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Moni SS, Abdelwahab SI, Jabeen A, Elmobark ME, Aqaili D, Ghoal G, Oraibi B, Farasani AM, Jerah AA, Alnajai MMA, Mohammad Alowayni AMH. Advancements in Vaccine Adjuvants: The Journey from Alum to Nano Formulations. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1704. [PMID: 38006036 PMCID: PMC10674458 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is a groundbreaking approach in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. However, the effectiveness of vaccines can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of adjuvants, which are substances that potentiate and modulate the immune response. This review is based on extensive searches in reputable databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The goal of this review is to provide a thorough analysis of the advances in the field of adjuvant research, to trace the evolution, and to understand the effects of the various adjuvants. Historically, alum was the pioneer in the field of adjuvants because it was the first to be approved for use in humans. It served as the foundation for subsequent research and innovation in the field. As science progressed, research shifted to identifying and exploiting the potential of newer adjuvants. One important area of interest is nano formulations. These advanced adjuvants have special properties that can be tailored to enhance the immune response to vaccines. The transition from traditional alum-based adjuvants to nano formulations is indicative of the dynamism and potential of vaccine research. Innovations in adjuvant research, particularly the development of nano formulations, are a promising step toward improving vaccine efficacy and safety. These advances have the potential to redefine the boundaries of vaccination and potentially expand the range of diseases that can be addressed with this approach. There is an optimistic view of the future in which improved vaccine formulations will contribute significantly to improving global health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar S. Moni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.J.)
| | | | - Aamena Jabeen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.J.)
| | - Mohamed Eltaib Elmobark
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.J.)
| | - Duaa Aqaili
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gassem Ghoal
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassem Oraibi
- Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia (B.O.)
| | | | - Ahmed Ali Jerah
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahdi Mohammed A. Alnajai
- General Directorate of Health Services and University Hospital, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
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Junqueira-Kipnis AP, de Castro Souza C, de Oliveira Carvalho AC, de Oliveira FM, Almeida VP, de Paula AR, Celes MR, Kipnis A. Protease-Based Subunit Vaccine in Mice Boosts BCG Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020306. [PMID: 35214766 PMCID: PMC8877678 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant number of people with latent and active tuberculosis infection requires further efforts to develop new vaccines or improve the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which is the only approved vaccine against this disease. In this study, we developed a recombinant fusion protein (PEPf) containing high-density immunodominant epitope sequences from Rv0125, Rv2467, and Rv2672 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proteases that proved immunogenic and used it to develop a recombinant BCG vaccine expressing the fusion protein. After challenging using Mtb, a specific immune response was recalled, resulting in a reduced lung bacterial load with similar protective capabilities to BCG. Thus BCG PEPf failed to increase the protection conferred by BCG. The PEPf was combined with Advax4 adjuvant and tested as a subunit vaccine using a prime-boost strategy. PEPf + Advax4 significantly improved protection after Mtb challenge, with a reduction in bacterial load in the lungs. Our results confirm that Mtb proteases can be used to develop vaccines against tuberculosis and that the use of the recombinant PEPf subunit protein following a prime-boost regimen is a promising strategy to improve BCG immunity.
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Waeckerle-Men Y, Kotkowska ZK, Bono G, Duda A, Kolm I, Varypataki EM, Amstutz B, Meuli M, Høgset A, Kündig TM, Halin C, Sander P, Johansen P. Photochemically-Mediated Inflammation and Cross-Presentation of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Proteins Stimulates Strong CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Responses in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:815609. [PMID: 35173729 PMCID: PMC8841863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.815609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional vaccines are very efficient in the prevention of bacterial infections caused by extracellular pathogens due to effective stimulation of pathogen-specific antibodies. In contrast, considering that intracellular surveillance by antibodies is not possible, they are typically less effective in preventing or treating infections caused by intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The objective of the current study was to use so-called photochemical internalization (PCI) to deliver a live bacterial vaccine to the cytosol of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for the purpose of stimulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I-restricted CD8 T-cell responses. For this purpose, Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) was combined with the photosensitiser tetraphenyl chlorine disulfonate (TPCS2a) and injected intradermally into mice. TPCS2a was then activated by illumination of the injection site with light of defined energy. Antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses were monitored in blood, spleen, and lymph nodes at different time points thereafter using flow cytometry, ELISA and ELISPOT. Finally, APCs were infected and PCI-treated in vitro for analysis of their activation of T cells in vitro or in vivo after autologous vaccination of mice. Combination of BCG with PCI induced stronger BCG-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses than treatment with BCG only or with BCG and TPCS2a without light. The overall T-cell responses were multifunctional as characterized by the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-17. Importantly, PCI induced cross-presentation of BCG proteins for stimulation of antigen-specific CD8 T-cells that were particularly producing IFN-γ and TNF-α. PCI further facilitated antigen presentation by causing up-regulation of MHC and co-stimulatory proteins on the surface of APCs as well as their production of TNF-α and IL-1β in vivo. Furthermore, PCI-based vaccination also caused local inflammation at the site of vaccination, showing strong infiltration of immune cells, which could contribute to the stimulation of antigen-specific immune responses. This study is the first to demonstrate that a live microbial vaccine can be combined with a photochemical compound and light for cross presentation of antigens to CD8 T cells. Moreover, the results revealed that PCI treatment strongly improved the immunogenicity of M. bovis BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Waeckerle-Men
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zuzanna K. Kotkowska
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Bono
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agathe Duda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Kolm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleni M. Varypataki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Amstutz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Meuli
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas M. Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Sander
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- National Center for Mycobacteria, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Pål Johansen,
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Deng G, Zhang W, Ji N, Zhai Y, Shi X, Liu X, Yang S. Identification of Secreted O-Mannosylated Proteins From BCG and Characterization of Immunodominant Antigens BCG_0470 and BCG_0980. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:407. [PMID: 32231652 PMCID: PMC7082424 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial glycoproteins have been investigated as vaccine candidates as well as diagnostic biomarkers. However, they are poorly understood in Mycobacterium bovis strain bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a non-pathogenic model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To understand the roles of secreted O-mannosylated glycoproteins in BCG, we conducted a ConA lectin-affinity chromatography and mass spectra analysis to identify O-mannosylated proteins in BCG culture filtrate. Subsequent screening of antigens was performed using polyclonal antibodies obtained from a BCG-immunized mouse, with 15 endogenous O-mannosylated proteins eventually identified. Of these, BCG_0470 and BCG_0980 (PstS3) were revealed as the immunodominant antigens. To examine the protective effects of the antigens, recombinant antigens proteins were first expressed in Mycobacterium smegmatis and Escherichia coli, with the purified proteins then used to boost BCG primed-mice. Overall, the treated mice showed a greater delayed-type hypersensitivity response in vivo, as well as stronger Th1 responses, including higher level of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and specific-IgG. Therefore, mannosylated proteins BCG_0470 and BCG_0980 effectively amplified the immune responses induced by BCG in mice. Together, our results suggest that the oligosaccharide chains containing mannose are the antigenic determinants of glycoproteins, providing key insight for future vaccine optimization and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Deng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Na Ji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dalian Third People's Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoxia Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shufeng Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Cheng C, Wang B, Gao L, Liu J, Chen X, Huang H, Zhao Z. Next generation sequencing reveals changes of the γδ T cell receptor repertoires in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3956. [PMID: 29500378 PMCID: PMC5834497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a severe global threat to human health. The immune protection initiated by γδ T cells play an important role in mycobacterial infection. Vaccines for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) based on γδ T cells provide a novel approach for TB control. In our previous studies, we found a preponderant complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) sequence of the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) in TB patients, and successfully identified a tuberculosis antigen that can effectively activate γδ T cells with a reverse genetic strategy. However, due to the throughput limitation of the method we used, the information we obtained about the γδ TCR repertoire and preponderant CDR3 sequences was limited. In this study, we introduced next generation sequencing (NGS) to study the γδ TCR CDR3 repertoires in TB patients. We found that the CDR3δ tended to be more polyclonal and CDR3γ tended to be longer in TB patients; the γδ T cells expressing CDR3 sequences using a Vγ9-JγP rearrangement expanded significantly during Mtb infection. We also identified new preponderant CDR3 sequences during Mtb infection. This study comprehensively characterized the γδ T cell receptor repertoire changes, and provides useful information for the development of new vaccines and adjuvants against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofei Cheng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lei Gao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450015, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518002, China.
| | - He Huang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China. .,CAMS-Oxford University International Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Nieuwenhuizen NE, Kaufmann SHE. Next-Generation Vaccines Based on Bacille Calmette-Guérin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:121. [PMID: 29459859 PMCID: PMC5807593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major health threat. A live, attenuated mycobacterium known as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), derived from the causative agent of cattle TB, Mycobacterium bovis, has been in clinical use as a vaccine for 90 years. The current incidence of TB demonstrates that BCG fails to protect sufficiently against pulmonary TB, the major disease manifestation and source of dissemination. The protective efficacy of BCG is on average 50% but varies substantially with geographical location and is poorer in those with previous exposure to mycobacteria. BCG can also cause adverse reactions in immunocompromised individuals. However, BCG has contributed to reduced infant TB mortality by protecting against extrapulmonary TB. In addition, BCG has been associated with reduced general childhood mortality by stimulating immune responses. In order to improve the efficacy of BCG, two major strategies have been employed. The first involves the development of recombinant live mycobacterial vaccines with improved efficacy and safety. The second strategy is to boost BCG with subunit vaccines containing Mtb antigens. This article reviews recombinant BCG strains that have been tested against TB in animal models. This includes BCG strains that have been engineered to induce increased immune responses by the insertion of genes for Mtb antigens, mammalian cytokines, or host resistance factors, the insertion of bacterial toxin-derived adjuvants, and the manipulation of bacterial genes in order to increase antigen presentation and immune activation. Subunit vaccines for boosting BCG are also briefly discussed.
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Izzo AA. Tuberculosis vaccines - perspectives from the NIH/NIAID Mycobacteria vaccine testing program. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:78-84. [PMID: 28750280 PMCID: PMC5626602 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel vaccine candidates against infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis has highlighted our limited understanding of immune mechanisms required to kill M. tuberculosis. The induction of a Th1 immunity is vital, but new studies are required to identify other mechanisms that may be necessary. Novel vaccines formulations that invoke effector cells such as innate lymphoid cells may provide an environment that promote effector mechanisms including T cell and B cell mediated immunity. Identifying pathways associated with killing this highly successful infectious agent has become critical to achieving the goal of reducing the global tuberculosis burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo A Izzo
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
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Petersen E, Maeurer M, Marais B, Migliori GB, Mwaba P, Ntoumi F, Vilaplana C, Kim K, Schito M, Zumla A. World TB Day 2017: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities in the "End-TB" Era. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 56:1-5. [PMID: 28232006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eskild Petersen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark; The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Therapeutic Immunology (TIM) Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, and Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ben Marais
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Centre for Research Excellence in Tuberculosis (TB-CRE), Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), University of Sydney, Australia.
| | | | - Peter Mwaba
- UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Cris Vilaplana
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Kami Kim
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), of Microbiology & Immunology and of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Marco Schito
- Critical Path to TB Drug Regimens, Critical Path Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and the National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at UCLHospitals, London, United Kingdom.
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