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Vyas S, Patel D, Bandali A, Giordano P, Roland R, Kessler J. Impact of BioFire® Blood Culture Identification (BCID) panels on antibiotic management of bacteremia due to select organisms. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 110:116384. [PMID: 39002446 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess changes in time to optimal therapy (TTOT) for bacteremia due to select organisms after implementation of the BioFire® FilmArray® blood culture identification panels at two community teaching hospitals. TTOT (days) was similar in Pre-BCID compared to BCID1 and BCID2 [(2.48 vs. 2.65, p=0.10); (2.48 vs. 2.37, p=0.27)]. There were no significant differences in time to effective antimicrobial therapy between groups. However, there were significantly more therapy changes and appropriate carbapenem use within 24 hours of the Gram stain result for gram-negative organisms in the BCID2 arm compared to the Pre-BCID arm. Additionally, a significant reduction in the duration of vancomycin for gram-positive organisms was noted in the BCID2 arm compared to the Pre-BCID arm. These findings suggest that the incorporation of the BCID2 panel resulted in changes in prescribing practices, leading to more appropriate antimicrobial utilization in a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Vyas
- Morristown Medical Center, 100 Madison Avenue, Morristown, NJ 07960, United States.
| | - Dimple Patel
- Morristown Medical Center, 100 Madison Avenue, Morristown, NJ 07960, United States
| | - Aiman Bandali
- Overlook Medical Center, 99 Beauvoir Avenue, Summit, NJ 07901, United States
| | - Pamela Giordano
- Morristown Medical Center, 100 Madison Avenue, Morristown, NJ 07960, United States
| | - Robert Roland
- Overlook Medical Center, 99 Beauvoir Avenue, Summit, NJ 07901, United States
| | - Jason Kessler
- Morristown Medical Center, 100 Madison Avenue, Morristown, NJ 07960, United States
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Tatli-Kis T, Yildirim S, Bicmen C, Kirakli C. Early detection of bacteremia pathogens with rapid molecular diagnostic tests and evaluation of effect on intensive care patient management. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 110:116424. [PMID: 38996775 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
İNTRODUCTION: The BioFire FilmArray Blood Culture Identification panel (BCID2), a rapid molecular blood culture identification test based on multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes between the period before (pre-BCID2 group) and after (post-BCID2 group) the introduction of the BCID2 panel into our routine practice. METHODS The primary endpoint was time to optimal antibiotherapy, and the secondary endpoints were duration of hospital and intensive care unit stay, 7-day, 14-day and 28-day mortality rates after bacteremia. RESULTS The median time from empirical antibiotherapy to optimal antimicrobial therapy was 4560 (IQR;3060-7140) minutes in the pre-BCID2 group and 1715 (IQR;1362- 2776.25) minutes (in the post-BCID2 group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Adding the BCID2 panel may improve antibiotic management in critically ill bacteremia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Tatli-Kis
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Health Sciences University Izmir Dr. Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Gaziler Street. No: 331, Izmir, Yenişehir, Turkey.
| | - Suleyman Yildirim
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Health Sciences University Izmir Dr. Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Can Bicmen
- Department of Microbiology, Health Sciences University Izmir Dr. Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cenk Kirakli
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Health Sciences University Izmir Dr. Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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Agnetti J, Büchler AC, Osthoff M, Helfenstein F, Weisser M, Siegemund M, Bassetti S, Bingisser R, Schaefer DJ, Clauss M, Hinic V, Tschudin-Sutter S, Bättig V, Khanna N, Egli A. Identification of microorganisms by a rapid PCR panel from positive blood cultures leads to faster optimal antimicrobial therapy - a before-after study. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:730. [PMID: 37884860 PMCID: PMC10601314 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BioFire® FilmArray® Blood Culture Identification Panel 1 (BF-FA-BCIP) detects microorganisms with high accuracy in positive blood cultures (BC) - a key step in the management of patients with suspected bacteraemia. We aimed to compare the time to optimal antimicrobial therapy (OAT) for the BF-FA-BCIP vs. standard culture-based identification. METHODS In this retrospective single-centre study with a before-after design, 386 positive BC cases with identification by BF-FA-BCIP were compared to 414 controls with culture-based identification. The primary endpoint was the time from BC sampling to OAT. Secondary endpoints were time to effective therapy, length of stay, (re-)admission to ICU, in-hospital and 30-day mortality. Outcomes were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models and logistic regressions. RESULTS Baseline characteristics of included adult inpatients were comparable. Main sources of bacteraemia were urinary tract and intra-abdominal infection (19.2% vs. 22.0% and 16.8% vs. 15.7%, for cases and controls, respectively). Median (95%CI) time to OAT was 25.5 (21.0-31.2) hours with BF-FA-BCIP compared to 45.7 (37.7-51.4) hours with culture-based identification. We observed no significant difference for secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Rapid microorganism identification by BF-FA-BCIP was associated with a median 20-h earlier initiation of OAT in patients with positive BC. No impact on length of stay and mortality was noted. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04156633, registered on November 5, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Agnetti
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, Applied Microbiology Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea C Büchler
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Osthoff
- Internal Medicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Helfenstein
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maja Weisser
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Siegemund
- Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Bassetti
- Internal Medicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Bingisser
- Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk J Schaefer
- Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Clauss
- Center for Musculoskeletal Infections (ZMSI), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vladimira Hinic
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Present Address: Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 28/30, CH-8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Tschudin-Sutter
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Bättig
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedicine, Applied Microbiology Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Present Address: Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 28/30, CH-8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Large-Scale Clinical Evaluation of Rapid Blood Culture Identification Panels for Bloodstream Infections at a Tertiary Hospital. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061177. [PMID: 36980485 PMCID: PMC10047266 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prompt implementation of optimal antibacterial therapy through the rapid identification of the causative organisms is essential for improving outcomes for critically ill patients with bloodstream infections. We evaluated the clinical performance of the FilmArray blood culture identification (BCID) panel for rapidly identifying causative pathogens in the bloodstream using large-scale clinical samples. We analyzed the results of identification using a BCID panel performed on 2005 positive blood culture bottles from September 2019 to June 2022. Pathogen detection efficiency and interval from Gram staining to identification using the BCID panel were compared to those of conventional identification systems—VITEK MS MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometer and Vitek2—and antibiotic susceptibility testing—Vitek2. We detected 2167 isolates from 2005 positive blood culture bottles. In these isolates, the BCID panel showed 93% full agreement—both organisms and antimicrobial resistance genes were matched, and no off-target organisms were detected. Species-level discordance was found in 0.6% of tests. Sixty-five isolates (3.0%) were only detected by BCID, whereas 22 isolates (1.0%) from the on-target panel were not detected by BCID. This large-scale study demonstrated that the BCID panel was a reliable and rapid identification method for directly identifying bloodstream pathogens in a positive blood culture.
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Saleh J, El Nekidy WS, El Lababidi R. Assessment of antibiotic appropriateness at discharge: experience from a quaternary care hospital setting. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac065. [PMID: 35821743 PMCID: PMC9271486 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a gap in antimicrobial stewardship in transitions of care. Objectives To assess the appropriateness of antibiotics utilized and prescribing habits at hospital discharge. Methods A retrospective, observational study was conducted at our quaternary care hospital between January 2021 and March 2021. During the study period, all patients discharged on antibiotics for pneumonia (PNA), skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), urinary tract infections (UTI) and intra-abdominal infections (IAI) were included. The overall appropriateness of therapy was assessed based on the following combined criteria: agent, dose, frequency, duration of therapy, and ability to meet diagnostic criteria. Results One hundred and forty-five subjects met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 44 (30.3%) were determined to have received overall appropriate antibiotic therapy. The most common infections were UTI, followed by IAI, PNA, and SSTI, respectively. Further, from the group deemed to have received overall inappropriate therapy, 26 of the 101 (25.7%) patients received an inappropriate antibiotic choice, 6 (5.9%) an inappropriate dose, and 84 (83.2%) an inappropriate duration of therapy. Conclusions Inappropriate duration of therapy represented the most challenging problem with antibiotic regimens at discharge. Larger studies are needed to identify potential interventions that are effective, and can be implemented in all settings, including resource-limited ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Saleh
- Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 112412, Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - Wasim S El Nekidy
- Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 112412, Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Rania El Lababidi
- Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 112412, Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
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Tiseo G, Brigante G, Giacobbe DR, Maraolo AE, Gona F, Falcone M, Giannella M, Grossi P, Pea F, Rossolini GM, Sanguinetti M, Sarti M, Scarparo C, Tumbarello M, Venditti M, Viale P, Bassetti M, Luzzaro F, Menichetti F, Stefani S, Tinelli M. Diagnosis and management of infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria: guideline endorsed by the Italian Society of Infection and Tropical Diseases (SIMIT), the Italian Society of Anti-Infective Therapy (SITA), the Italian Group for Antimicrobial Stewardship (GISA), the Italian Association of Clinical Microbiologists (AMCLI) and the Italian Society of Microbiology (SIM). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 60:106611. [PMID: 35697179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Management of patients with infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach to achieve successful clinical outcomes. The aim of this paper is to provide recommendations for the diagnosis and optimal management of these infections, with a focus on targeted antibiotic therapy. The document was produced by a panel of experts nominated by the five endorsing Italian societies, namely the Italian Association of Clinical Microbiologists (AMCLI), the Italian Group for Antimicrobial Stewardship (GISA), the Italian Society of Microbiology (SIM), the Italian Society of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (SIMIT) and the Italian Society of Anti-Infective Therapy (SITA). Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes (PICO) questions about microbiological diagnosis, pharmacological strategies and targeted antibiotic therapy were addressed for the following pathogens: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales; carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii; and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. A systematic review of the literature published from January 2011 to November 2020 was guided by the PICO strategy. As data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were expected to be limited, observational studies were also reviewed. The certainty of evidence was classified using the GRADE approach. Recommendations were classified as strong or conditional. Detailed recommendations were formulated for each pathogen. The majority of available RCTs have serious risk of bias, and many observational studies have several limitations, including small sample size, retrospective design and presence of confounders. Thus, some recommendations are based on low or very-low certainty of evidence. Importantly, these recommendations should be continually updated to reflect emerging evidence from clinical studies and real-world experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Tiseo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gioconda Brigante
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, ASST Valle Olona, Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Daniele Roberto Giacobbe
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Floriana Gona
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Falcone
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maddalena Giannella
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Grossi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria-ASST-Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Federico Pea
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; SSD Clinical Pharmacology, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, and Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Microbiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'A. Gemelli' IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo 'A. Gemelli', Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Sarti
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Scarparo
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Angel's Hospital, AULSS3 Serenissima, Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Mario Tumbarello
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mario Venditti
- Policlinico 'Umberto I', Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Luzzaro
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, A. Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy
| | - Francesco Menichetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Tinelli
- Infectious Diseases Consultation Service, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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New Microbiological Techniques for the Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections and Sepsis in ICU Including Point of Care. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2021; 23:12. [PMID: 34149321 PMCID: PMC8207499 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-021-00755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The aim of this article is to review current and emerging microbiological techniques that support the rapid diagnosis of bacterial infections in critically ill patients, including their performance, strengths and pitfalls, as well as available data evaluating their clinical impact. Recent Findings Bacterial infections and sepsis are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in patients admitted to the intensive care unit and their management is further complicated by the increase in the global burden of antimicrobial resistance. In this setting, new diagnostic methods able to overcome the limits of traditional microbiology in terms of turn-around time and accuracy are highly warranted. We discuss the following broad themes: optimisation of existing culture-based methodologies, rapid antigen detection, nucleic acid detection (including multiplex PCR assays and microarrays), sepsis biomarkers, novel methods of pathogen detection (e.g. T2 magnetic resonance) and susceptibility testing (e.g. morphokinetic cellular analysis) and the application of direct metagenomics on clinical samples. The assessment of the host response through new “omics” technologies might also aid in early diagnosis of infections, as well as define non-infectious inflammatory states. Summary Despite being a promising field, there is still scarce evidence about the real-life impact of these assays on patient management. A common finding of available studies is that the performance of rapid diagnostic strategies highly depends on whether they are integrated within active antimicrobial stewardship programs. Assessing the impact of these emerging diagnostic methods through patient-centred clinical outcomes is a complex challenge for which large and well-designed studies are awaited.
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Bryant S, Almahmoud I, Pierre I, Bardet J, Touati S, Maubon D, Cornet M, Richarme C, Maurin M, Pavese P, Caspar Y. Evaluation of Microbiological Performance and the Potential Clinical Impact of the ePlex ® Blood Culture Identification Panels for the Rapid Diagnosis of Bacteremia and Fungemia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:594951. [PMID: 33324578 PMCID: PMC7726344 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.594951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular rapid diagnostic assays associated with antimicrobial stewardship have proven effective for the early adaptation of empiric therapy in bloodstream infections. The ePlex® BCID (GenMark Diagnostics) Panels allow identification of 56 bacteria and fungi and 10 resistance genes in 90 min directly from positive blood cultures. We prospectively evaluated 187 sepsis episodes at Grenoble University Hospital and retrospectively analyzed the cases to measure the potential clinical impact of the ePlex BCID results. Identification of all pathogens was obtained for 164/187 (88%) bloodstream infections with 100% detection of antimicrobial resistance genes (17 blaCTX-M , 1 vanA, and 17 mecA genes). Only 15/209 (7%) strains were not covered by the panels. Sensitivity for detection of micro-organisms targeted by the RUO BCID-GP, BCID-GN, and BCID-FP Panels was respectively 84/84 (100%), 103/107 (96%), and 14/14 (100%). Interestingly, accurate identification of all pathogens was achieved in 15/17 (88%) polymicrobial samples. Retrospective analysis of medical records showed that a modification of antimicrobial treatment would have been done in 45% of the patients. Treatment modifications would have been an optimization of empiric therapy, a de-escalation or an escalation in respectively 16, 17, and 11% of the patients. Moreover, 11% of the samples were classified as contaminants or not clinically relevant and would have led to early de-escalation or withdrawal of any antibiotic. Detection of resistance genes in addition to identification alone increased escalation rate from 4 to 11% of the patients. Absence of the ePlex result was considered a lost opportunity for therapy modification in 28% of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bryant
- Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Iyad Almahmoud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Pierre
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Julie Bardet
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Saber Touati
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Daniele Maubon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France
| | - Muriel Cornet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Richarme
- Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Max Maurin
- Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France
| | - Patricia Pavese
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yvan Caspar
- Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France
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