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Varghese G, Jamwal A, Deepika, Tejan N, Patel SS, Sahu C, Mishra S, Singh V. Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella species isolated from bacteremia patients at a tertiary care center in Northern India. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116354. [PMID: 38776664 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The study was done to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among Salmonella enterica serovars causing bacteremia in Northern India. In this observational study, blood samples positive for Salmonella enterica serovars from January 2021 to April 2023 were studied. Species identification was done using MALDI-ToF MS. Serotyping was done using slide agglutination method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was interpreted as per the CLSI guidelines. During the study period, 32 Salmonella enterica serovars were isolated. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was the predominant serovar, followed by Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and cefotaxime. Pefloxacin showed 100% resistance. Resistance to nalidixic acid was found in 81.2% isolates. Of the isolates resistant to nalidixic acid, 19(73.08%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin also. This changing susceptibility pattern necessitates continuous surveillance of antibiogram of Salmonella isolates to rationalize the treatment protocols for invasive salmonellosis and prevent emergence of resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlin Varghese
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashima Jamwal
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepika
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Tejan
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangram Singh Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chinmoy Sahu
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sonali Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vaishali Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kumar H, Manoharan A, Anbarasu A, Ramaiah S. Computational study of the piperidine and FtsZ interaction in Salmonella Typhi: implications for disrupting cell division machinery. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38321931 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2314272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
FtsZ, a bacterial cell division protein, is essential for assembling the contractile Z-ring crucial in bacterial cytokinesis. Consequently, inhibiting FtsZ could impede proto-filaments, disrupting FtsZ and other associated proteins vital for cell division machinery. Conduct an in-silico drug interaction study to identify novel drug candidates that inhibit the FtsZ protein, aiming to prevent Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhi. Data mining was performed based on piperidine compounds, which were subsequently screened for safe pharmacokinetic profiles. Compounds that met favorable drug-likeness criteria underwent virtual screening against the FtsZ drug target. Two compounds were chosen for molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation to verify the binding affinity and stability between the target protein and the potential compounds. The 400 isoforms of piperidine analogues were curated, among them potent compound ZINC000000005416 found to possess high binding affinity (-8.49 kcal/mol) and low dissociation constant (0.597 µM). The highest binding affinity shown by ZINC000000005416 was validated by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interaction, and salt bridges with the functional domain of the cell division regulatory protein. Docking profiles, when correlated with molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) depicted stable trajectories and compatible conformational changes in the FtsZ-ZINC000000005416 complex. The stable simulated trajectories were validated through free-energy calculations using the Molecular Mechanics-Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) module. Low energy conformations, although the simulation trajectory confirmed the stable ZINC000000005416-FtsZ interaction, which encouraged experimental validations. This study encourages further exploration of the compound ZINC000000005416 as a drug candidate inhibiting FtsZ protein against MDR Salmonella Typhi.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hithesh Kumar
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
- Medical and Biological Computing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Anand Manoharan
- Department of Paediatrics, The CHILDS Trust Medical Research Foundation, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Anand Anbarasu
- Medical and Biological Computing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Sudha Ramaiah
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
- Medical and Biological Computing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Musanna, Faridoon Khan U, Habib G, Gul H, Hayat A, Ur Rehman M. Contribution of the gyrA and waaG mutants to fluoroquinolones resistance, biofilm development, and persister cells formation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Gene 2024; 894:147943. [PMID: 37956962 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella has been reported worldwide and poses a serious public health threat in developing countries. Multiple factors contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance, including mutations in DNA gyrase and the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes typhoid fever in humans, which is highly prevalent in counties with poor sanitation and hygiene standards. Here, we reported S. Typhi clinical isolates that showed varying degrees of susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and were characterized by Analytical Profile Index 20E test kit and 16S rRNA sequencing. S. Typhi strain S27 was resistant to fluoroquinolones and had multiple mutations in the gyrA gene. The gyrA lies in the quinolone resistance determining region of S. Typhi and has mutations at codon 83 (Ser83Phe), codon 87 (Asp87Gly), codon 308 (Lys308Glu), and codon 328 (Val328Ile). S. Typhi strain S6 has no gyrA mutations and is sensitive to fluoroquinolones but forms a strong biofilm relative to S. Typhi S27. Transcriptional analysis of biofilm associated genes revealed that the waaG gene was significantly downregulated. The ΔwaaG mutant showed a significant decrease in persister cells and a strong biofilm formation relative to wild type and gyrA mutant. The gyrA tetra mutant persister assay revealed a significant increase in persister cells compared to wild type and ΔwaaG. Collectively, this is the first report of S. Typhi's two key genes and their roles in antibiotic tolerance, biofilm formation, and fluoroquinolone resistance that can help in understanding the mechanism of persister formation and eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musanna
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Ummara Faridoon Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Gul Habib
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan.
| | - Haji Gul
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan; College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Azam Hayat
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Mujaddad Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
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Ding AJ, Zhang WM, Tao J, Chen B, Liu XC, Dong Y, Ma HJ, Pan SD, He JB, Zeng WK. Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A-induced immune response in Caenorhabditis elegans depends on MAPK pathways and DAF-16. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1118003. [PMID: 37122724 PMCID: PMC10132459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A) is a pathogen that can cause enteric fever. According to the recent epidemic trends of typhoid fever, S. Paratyphi A has been the major important causative factor in paratyphoid fever. An effective vaccine for S. Paratyphi A has not been developed, which made it a tricky public health concern. Until now, how S. Paratyphi A interacts with organisms remain unknown. Here using lifespan assay, we found that S. Paratyphi A could infect Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) at 25°C, and attenuate thermotolerance. The immune response of C. elegans was mediated by tir-1, nsy-1, sek-1, pmk-1, mpk-1, skn-1, daf-2 and daf-16, suggesting that S. Paratyphi A could regulate the MAPK and insulin pathways. Furthermore, we observed several phenotypical changes when C. elegans were fed S. Paratyphi A, including an accelerated decline in body movement, reduced the reproductive capacity, shortened spawning cycle, strong preference for OP50, arrested pharyngeal pumping and colonization of the intestinal lumen. The virulence of S. Paratyphi A requires living bacteria and is not mediated by secreting toxin. Using hydrogen peroxide analysis and quantitative RT-PCR, we discovered that S. Paratyphi A could increase oxidative stress and regulate the immune response in C. elegans. Our results sheds light on the infection mechanisms of S. Paratyphi A and lays a foundation for drugs and vaccine development.
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Kumar H, Manoharan A, Anbarasu A, Ramaiah S. Emergence of sulphonamide resistance in azithromycin-resistant pediatric strains of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A: A genomics insight. Gene 2023; 851:146995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Xie L, Ming L, Ding M, Deng L, Liu M, Cong Y. Paratyphoid Fever A: Infection and Prevention. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:945235. [PMID: 35875577 PMCID: PMC9304857 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.945235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, B, and C. While S. Typhi remains the primary causative agent of enteric fever, S. Paratyphi A is responsible for an increasing portion of enteric fever incidence. However, the current available vaccines for enteric fever are all developed from S. Typhi, and lack adequate cross immune protection against paratyphoid fever A. Therefore, paratyphoid A vaccines are urgently needed. The present paper reviews the latest progresses in pathogenesis, global burden, infection features of paratyphoid fever A, as well as the status of vaccine development, highlighting the necessity for the development of vaccines against paratyphoid fever A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lan Ming
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Manlin Ding
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Luxin Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yanguang Cong
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanguang Cong,
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