap is suggested to be a leading cause of the increased number of reported VL-HIV coinfections. The clinical progression of HIV and L. infantum infections are both highly dependent on the specific immune response of an individual. Furthermore, the impact on the immune system caused by either pathogen and by VL-HIV coinfection can contribute to an accelerated progression of the diseases. Clinical presentation of VL in HIV positive patients is similar to patients without HIV, with symptoms characterized by fever, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly, but diarrhea appears to be more common in coinfected patients. In addition, VL relapses are higher in coinfected patients, affecting 10% to 56.5% of cases and with a lethality ranging from 8.7% to 23.5% in Latin America, depending on the study. With regards to the diagnosis of VL, parasitological tests of bone marrow aspirates have proven to be the most sensitive test in HIV-infected patients. Serologic tests have demonstrated a variable sensitivity according to the method and antigens used, with the standard tests used for diagnosing VL in Latin America displaying lower sensitivity. For this review, few articles were identified that related to VL-HIV coinfections and originated from Latin America, highlighting the need for improving research within the regions most greatly affected. We strongly support the formation of a Latin American network for coinfections of Leishmania and HIV to improve the consistency of research on the current situation of VL-HIV coinfections. Such a network would improve the collection of vital data and samples for better understanding of the clinical manifestations and immunopathogenic aspects of VL in immunosuppressed patients. Ultimately, a concerted effort would improve trials for new diagnostic methodologies and therapeutics, which could accelerate the implementation of more specific and effective diagnosis as well as public policies for treatments to reduce the impact of VL-HIV coinfections on the Latin American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Angelo Lindoso
- Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia (LIM-38) Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Mediciina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JAL); (AR)
| | - Gláucia Fernandes Cota
- Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais (FHEMIG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alda Maria da Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Medicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Disciplina de Parasitologia/FCM-UERJ, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hiro Goto
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Adolfo Sierra Romero
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Avaliação de Tecnologia em Saúde, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Joanna Reis Santos-Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Medicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Rabello
- Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JAL); (AR)
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Tiuman TS, Ueda-Nakamura T, Alonso A, Nakamura CV. Cell death in amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis induced by parthenolide. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:152. [PMID: 24913205 PMCID: PMC4067685 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania amazonensis infection results in diverse clinical manifestations: cutaneous, mucocutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis. The arsenal of drugs available for treating Leishmania infections is limited. Therefore, new, effective, and less toxic leishmaniasis treatments are still needed. We verified cell death in amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis induced by the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide. Results The tested compound was able to concentration-dependently affect axenic and intracellular amastigotes, with IC50 values of 1.3 μM and 2.9 μM, respectively after 72 h incubation. No genotoxic effects were observed in a micronucleus test in mice. Parthenolide induced morphological and ultrastructural changes in axenic amastigotes, including a loss of membrane integrity, swelling of the mitochondrion, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and intense exocytic activity in the region of the flagellar pocket. These results led us to investigate the occurrence of autophagic vacuoles with monodansylcadaverine and the integrity of the plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane potential using flow cytometry. In all of the tests, parthenolide had positive results. Conclusions Our results indicate that the antileishmanial action of parthenolide is associated with autophagic vacuole appearance, a reduction of fluidity, a loss of membrane integrity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Considering the limited repertoire of existing antileishmanial compounds, the products derived from medicinal plants has been one the greatest advances to help develop new chemotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av, Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Mou Z, Muleme HM, Liu D, Jia P, Okwor IB, Kuriakose SM, Beverley SM, Uzonna JE. Parasite-derived arginase influences secondary anti-Leishmania immunity by regulating programmed cell death-1-mediated CD4+ T cell exhaustion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3380-9. [PMID: 23460745 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The breakdown of L-arginine to ornithine and urea by host arginase supports Leishmania proliferation in macrophages. Studies using arginase-null mutants show that Leishmania-derived arginase plays an important role in disease pathogenesis. We investigated the role of parasite-derived arginase in secondary (memory) anti-Leishmania immunity in the resistant C57BL/6 mice. We found that C57BL/6 mice infected with arginase-deficient (arg(-)) L. major failed to completely resolve their lesion and maintained chronic pathology after 16 wk, a time when the lesion induced by wild-type L. major is completely resolved. This chronic disease was associated with impaired Ag-specific proliferation and IFN-γ production, a concomitant increase in programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression on CD4(+) T cells, and failure to induce protection against secondary L. major challenge. Treatment with anti-PD-1 mAb restored T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production in vitro and led to complete resolution of chronic lesion in arg(-) L. major-infected mice. These results show that infection with arg(-) L. major results in chronic disease due in part to PD-1-mediated clonal exhaustion of T cells, suggesting that parasite-derived arginase contributes to the overall quality of the host immune response and subsequent disease outcome in L. major-infected mice. They also indicate that persistent parasites alone do not regulate the quality of secondary anti-Leishmania immunity in mice and that the quality of the primary immune response may be playing a hitherto unrecognized dominant role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Mou
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
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Tiuman TS, Santos AO, Ueda-Nakamura T, Filho BPD, Nakamura CV. Recent advances in leishmaniasis treatment. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e525-32. [PMID: 21605997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
About 1.5 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 500,000 new cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur each year around the world. For over half a century, the clinical forms of the disease have been treated almost exclusively with pentavalent antimonial compounds. In this review, we describe the arsenal available for treating Leishmania infections, as well as recent advances from research on plants and synthetic compounds as source drugs for treating the disease. We also review some new drug-delivery systems for the development of novel chemotherapeutics. We observe that the pharmaceutical industry should employ its modern technologies, which could lead to better use of plants and their extracts, as well as to the development of synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds. New studies have highlighted some biopharmaceutical technologies in the design of the delivery strategy, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, cochleates, and non-specific lipid transfer proteins. These observations serve as a basis to indicate novel routes for the development and design of effective anti-Leishmania drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Tiuman
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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dos Santos AO, Veiga-Santos P, Ueda-Nakamura T, Filho BPD, Sudatti DB, Bianco ÉM, Pereira RC, Nakamura CV. Effect of elatol, isolated from red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea, on Leishmania amazonensis. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2733-43. [PMID: 21139841 PMCID: PMC2996173 DOI: 10.3390/md8112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the antileishmanial activity of sesquiterpene elatol, the major constituent of the Brazilian red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux, against L. amazonensis. Elatol after 72 h of treatment, showed an IC(50) of 4.0 μM and 0.45 μM for promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of L. amazonensis, respectively. By scanning and transmission electron microscopy, parasites treated with elatol revealed notable changes compared with control cells, including: pronounced swelling of the mitochondrion; appearance of concentric membrane structures inside the organelle; destabilization of the plasma membrane; and formation of membrane structures, apparently an extension of the endoplasmic reticulum, which is suggestive of an autophagic process. A cytotoxicity assay showed that the action of the isolated compound is more specific for protozoa, and it is not toxic to macrophages. Our studies indicated that elatol is a potent antiproliferative agent against promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms, and may have important advantages for the development of new anti-leishamanial chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Oliveira dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, CEP 86051-990, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (A.O.S.); (B.P.D.F.)
| | - Phercyles Veiga-Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Bloco B-08, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.V.-S.); (T.U.-N.)
| | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Bloco B-08, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.V.-S.); (T.U.-N.)
| | - Benedito Prado Dias Filho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, CEP 86051-990, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (A.O.S.); (B.P.D.F.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Bloco B-08, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.V.-S.); (T.U.-N.)
| | - Daniela Bueno Sudatti
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Caixa Postal 100644, CEP 24001-970, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.B.S.); (R.C.P.)
| | - Éverson Miguel Bianco
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Baptista, s/n, CEP 24.020-150, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; E-Mail: (É.M.B.)
| | - Renato Crespo Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Caixa Postal 100644, CEP 24001-970, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.B.S.); (R.C.P.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Baptista, s/n, CEP 24.020-150, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; E-Mail: (É.M.B.)
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, CEP 86051-990, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (A.O.S.); (B.P.D.F.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Bloco B-08, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.V.-S.); (T.U.-N.)
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