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Lee NK, Park YJ, Kang CE, Kim JH, Shin D, Lee DH, Paik HD. Antimicrobial effect of combined preservatives using chestnut inner shell, cinnamon, and ε-poly-lysine against food-poisoning bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:3379-3386. [PMID: 39328234 PMCID: PMC11422318 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chestnut inner shell, cinnamon, and ε-poly-lysine (ε-PL) have been used for natural preservative of food grade, and combined preservatives (CP) has been formulated previously. This study examined whether Staphylococcus aureus growth could be controlled using CP in tryptic soy broth (TSB). CP inhibited S. aureus growth by about 5 log CFU/mL in TSB. The cell surface hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, and motility of S. aureus were slightly reduced by CP treatment. The expression of adhesion- and toxin-related genes in S. aureus treated with CP was reduced than that in the control treated with TSB. In addition, the inhibitory activity of the CP was visible through the SEM images. Therefore, the CP consisted of chestnut inner shell extract, cinnamon extract, and ε-PL had appropriate antibacterial effect against S. aureus and could be applied as antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Jin Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Eun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Doohang Shin
- Sempio Fermentation Research Center, Sempio Foods Company, Osong, 28156 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Sempio Fermentation Research Center, Sempio Foods Company, Osong, 28156 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
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Núñez D, Jiménez P, Cortez-San Martín M, Cortés C, Cárdenas M, Michelson S, Garay T, Vecchiola M, Céspedes A, Maldonado JE, Vásquez-Martínez Y. Molecular and Phylogenomic Analysis of a Vancomycin Intermediate Resistance USA300LV Strain in Chile. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1284. [PMID: 39065053 PMCID: PMC11278659 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health problem, and, among Gram-positive bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represents a serious threat. MRSA causes a wide range of infections, including bacteremia, which, due to the limited use of β-lactams, is difficult to treat. This study aimed to analyze 51 MRSA isolates collected in 2018 from samples of patients with bacteremia from two hospitals of the Metropolitan Health Service of Santiago, Chile, both in their resistance profile and in the identification of virulence factors. In addition, genomic characterization was carried out by the WGS of an isolate that was shown to be the one of greatest concern (N°. 42) due to its intermediate resistance to vancomycin, multiple virulence factors and being classified as ST8 PVL-positive. In our study, most of the isolates turned out to be multidrug-resistant, but there are still therapeutic options, such as tetracycline, rifampicin, chloramphenicol and vancomycin, which are currently used for MRSA infections; however, 18% were PVL positive, which suggests greater virulence of these isolates. It was determined that isolate N°42 is grouped within the USA300-LV strains (ST8, PVL+, COMER+); however, it has been suggested that, in Chile, a complete displacement of the PVL-negative ST5 clone has not occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Núñez
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (D.N.); (M.C.-S.M.); (C.C.); (M.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Pablo Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Multiómica Vegetal y Bioinformática, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile;
| | - Marcelo Cortez-San Martín
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (D.N.); (M.C.-S.M.); (C.C.); (M.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Carolina Cortés
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (D.N.); (M.C.-S.M.); (C.C.); (M.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Matías Cárdenas
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (D.N.); (M.C.-S.M.); (C.C.); (M.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Sofia Michelson
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (D.N.); (M.C.-S.M.); (C.C.); (M.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Tamara Garay
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (T.G.); (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Maggie Vecchiola
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (T.G.); (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Alejandra Céspedes
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (T.G.); (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Jonathan E. Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Multiómica Vegetal y Bioinformática, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile;
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (D.N.); (M.C.-S.M.); (C.C.); (M.C.); (S.M.)
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (T.G.); (M.V.); (A.C.)
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Niño-Arias FC, Alves VF, Pereira MG, De Martinis ECP. Gene expression and cell culture assays reveal cheese isolate Lactococcus lactis MC5 may influence the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2027-2034. [PMID: 37171534 PMCID: PMC10484841 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) can thrive in a wide variety of hosts and environments, causing clinical infections and foodborne intoxications. In Brazil, SA is commonly isolated from traditional soft cheeses, especially those prepared from unpasteurized milk. In this research, the isolate S. aureus SABRC1 was evaluated for virulence traits under different conditions, including co-inoculation with Lactococcus lactis MC5 (isolated from "Fresh Minas Cheese"), which produces antibacterial peptides. Results from experiments with Caco-2 culture indicated S. aureus SABRC1 was able to adhere (42.83 ± 1.79%) and to invade (48.57 ± 0.41%) the intestinal cells. On the other hand, L. lactis MC5 presented anti-staphylococcal activity as indicated by agar assays, and it was also able to antagonize intestinal cell invasion by S. aureus. Moreover, Reverse Transcriptase-PCR experiments showed virulence genes of S. aureus SABRC1 (hla, icaA and sea) were differentially expressed under diverse culture conditions, which included Brain Heart Infusion modified or not by the addition of glucose, sodium chloride, milk or cheese. This suggests the virulence of S. aureus SABRC1 is influenced by compounds commonly found in daily diets, and not only by its genetic repertoire, adding a novel level of complexity for controlling infection by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Camilo Niño-Arias
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP-USP), Brazil
| | - Virgínia Farias Alves
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240 Esquina Com a 5ª Avenida, S/N, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia/GO, CEP: 74605-170, Brazil.
| | - Marita Gimenez Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP-USP), Brazil
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Enterotoxin- and Antibiotic-Resistance-Encoding Genes Are Present in Both Coagulase-Positive and Coagulase-Negative Foodborne Staphylococcus Strains. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Food poisoning by staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) is a major cause of foodborne illness, often associated with coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). The increase in the number of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains is another major problem associated with CPS. However, reports of the association of SE and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are beginning to re-emerge. In this context, the aim of this study is to investigate the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes and to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance in 66 isolates of Staphylococcus spp. (47 CNS and 19 CPS) recovered from ready-to-eat (RTE) street food sold in Maputo, Mozambique. Seven virulence genes encoding SE (sea, seb, sec, sed and see) and two toxins (hlb and sak) were screened by multiplex PCR (MPCR). Antimicrobial resistance against 12 antibiotics was evaluated by the disk diffusion method. The presence of genes encoding resistance to penicillin, methicillin, vancomycin and erythromycin (blaZ, mecA, vancA, vancB, ermA, ermB and ermC) were also screened by PCR. At least one of the seven virulence genes assessed in this study was detected in 57.9% and 51% of CPS and CNS isolates, respectively. In CPS isolates, the most frequent gene was hlb (47.4%), followed by sec (15.8%) and sea, seb and sed genes with 5.3% each. In CNS isolates, the most frequent gene was sec (36.2%) followed by sak (17%), hlb (14.9%), sed (12.8%) and seb (6.4%). Five of the twelve CPS in which virulence genes were detected were also antibiotic-resistant. All the CNS isolates harboring virulence genes (n = 27, 57.4%) were antimicrobial-resistant. The prevalence of multidrug resistance was higher (59.6%) in CNS than in CPS (26.3%) isolates. Regarding the presence of antibiotic-resistance genes, blaZ (penicillin-resistant) was the most frequent in both CPS (42.1%) and CNS (87.2%), followed by the mecA (encoding methicillin resistance) and vancA genes (vancomycin-resistant), which represented 36.8% and 31.6% in CPS isolates and 46.8% in CNS isolates, respectively. The prevalence of vancomycin-resistant staphylococci has been increasing worldwide and, to our knowledge, this is the first study to report the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant staphylococci in Mozambique. These results emphasize the need to investigate CNS isolates in parallel with CPS, as both constitute public health hazards, given their potential to produce SE and spread antimicrobial resistance genes.
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Tahoun A, Elnafarawy HK, El-Sharkawy H, Rizk AM, Alorabi M, El-Shehawi AM, Youssef MA, Ibrahim HMM, El-Khodery S. The Prevalence and Molecular Biology of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Healthy and Diseased Equine Eyes in Egypt. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020221. [PMID: 35203823 PMCID: PMC8868267 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to characterize S. aureus isolates from the eyes of healthy and clinically affected equines in the Kafrelsheikh Governorate, Egypt. A total of 110 animals were examined for the presence of S. aureus, which was isolated from 33 animals with ophthalmic lesions and 77 healthy animals. We also investigated the antimicrobial resistance profile, oxacillin resistance mechanism, and the major virulence factors implicated in many studies of the ocular pathology of pathogenic S. aureus. The association between S. aureus eye infections and potential risk factors was also investigated. The frequency of S. aureus isolates from clinically affected equine eyes was significantly higher than in clinically healthy equids. A significant association was found between the frequency of S. aureus isolation from clinically affected equine eyes and risk factors including age and season but not with sex or breed factors. Antimicrobial resistance to common antibiotics used to treat equine eyes was also tested. Overall, the isolates showed the highest sensitivity to sulfamethoxazole (100%) and the highest resistance to cephalosporin (90.67%) and oxacillin (90.48%). PCR was used to demonstrate that mecA was present in 100% of oxacillin- and β-lactam-resistant S. aureus strains. The virulence factor genes Spa (x region), nuc, and hlg were identified in 62.5%, 100%, and 56%, of isolates, respectively, from clinically affected equines eyes. The severity of the eye lesions increased in the presence of γ-toxin-positive S. aureus. The phylogenetic tree of the Spa (x region) gene indicated a relationship with human reference strains isolated from Egypt as well as isolates from equines in Iran and Japan. This study provides insight into the prevalence, potential risk factors, clinical pictures, zoonotic potential, antimicrobial resistance, and β-lactam resistance mechanism of S. aureus strains that cause eye infection in equines from Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Tahoun
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelshkh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Helmy K. Elnafarawy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (H.K.E.); (M.A.Y.); (H.M.M.I.); (S.E.-K.)
| | - Hanem El-Sharkawy
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt;
| | - Amira M. Rizk
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed Alorabi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed M. El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Mohamed A. Youssef
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (H.K.E.); (M.A.Y.); (H.M.M.I.); (S.E.-K.)
| | - Hussam M. M. Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (H.K.E.); (M.A.Y.); (H.M.M.I.); (S.E.-K.)
| | - Sabry El-Khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (H.K.E.); (M.A.Y.); (H.M.M.I.); (S.E.-K.)
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Eidaroos NH, Youssef AI, El-Sebae A, Enany ME, Farid DS. Genotyping of enterotoxigenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) among commensal rodents in North Sinai, Egypt. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2331-2341. [PMID: 34297868 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to identify genotype enterotoxigenic antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus species, mainly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) among commensal rodents. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 280 samples were collected from nasal and mouth swabs, heart blood, intestinal content, and lung tissues of 56 commensal rodents trapped from North Sinai, Egypt. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed to bacteriologically identified S. aureus isolates against 15 antimicrobial agents by disc diffusion method. Detection was conducted for identifying coagulase gene (coA), antimicrobial-resistant genes (mecA and vanA/B), enterotoxigenic, and virulence determinant genes (hlg, seb, sed, and see) among the MRSA and VRSA isolates. RESULTS S. aureus species were isolated from 24 (42.86%) out of 56 rodents. Phenotypic examination revealed that all the isolates were multidrug-resistant, whereas two isolates were multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR). Out of 33 examined isolates, 33 (100%) were resistant to oxacillin and amoxicillin, 31 (93.93%) to cefoxitin, and 12 (36.36%) to vancomycin. PCR assay revealed that 24 isolates revealed (100%) positivity to coA gene, 17 (70.83%) to mecA gene, and 12 (50%) to vanA/B genes. Enterotoxin genes and hemolysin genes were detected among MRSA and VRSA isolates. There was a strong positive correlation between the tested antimicrobial-resistant genes and virulence genes (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the occurrence of MRSA and VRSA strains among commensal rodents in North Sinai, Egypt. The detection of enterotoxigenic and virulence genes of the isolated MRSA and VRSA strains indicated the health hazards of food contamination and zoonotic infections. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACTS OF THE STUDY This study emphasizes the role of commensal rodents in maintaining and disseminating multidrug-resistant MRSA and VRSA strains to the environment, animals, and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada H Eidaroos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Bacteriology), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Youssef
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Ali El-Sebae
- Deparment of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, North Sinai, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Enany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Bacteriology), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Doaa S Farid
- Deparment of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, North Sinai, Egypt
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Tegegne DT, Mamo G, Waktole H, Messele YE. Molecular characterization of virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in central Ethiopia. ANN MICROBIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most important pathogen involved in bovine mastitis in dairy production. S. aureus produces a spectrum of extracellular protein toxins and virulence factors which are thought to contribute to the pathogenicity of the organism. The aim of this work was to isolate and molecular characterize S. aureus associated with bovine subclinical mastitis in the central part of Ethiopia.
Methods
A total of 265 lactating dairy cows from various dairy farms in four different geographical locations were screened by the California mastitis test (CMT) for bovine subclinical mastitis. One hundred thirty CMT-positive milk samples were collected and transported to the laboratory. Different biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for the identification of S. aureus isolates. Finally, PCR was performed for molecular detection of virulence genes.
Results
From a total of 265 lactating dairy cows screened, 49% (n = 130) were positive for bovine subclinical mastitis. One hundred thirty mastitic milk samples were subjected to bacterial culturing, and one hundred (76%) S. aureus isolates were identified based on phenotypic characters. Sixty-eight confirmed S. aureus isolates were obtained using PCR. The confirmed S. aureus isolates were tested for six virulence genes (tsst-1, hlb, eta, sea, clfA, and icaD) using PCR. Of the six virulence genes screened from all the isolates, only two (clfA and eta) were detected in the isolates. Out of 68 isolates, 25% and 22% were possessed the eta and clfA genes, respectively.
Conclusion
The presence of Staphylococcus aureus having virulence genes (eta and clfA) revealed that mastitis is a major concern nowadays affecting animal health, milk quality, and yield. Further genomic study of these isolates will provide broad new insights on virulence.
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Bhowmik D, Chetri S, Das BJ, Dhar Chanda D, Bhattacharjee A. Distribution of virulence genes and SCCmec types among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of clinical and environmental origin: a study from community of Assam, India. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:58. [PMID: 33568186 PMCID: PMC7876809 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was designed to discover the dissemination of virulence genes in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical, community and environmental settings. Results This study includes 1165 isolates collected from hospital, community and environmental settings. Among them sixty three were confirmed as MRSA with varied SCCmec types viz; type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI, type VII, type VIII and type XII. The virulence gene such as sea (n = 54), seb (n = 21), eta (n = 27), etb (n = 2), cna (n = 24), ica (n = 2) and tst (n = 30) was also revealed from this study. The study underscores coexistence of resistance cassette and virulence genes among clinical and environment isolates which is first of its kind from this part of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiela Chetri
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Ofoedu CE, Iwouno JO, Agunwah IM, Obodoechi PZ, Okpala COR, Korzeniowska M. Bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes: A comparative analysis of different denominations recovered from local food vendors. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10795. [PMID: 33552745 PMCID: PMC7821755 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial transmission, on the surface of any currency note, can either be through direct (hand-to-hand contact) or indirect (food or other inanimate objects) means. To ascertain the degree of bacterial load enumerated during the handling of money and food items, particularly on currency note by denominations, should be of public health importance. Despite the available literature regarding microbial contamination of Nigerian currency notes, there is still paucity of information about how microbial contamination/load differ across the denominations specific to different food vendors. In this context, therefore, the current study investigated bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes via a comparative study of different denominations (₦1,000, ₦500, ₦200, ₦100, ₦50, ₦20, and 10, and ₦5) recovered from local food vendors. Specifically, the different food handlers/vendors included fruit, meat, vegetable, fish, and grain/cereal sellers. All emergent data from 8 × 5 factorial design of experiment were of duplicate measurements. To consider the currency denominations and food vendor type, a one-factor-at-a-time analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. Results showed that about 81.7% of currency notes were contaminated with either Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. or Staphylococcus spp. in varying degrees. The higher denominations of ₦500, ₦200, and ₦100 note, with the exception of ₦1,000 note, recorded increased degree of contamination over the lower denominations of ₦50, ₦20, ₦10, and ₦5 note. Based on the total viable count (TVC), the ₦100 currency note appeared the most contaminated (1.32 × 105 cfu/ml) whereas ₦5 note appeared the least contaminated (1.46 × 104 cfu/ml). The frequency of isolated bacteria on currency notes from vegetable, meat, and fish sellers were significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to other food vendors. The degree of bacterial contamination of the current work appears chiefly dependent on the food vendor type and currency denomination(s). This work calls for increased awareness and education among food vendors and ready-to-eat food sellers. Doing this would help mitigate the possible cross-contamination between currency notes and foodstuff. Through this, consumers would know more about the potential health risks such simultaneous activities (of handling currency notes and foodstuff) do pose on food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigozie E Ofoedu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Jude O Iwouno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Ijeoma M Agunwah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Perpetual Z Obodoechi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R Okpala
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Ahmed HA, Awad NFS, Abd El-Hamid MI, Shaker A, Mohamed RE, Elsohaby I. Pet birds as potential reservoirs of virulent and antibiotic resistant zoonotic bacteria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 75:101606. [PMID: 33373939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens carried by pet birds are considered a risk for birds, workers, and pet owners. This study investigated the potential of pet birds as reservoirs for virulent multidrug-resistant (MDR) zoonotic bacteria and assessed the genetic relatedness and diversity of bacterial isolates from pet birds and human contacts. Cloacal and tracheal swabs from 125 pet birds and 70 hand swabs from human contacts were collected. The results revealed that the pet birds were reservoirs for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.6 %, each), and Staphylococcus aureus (15.2 %). These isolates were also identified in their human contacts, at percentages of 14.3 %, 12.9 %, and 24.3 %, respectively. Virulence associated genes were identified from E. coli (stx2, stx2f, eaeA, and hlyA), K. pneumoniae (fimH, TraT, and magA), and S. aureus (PVL, hly, sea, sed genes) isolates. Multidrug-resistant E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus were highly prevalent (81.3 %, 90.3 %, and 61.1 %, respectively). The genetic relationship between the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from the pet birds and human contacts were determined by ERIC-PCR, while, RAPD-PCR was used for the S. aureus isolates. ERIC-PCR was found to have the highest discriminatory power. The clustering of the isolates from the pet birds and human contacts indicated potential transmission between the birds and workers. In conclusion, pet birds could act as potential reservoirs for zoonotic bacterial pathogens; thus, posing a risk to their human contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Ahmed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.
| | - Naglaa F S Awad
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Marwa I Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Shaker
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Rehab E Mohamed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt; Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
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Elboshra MME, Hamedelnil YF, Moglad EH, Altayb HN. Prevalence and characterization of virulence genes among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Sudanese patients in Khartoum state. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 38:100784. [PMID: 33194210 PMCID: PMC7642864 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile pathogen that can cause a variety of diseases, ranging from mild to fatal infection. This study aimed to detect the virulence genes (cna, ica, hlg and sdrE) in S. aureus isolated from different types of infections in Sudanese patients admitted to different hospital in Khartoum state. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 4 months from 1 April to 30 July 2017 in Khartoum. Overall, 65 S. aureus isolates were identified using standard biochemical and microbiologic tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Nucleic acid was extracted using the guanidine hydrochloride method, and all the genes except for sdrE were detected by multiplex PCR. The ica gene was the predominant one, found in 73.85% of the isolates, with sdrE found in 38.46%, cna in 29.25% and hlg in 7.69%. The relationship between the virulence genes and resistance to antibiotics showed that the highest resistance was observed in isolates with ica and sdrE, followed by cna and hlg. There were significant relationships between methicillin resistance and the presence of sdrE and ica genes (p 0.01 for both) and between ciprofloxacin resistance and the presence of sdrE gene (p 0.03).
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Affiliation(s)
- M M E Elboshra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan University for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Y F Hamedelnil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan University for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - E H Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O.Box 173 Alkharj 11942.,Department of Microbiology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute (MAPTMRI), National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - H N Altayb
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Sunil S, Panchmal G, Shenoy R, Kumar V, Jodalli P, Somaraj V. Assessment of microbial contamination of indian currency notes in circulation – An In vitro study. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_77_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Niek WK, Teh CSJ, Idris N, Thong KL, Ponnampalavanar S. Predominance of ST22-MRSA-IV Clone and Emergence of Clones for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates Collected from a Tertiary Teaching Hospital Over a Two-Year Period. Jpn J Infect Dis 2019; 72:228-236. [PMID: 30814457 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common nosocomial pathogens, causing mild to severe infections. This study aimed to determine the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of clinical MRSA isolates collected from a teaching hospital from 2014 - 2015. These isolates were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing, staphylococcal cassette chromosomal mec (SCCmec) typing, virulence genes detection, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; they were phenotyped based on their antibiotics susceptibility profiles. The most prevalent sequence type was ST22. ST3547 was identified from a blood isolate from 2015. Three SCCmec types (III in 26.26%, IV in 70.71%, and V in 3.03% isolates) were detected. Agr type I, II, and III were also detected among the isolates. The most prevalent virulence genes found were hemolysin (100%) and intracellular adhesion (91.9%). At least one staphylococcal enterotoxin was detected in 83 (83.8%) isolates. All the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (minimum inhibitory concentration ≤ 2 μg/mL). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in hypertension (p = 0.035), dyslipidemia and obesity (p = 0.046), and previous exposure to any quinolone (p = 0.010) cases over the two-year period. The emergence and circulation of community-associated MRSA variants were observed in our hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Kiong Niek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya
| | | | - Nuryana Idris
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya
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Molecular Investigation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Recovered from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Based on Toxin, Adhesion Genes and agr Locus Type Analysis. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.14495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Distribution of Genes Encoding Toxin, Adhesion, and Antibacterial Resistance Among Various SCCmec Types of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Intensive Care Unit, Tehran, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of biofilm formation among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical specimens, an Atomic Force Microscopic (AFM) study. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:533-539. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Patel K, Joshi C, Nauriyal D, Kunjadiya A. Genotypic identification of methicillin resistance and virulence factors in Staphylococcus spp. from bovine mastitis milk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-017-2540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Fernandez S, Ledo C, Lattar S, Noto Llana M, Bertelli AM, Di Gregorio S, Sordelli DO, Gómez MI, Mollerach ME. High virulence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST30-SCC mec IVc- spa t019, the dominant community-associated clone in Argentina. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:191-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Multilocus Sequence and spa Typing for Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin-Sensitive Isolated From Bovine Mastitis Cases in Algeria Dairy Farms. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.10.4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Distribution of Adhesion and Toxin Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Recovered From Hospitalized Patients Admitted to the ICU. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.39349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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El Bayomi RM, Ahmed HA, Awadallah MAI, Mohsen RA, Abd El-Ghafar AE, Abdelrahman MA. Occurrence, Virulence Factors, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Chicken Products and Humans. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:157-64. [PMID: 26807798 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus in food is a consequence of inadequate hygienic handling and processing, posing a potential risk to public health. The current study aimed to characterize virulence factors, as well as antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated from retail chicken products and hand swabs from vendors in Egypt. In addition, genetic relatedness of the isolates from chicken and humans was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using protein A as a target. A total of 110 samples were collected from chicken products (n = 80) and vendors (n = 30). Overall, 30 (37.5%) chicken products samples were positive for S. aureus, whereas hand swabs from meat handlers revealed that 18 (60%) were positive. Ten MRSA strains were characterized by the presence of the mecA gene, comprising seven isolates from chicken and three from humans. Virulence-associated factors were evaluated by PCR, revealing that 31.3% of S. aureus isolates harbored the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene, whereas 10.4% were positive for the sea and sed genes each, and only two isolates were positive for γ-hemolysin-associated gene. Genotyping using spa PCR-RFLP showed identical restriction banding patterns of MRSA isolates of human and chicken meat origin, indicating the genetic relatedness of the isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize PVL-positive MRSA from chicken products and to utilize spa-RFLP for evaluating the genetic relatedness between MRSA of human and chicken origin in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M El Bayomi
- 1 Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University , Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Heba A Ahmed
- 2 Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University , Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Maysa A I Awadallah
- 2 Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University , Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Mohsen
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute , Mansoura Branch, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abeer E Abd El-Ghafar
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute , Mansoura Branch, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Abdelrahman
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute , Mansoura Branch, Mansoura, Egypt
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Solati SM, Tajbakhsh E, Khamesipour F, Gugnani HC. Prevalence of virulence genes of biofilm producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from clinical samples in Iran. AMB Express 2015; 5:134. [PMID: 26253391 PMCID: PMC4529425 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase negative staphylococci are recognized as opportunistic pathogens and are widespread in the environment. It is possible to prevent and control infections due to these bacteria if their virulence factors are recognized. Eighty isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) including 42 from urine (52.5%), 23 from blood (28.75%), 15 from dialysis bags (18.75%) were studied for biofilm production on Congo red agar (CRA). The virulence genes in S. aureus were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers. Out of 80 isolates studied, 40 isolated (50%) formed black colonies (biofilm-forming strains) on CRA. In 22 of these isolates (25%) reaction was strongly positive; in 12 isolates (15%) reaction was moderately positive, and in the remaining 6 isolates, reaction was weakly positive. In the 22 isolates that had strong positive reaction and produced black colonies on biofilm, all virulent genes (icaC, icaD, icaA icaB, icaR) were expressed. In the 12 isolates that had moderate positive reaction, 8 expressed all genes (icaC, icaD, icaA icaB, icaR) expressed while the remaining 4 expressed only ica A, and ica D genes. Of the 6 isolated which had weak positive reaction, only 1 isolate (2.5%) expressed all the genes, in the other 5 isolates no gene was observed. Urinary isolates more frequently form biofilms than the isolates from other clinical samples. Statistical analysis using Chi square test showed that there was a significant correlation between the type of sample and the biofilm production (P < 0.05). The results of biofilm production on CRA were largely in agreement with microtiter plate assay and PCR assay. The capacity of bacteria to produce biofilm is an important factor in infectivity and happens via expression of ica genes. Recognition of bacteria that produce biofilm is thus important to control infection due to these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Solati
- Graduated of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Elahe Tajbakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Harish C Gugnani
- Department of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean, West Indies
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Girma G, Ketema T, Bacha K. Microbial load and safety of paper currencies from some food vendors in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:843. [PMID: 25424723 PMCID: PMC4255439 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paper currency is used for every type of commerce and plays an important role in the life of human beings. However, the combination of its widespread use and constant exchange make paper currency a likely agent for disease transmission. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial load and safety of Ethiopian paper currencies collected from some food vendors in Jimma town. METHODS Standard microbiological methods were used for the enumeration of various microbial groups, isolation and characterization of pathogenic bacteria and their growth potential in selected weaning foods. A total of 100 samples of Ethiopian paper currencies, consisting of five denominations, from street food venders, hotels and cafeterias in Jimma town were collected aseptically. Sterile cotton swabs moistened with buffered peptone water solution were used for swabbing and the swabs were separately soaked into 10 ml sterile buffered peptone water solution. RESULTS Mean microbial counts of Aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and Aerobic bacterial spores were (log CFU/cm2) 6.32, 4.43, 3.14, 2.98 and 3.78, respectively. However, mean counts of Yeasts and Moulds were below detectable levels. There was statistically significant variation (p<0.05) among the mean counts of microbes isolated from samples of paper currencies. The predominantly isolated microbial groups were Staphylococcus spp. (34.06%) followed by Bacillus spp. (31.88%), Enterobacteraceae (13.39%), Micrococcus spp. (9.55%) and Streptococcus spp. (9.03%). Overall, 25% and 10% of the samples were positive for S. aureus and Salmonella spp, respectively. In challenge study, Salmonella spp. and S. aureus reached the infective dose within 12 to 18 hours of inoculation. CONCLUSION Thus, paper currencies could be considered as one of the possible vehicles for transmission of disease causing microorganisms. Poor handling practices and personal hygiene of the food vendors could contribute to the observed microbial counts. Thus, it calls for awareness development on the potential risks associated with poor handling of paper currencies at all level of the food establishments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gosa Girma
- Department of Biology, Jimma University, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tsige Ketema
- Department of Biology, Jimma University, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ketema Bacha
- Department of Biology, Jimma University, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Angelakis E, Azhar EI, Bibi F, Yasir M, Al-Ghamdi AK, Ashshi AM, Elshemi AG, Raoult D. Paper money and coins as potential vectors of transmissible disease. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:249-61. [PMID: 24571076 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper currency and coins may be a public health risk when associated with the simultaneous handling of food and could lead to the spread of nosocomial infections. Banknotes recovered from hospitals may be highly contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonella species, Escherichia coli and S. aureus are commonly isolated from banknotes from food outlets. Laboratory simulations revealed that methicillin-resistant S. aureus can easily survive on coins, whereas E. coli, Salmonella species and viruses, including human influenza virus, Norovirus, Rhinovirus, hepatitis A virus, and Rotavirus, can be transmitted through hand contact. Large-scale, 16S rRNA, metagenomic studies and culturomics have the capacity to dramatically expand the known diversity of bacteria and viruses on money and fomites. This review summarizes the latest research on the potential of paper currency and coins to serve as sources of pathogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Angelakis
- URMITE CNRS-IRD 198 UMR 6236, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. ,
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Akoachere JFTK, Gaelle N, Dilonga HM, Nkuo-Akenji TK. Public health implications of contamination of Franc CFA (XAF) circulating in Buea (Cameroon) with drug resistant pathogens. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:16. [PMID: 24401290 PMCID: PMC3895854 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies in different parts of the world have implicated money as a vehicle for transmission of pathogens. Such information which is necessary to facilitate infection control strategies is lacking in many sub-Saharan countries including Cameroon. This study analyzed the Franc de la Communauté Financiere d’Afrique (Franc CFA), the currency used in Cameroon and other countries in the Central African sub-region, as a potential vehicle for transmission of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, particularly drug-resistant strains, to generate findings which could create awareness on currency contamination and serve as a guide when formulating health policies on currency. Methods Two hundred and thirteen currency samples representing various denominations of notes and coins randomly collected from diverse sources in Buea, Cameroon were analyzed for bacteria and fungi. The sensitivity of bacterial isolates to antibiotics was tested using the disc diffusion method. The relationship between contamination and physical state, source or denomination of currency was assessed using the χ2 test. All statistics were discussed at 0.05 significance level. Results Two hundred (93.9%) samples were contaminated with notes (96.6%) showing higher contamination than coins (88.2%). Uncirculated (mint) samples showed no contamination. There was a significant difference (P˂0.05) in contamination with respect to currency denomination, physical state and source. All samples from butchers and patients/personnel in hospitals were contaminated. Lower denominations showed significantly higher (P = 0.008) levels of contamination than higher denominations. Dirty currency was more contaminated than clean currency. Nine bacterial species were isolated. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (54.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (20.1%) predominated. Among the fungi detected, Aspergillus sp (17.3%) and Penicillium sp (15.9%) showed higher frequency of occurrence. Bacteria were susceptible (100%) to ceftriaxone, gentamicin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin. Susceptibility to amoxicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin and cotrimoxazole was low. Staphylococci were resistant (100%) to vancomycin, penicillin G, and amoxicillin. CoNS in addition showed resistance (100%) to cotrimoxazole. Conclusions The CFA franc circulating in Buea could serve as a vehicle for transmission of drug resistant pathogenic or potential organisms and contamination could be due to currency usage and handling as mint notes were not contaminated. Hygiene practices during or after handling currency is greatly encouraged to prevent infection.
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Gabriel EM, Coffey A, O'Mahony JM. Investigation into the prevalence, persistence and antibiotic resistance profiles of staphylococci isolated from euro currency. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:565-71. [PMID: 23679680 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study set out to sample € 10 banknotes for the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in Southern Ireland, to assess the levels of antibiotic resistance among those isolated, and determine the persistence of S. aureus on € 10 banknotes and € 2 coins. METHODS AND RESULTS We report that 97% of € 10 banknotes screened (n = 155) harboured multiple species of staphylococci. From the generated bank of strains, a total of 150 representative staphylococci isolates were used for further study, 71 were CPS and 79 were CoNS. Of these, we found that 62% of the staphylococci demonstrated resistance to at least one of the first-line antibiotics (52.11% of CPS isolates and 76.71% of the CoNS isolates). Resistance to multiple antibiotics was seen in 31.18% of the resistant isolates. In relation to persistence studies, S. aureus was shown to remain viable on euro banknotes and coins for significant periods (on average, 19.33 days on € 10 banknotes and 16.67 days on € 2 coins) as determined using bioluminescence. CONCLUSIONS We advocate the expansion of antibiotic surveillance programs, with a view to tracking/monitoring antibiotic resistance dissemination among environmental contaminants. Additionally, we propose that 'cashless transactions' should be encouraged in high-risk environments such as hospitals and healthcare settings, as well as stricter infection controls. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Although it is accepted that circulating currency has the potential to harbour disease-causing pathogens, studies investigating prevalence and persistence of such pathogens on euro currency are virtually nonexistent. In an attempt to rectify this, we examined the prevalence of staphylococci on € 10 banknotes in Ireland and reported relatively high levels of antibiotic resistance among the isolates. Furthermore, we have established the persistence of S. aureus on euro currency for the first time.
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Dhanoa A, Singh VA, Mansor A, Yusof MY, Lim KT, Thong KL. Acute haematogenous community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in an adult: case report and review of literature. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:270. [PMID: 23098162 PMCID: PMC3529109 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has of late emerged as a cause of community-acquired infections among immunocompetent adults without risk factors. Skin and soft tissue infections represent the majority of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) clinical presentations, whilst invasive and life-threatening illness like necrotizing pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis, pyomyositis, osteomyelitis and sepsis syndrome are less common. Although more widely described in the pediatric age group, the occurrence of CA-MRSA osteomyelitis in adults is an uncommonly reported entity. Case presentation We describe an invasive CA-MRSA infection in a 28 year-old previously healthy male, manifesting with bacteraemia, osteomyelitis of femur, pyomyositis and septic arthritis of the knee. Initially a preliminary diagnosis of osteosarcoma was suggested by imaging studies and patient underwent a bone biopsy. MRSA was subsequently isolated from blood cultures taken on day of admission, bone, tissue and pus cultures. Incision and drainage of abscess was performed and patient was treated with vancomycin, with fusidic acid added later. It took 6 months for the inflammatory markers to normalize, warranting 6-months of anti-MRSA therapy. Patient was a fervent deer hunter and we speculate that he acquired this infection from extensive direct contact with deer. Molecular characterization of this isolate showed that it belonged to multilocus sequence type (MLST) ST30 and exhibited the staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) type IV, staphylococcus protein A (spa) type t019, accessory gene regulator (agr) type III and dru type dt10m. This strain harbored Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl) genes together with 3 other virulent genes; sei (enterotoxin), hlg (hemolysin) and fnbA (fibronectin binding protein). Conclusion This case study alerts physicians that beyond the most commonly encountered skin and soft tissue infections, pvl positive CA-MRSA can lead to invasive life-threatening disease especially in an immunocompetent adult. Heightened alertness is needed for osteomyelitis of long bones in adults, as it is not uncommon for this disease to mimic primary bone malignancy. Cure is achievable with early appropriate antibiotics guided by inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreeta Dhanoa
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
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Lim KT, Hanifah YA, Yusof MYM, Thong KL. Characterisation of the Virulence Factors and Genetic Types of Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus from Patients and Healthy Individuals. Indian J Microbiol 2012; 52:593-600. [PMID: 24293716 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-012-0286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterial pathogen associated with hospital- and community-acquired infections leading to endocarditis, skin tissue infection and pneumonia. The objective of this study was to determine both the genetic characteristics of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains, and the occurrence of virulence factors produced by S. aureus strains isolated from UMMC and healthy students in the University from year 2009. Out of 429 nasal swab samples, 67 were MSSA. The prevalence of 21 different virulence genes among 67 Malaysian clinical and community MSSA strains was determined by PCR, and their genetic features were assessed by PCR-RFLP of coa gene, agr types, spa typing and PFGE. The five predominant virulence genes were ica (79 %), efb and fnbA (61 % each), sdrE (57 %) and hlg (45 %). Toxin genes (enterotoxin, etd and pvl) were significantly more common (P < 0.05) in clinical strains compared to community strains. Three agr genotypes were observed: agr type I (45 %), agr type III (25 %) and agr type II (19 %). All 67 MSSA strains were distinguished into 26 profiles by PCR-RFLP of coa, 55 pulsotypes and 21 spa types. Four novel spa types (t7312, t7581, t7582 and t7583) were observed. In conclusion, different virulence profiles were observed in MSSA strains in Malaysia where toxin genes were more prevalent among clinical strains. No correlation between DNA profiles (coa-RFLP, PFGE and spa) and virulotypes was observed. The Malaysian MSSA strains from clinical and community sources were genetically diverse and heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- King-Ting Lim
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Biomedical Science and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Graduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kateete DP, Namazzi S, Okee M, Okeng A, Baluku H, Musisi NL, Katabazi FA, Joloba ML, Ssentongo R, Najjuka FC. High prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the surgical units of Mulago hospital in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:326. [PMID: 21899769 PMCID: PMC3184088 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited data on Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Uganda where, as in most low income countries, the routine use of chromogenic agar for MRSA detection is not affordable. We aimed to determine MRSA prevalence among patients, healthcare workers (HCW) and the environment in the burns units at Mulago hospital, and compare the performance of CHROMagar with oxacillin for detection of MRSA. RESULTS One hundred samples (from 25 patients; 36 HCW; and 39 from the environment, one sample per person/item) were cultured for the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. Forty one S. aureus isolates were recovered from 13 patients, 13 HCW and 15 from the environment, all of which were oxacillin resistant and mecA/femA/nuc-positive. MRSA prevalence was 46% (41/89) among patients, HCW and the environment, and 100% (41/41) among the isolates. For CHROMagar, MRSA prevalence was 29% (26/89) among patients, HCW and the environment, and 63% (26/41) among the isolates. There was high prevalence of multidrug resistant isolates, which concomitantly possessed virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants, notably biofilms, hemolysins, toxin and ica genes. One isolate positive for all determinants possessed the bhp homologue which encodes the biofilm associated protein (BAP), a rare finding in human isolates. SCCmec type I was the most common at 54% prevalence (22/41), followed by SCCmec type V (15%, 6/41) and SCCmec type IV (7%, 3/41). SCCmec types II and III were not detected and 10 isolates (24%) were non-typeable. CONCLUSIONS Hyper-virulent methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is prevalent in the burns unit of Mulago hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Kateete
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvia Namazzi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Okee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alfred Okeng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannington Baluku
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nathan L Musisi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred A Katabazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses L Joloba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Ssentongo
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mulago National Referral and Teaching Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Florence C Najjuka
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Vriesekoop F, Russell C, Alvarez-Mayorga B, Aidoo K, Yuan Q, Scannell A, Beumer RR, Jiang X, Barro N, Otokunefor K, Smith-Arnold C, Heap A, Chen J, Iturriage MH, Hazeleger W, DeSlandes J, Kinley B, Wilson K, Menz G. Dirty money: an investigation into the hygiene status of some of the world's currencies as obtained from food outlets. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1497-502. [PMID: 20704502 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 1280 banknotes were obtained from food outlets in 10 different countries (Australia, Burkina Faso, China, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States), and their bacterial content was enumerated. The presence of bacteria on banknotes was found to be influenced by the material of the notes, and there was a strong correlation between the number of bacteria per square centimeter and a series of indicators of economic prosperity of the various countries. The strongest correlation was found with the "index of economic freedom," indicating that the lower the index value, the higher the typical bacterial content on the banknotes in circulation. Other factors that appear to influence the number of bacteria on banknotes were the age of the banknotes and the material used to produce the notes (polymer-based vs. cotton-based). The banknotes were also screened for the presence of a range of pathogens. It was found that pathogens could only be isolated after enrichment and their mere presence does not appear to be alarming. In light of our international findings, it is recommended that current guidelines as they apply in most countries with regard to the concurrent hygienic handling of foods and money should be universally adopted. This includes that, in some instances, the handling of food and money have to be physically separated by employing separate individuals to carry out one task each; whereas in other instances, it could be advantageous to handle food only with a gloved hand and money with the other hand. If neither of these precautions can be effectively implemented, it is highly recommended that food service personnel practice proper hand washing procedures after handling money and before handling food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Vriesekoop
- Institute of Crop and Food Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Australia.
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