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Ali A, Waris A, Khan MA, Asim M, Khan AU, Khan S, Zeb J. Recent advancement, immune responses, and mechanism of action of various vaccines against intracellular bacterial infections. Life Sci 2023; 314:121332. [PMID: 36584914 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging bacterial infections are a serious threat to human and animal health. Extracellular bacteria are free-living, while facultative intracellular bacteria replicate inside eukaryotic host cells. Many serious human illnesses are now known to be caused by intracellular bacteria such as Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Rickettsia massiliae, Chlamydia species, Brucella abortus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes, which result in substantial morbidity and mortality. Pathogens like Mycobacterium, Brucella, MRSA, Shigella, Listeria, and Salmonella can infiltrate and persist in mammalian host cells, particularly macrophages, where they proliferate and establish a repository, resulting in chronic and recurrent infections. The current treatment for these bacteria involves the application of narrow-spectrum antibiotics. FDA-approved vaccines against obligate intracellular bacterial infections are lacking. The development of vaccines against intracellular pathogenic bacteria are more difficult because host defense against these bacteria requires the activation of the cell-mediated pathway of the immune system, such as CD8+ T and CD4+ T. However, different types of vaccines, including live, attenuated, subunit, killed whole cell, nano-based and DNA vaccines are currently in clinical trials. Substantial development has been made in various vaccine strategies against intracellular pathogenic bacteria. This review focuses on the mechanism of intracellular bacterial infection, host immune response, and recent advancements in vaccine development strategies against various obligate intracellular bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Waris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Khan
- Division of Life Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurosciences, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Atta Ullah Khan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China
| | - Sahrish Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jehan Zeb
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Park J, Frizzell H, Zhang H, Cao S, Hughes SM, Hladik F, Koelle DM, Woodrow KA. Flt3-L enhances trans-epithelial migration and antigen presentation of dendritic cells adoptively transferred to genital mucosa. J Control Release 2020; 329:782-793. [PMID: 33035616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in shaping adaptive immunity. Systemic transfer of DCs by intravenous injection has been widely investigated to inform the development of immunogenic DCs for use as cellular therapies. Adoptive transfer of DCs to mucosal sites has been limited but serves as a valuable tool to understand the role of the microenvironment on mucosal DC activation, maturation and antigen presentation. Here, we show that chitosan facilitates transmigration of DCs across the vaginal epithelium in the mouse female reproductive tract (FRT). In addition, ex vivo programming of DCs with fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3-L) was found to enhance translocation of intravaginally administered DCs to draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and stimulate in vivo proliferation of both antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (cross-presentation). Mucosal priming with chitosan and DC programming may hold great promise to enhance efficacy of DC-based vaccination to the female genital mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyung Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannah Frizzell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shijie Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sean M Hughes
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Brudeseth BE, Wiulsrød R, Fredriksen BN, Lindmo K, Løkling KE, Bordevik M, Steine N, Klevan A, Gravningen K. Status and future perspectives of vaccines for industrialised fin-fish farming. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1759-68. [PMID: 23769873 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fin fish farming is developing from extensive to intensive high industrial scale production. Production of fish in high-density growth conditions requires effective vaccines in order to control persistent and emerging diseases. Vaccines can also have significant positive impact on the reduced usage of antibiotics. This was demonstrated when vaccines were introduced in Norway for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the late eighties and early nineties, resulting in a rapid decline of antibiotics consumption. The present review will focus on current vaccine applications for farmed industrialized fish species such as Atlantic salmon, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), cod (Gadus morhua), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata), yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata), great amberjack (Seriola dumerili), barramundi (Lates calcarifer), japanese flounder (Paralichythys olivaceus), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), red sea bream (Pagrus major), rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus), seven band grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus), striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). This paper will review the current use of licensed vaccines in fin fish farming and describe vaccine administration regimes including immersion, oral and injection vaccination. Future trends for inactivated-, live attenuated - and DNA - vaccines will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Erik Brudeseth
- PHARMAQ AS, Harbitzalléen 5, 0275 Oslo, P.O. Box 267 Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway.
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Park J, Wu CT, Bryers JD. Chemokine programming dendritic cell antigen response: part I - select chemokine programming of antigen uptake even after maturation. Immunology 2013; 139:72-87. [PMID: 23278719 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on the successful programming of dendritic cells (DCs) using selectively applied mixtures of chemokines as a novel protocol for engineering vaccine efficiency. Antigen internalization by DCs is a pivotal step in antigen uptake/presentation for bridging innate and adaptive immunity and in exogenous gene delivery used in vaccine strategies. Contrary to most approaches to improve vaccine efficiency, active enhancement of antigen internalization by DCs as a vaccine strategy has been less studied because DCs naturally down-regulate antigen internalization upon maturation. Whereas chemokines are mainly known as signal proteins that induce leucocyte chemotaxis, very little research has been carried out to identify any additional effects of chemokines on DCs following maturation. Here, immature DCs are pre-treated with select chemokines before intentional maturation using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). When pre-treated with a mixture of CCL3 and CCL19 in a 7 : 3 ratio, then matured with LPS, chemokine pre-treated DCs exhibited 36% higher antigen uptake capacity than immature DCs and 27% higher antigen-processing capacity than immature DCs treated only with LPS. Further, CCL3 : CCL19 (7 : 3) pre-treatment of DCs modulated MHC molecule expression and secretion of various cytokines of DCs. Collectively, DC programming was feasible using a specific chemokine combination and these results provide a novel strategy for enhancing DC-based vaccine efficiency. In Part II, we report on the phenotype changes and antigen presentation capacity of chemokine pre-treated murine bone marrow-derived DCs examined in long-term co-culture with antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyung Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Park J, Bryers JD. Chemokine programming dendritic cell antigen response: part II - programming antigen presentation to T lymphocytes by partially maintaining immature dendritic cell phenotype. Immunology 2013; 139:88-99. [PMID: 23277917 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a companion article to this study,(1) the successful programming of a JAWSII dendritic cell (DC) line's antigen uptake and processing was demonstrated based on pre-treatment of DCs with a specific 'cocktail' of select chemokines. Chemokine pre-treatment modulated cytokine production before and after DC maturation [by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. After DC maturation, it induced an antigen uptake and processing capacity at levels 36% and 82% higher than in immature DCs, respectively. Such programming proffers a potential new approach to enhance vaccine efficiency. Unfortunately, simply enhancing antigen uptake does not guarantee the desired activation and proliferation of lymphocytes, e.g. CD4(+) T cells. In this study, phenotype changes and antigen presentation capacity of chemokine pre-treated murine bone marrow-derived DCs were examined in long-term co-culture with antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells to quantify how chemokine pre-treatment may impact the adaptive immune response. When a model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), was added after intentional LPS maturation of chemokine-treated DCs, OVA-biased CD4(+) T-cell proliferation was initiated from ~ 100% more undivided naive T cells as compared to DCs treated only with LPS. Secretion of the cytokines interferon-γ, interleukin-1β, interleukin-2 and interleukin-10 in the CD4(+) T cell : DC co-culture (with or without chemokine pre-treatment) were essentially the same. Chemokine programming of DCs with a 7 : 3 ratio of CCL3 : CCL19 followed by LPS treatment maintained partial immature phenotypes of DCs, as indicated by surface marker (CD80 and CD86) expression over time. Results here and in our companion paper suggest that chemokine programming of DCs may provide a novel immunotherapy strategy to obviate the natural endocytosis limit of DC antigen uptake, thus potentially increasing DC-based vaccine efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyung Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Haghighi MA, Mobarez AM, Salmanian AH, Moazeni M, Zali MR, Sadeghi M, Amani J. In silico experiment with an-antigen-toll like receptor-5 agonist fusion construct for immunogenic application to Helicobacter pylori. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2013; 19:43-53. [PMID: 23901192 PMCID: PMC3722629 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.112885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Helicobacter pylori colonize the gastric mucosa of half of the world's population. Although it is classified as a definitive type I carcinogen by World Health Organization, there is no effective vaccine against this bacterium. H. pylori evade the host immune response by avoiding toll-like detection, such as detection via toll-like receptor-5 (TLR-5). Thus, a chimeric construct consisting of selected epitopes from virulence factors that is incorporated into a TLR-5 ligand (Pseudomonas flagellin) could result in more potent innate and adaptive immune responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on the histocompatibility antigens of BALB/c mice, in silico techniques were used to select several fragments from H. pylori virulence factors with a high density of B- and T-cell epitopes. RESULTS These segments consist of cytotoxin-associated geneA (residue 162-283), neutrophil activating protein (residue 30-135) and outer inflammatory protein A (residue 155-268). The secondary and tertiary structure of the chimeric constructs and other bioinformatics analyses such as stability, solubility, and antigenicity were performed. The chimeric construct containing antigenic segments of H. pylori proteins was fused with the D3 domain of Pseudomonas flagellin. This recombinant chimeric gene was optimized for expression in Escherichia coli. The in silico results showed that the conserved C- and N-terminal domains of flagellin and the antigenicity of selected fragments were retained. DISCUSSION In silico analysis showed that Pseudomonas flagellin is a suitable platform for incorporation of an antigenic construct from H. pylori. This strategy may be an effective tool for the control of H. pylori and other persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ali Haghighi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mohabati Mobarez
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hatef Salmanian
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Moazeni
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sadeghi
- Department of Biochemistry National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Baqiyatallah Medical Science University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah Medical Science University, Tehran, Iran
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Pico de Coaña Y, Carnés J, Gallego MT, Alonso C, Parody N. Modulation of the humoral response to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergens in BALB/c mice by extract modification and adjuvant use. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 157:331-8. [PMID: 22123212 DOI: 10.1159/000329636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, several strategies are being used in order to improve the safety and efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy; these strategies include the use of modified hypoallergenic extracts as well as different adjuvants with immunomodulatory properties in combination with native or modified extracts. The objectives of this study were to investigate the humoral response generated in mice to modified Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extracts in the presence or absence of two different adjuvants. METHODS BALB/c mice were inoculated either with native, depigmented or depigmented-polymerised D. pteronyssinus without adjuvants or combined with aluminium hydroxide or oligodeoxinucleotides containing CpG motifs. IgE concentration, specific total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a titres were measured in mice sera and cross-reactivity inhibition experiments were performed. IgG antigenic profiles were obtained by immunoblotting for all formulations. RESULTS Inoculation of depigmented-polymerised extract induced statistically significant lower IgE levels than the native extract even when adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide. When this extract was inoculated in the presence of oligodeoxinucleotides containing CpG motifs, it elicited high IgG levels, a high IgG2a/lgG1 ratio and low IgE production. Furthermore, the antigenic profiles observed after extract inoculation showed punctual differences between the depigmented-polymerised extract and the native or depigmented extracts. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the depigmentation and polymerisation process modifies the native extract's antigenic and immunogenic properties and converts the depigmented-polymerised extract into a better choice for allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Pico de Coaña
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Tshikhudo N, Pretorius A, Putterill J, van Kleef M. Preparation and in vitro characterisation of Ehrlichia ruminantium plasmid DNA and proteins encapsulated into and DNA adsorbed onto biodegradable microparticles. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2011; 1:186-93. [PMID: 21771527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four E. ruminantium 1H12 open reading frames and their proteins known to protect sheep against heartwater needle challenge were encapsulated into, or adsorbed onto poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. Microspheres with smooth surface and smaller than 5 μm diameters were produced, with high adsorption and encapsulation efficiencies. Gel electrophoresis showed that neither encapsulation nor adsorption affected the stability of the DNA or proteins. Cationic microparticles released ∼40% of plasmid DNA on day 1 while PLGA 50:50-COOH microparticles co-encapsulating plasmid DNA and polyvinyl alcohol only started to release from days 12-28. Recombinant proteins were released from PLGA 85:15 and homopolymer R 203 S microparticles in a biphasic manner with a high initial burst release (∼45-80%). In contrast, PLGA 50:50 microparticles had low (15-65%) initial burst release followed by (25-80%) release by days (days 28-42). A cocktail of these microparticles could therefore be used as single-dose auto-booster vaccine.
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Li J, Guo J, Su Z, Hu M, Liu W, Wei Q. Calcineurin subunit B activates dendritic cells and acts as a cancer vaccine adjuvant. Int Immunol 2011; 23:327-34. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Exploiting cross-priming to generate protective CD8 T-cell immunity rapidly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:12198-203. [PMID: 20616089 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1004661107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of memory CD8 T cells generated by infection or vaccination correlates strongly with the degree of protection observed in infection and tumor models. Therefore, rapid induction of protective numbers of effector and memory CD8 T cells may be crucial in the case of malignancy, pandemic infection, or bioterrorism. Many studies have shown that amplifying T-cell numbers by prime-boost vaccination is most effective with a substantial time interval between immunizations. In contrast, immunization with peptide-coated mature dendritic cells (DCs) results in a CD8 T-cell response exhibiting accelerated acquisition of memory characteristics, including the ability to respond to booster immunization within days of initial priming. However, personalized DC immunization is too costly, labor intensive, and time-consuming for large-scale vaccination. Here, we demonstrate that in vivo cross-priming with cell-associated antigens or antigen-coated, biodegradable microspheres in the absence of adjuvant quickly generates CD8 T cells that display the phenotype and function of long-term memory populations. Importantly, cross-primed CD8 T cells can respond to booster immunization within days of the initial immunization to generate rapidly large numbers of effector and memory T cells that can protect against bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, including lethal influenza and malaria-causing Plasmodium infection. Thus, accelerated CD8 T-cell memory after in vivo cross-priming in the absence of adjuvant is generalizable and can be exploited to generate protective immunity rapidly.
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Delivery of Exogenous Antigens to Induce Cytotoxic CD8+ T Lymphocyte Responses. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:218752. [PMID: 20508846 PMCID: PMC2874933 DOI: 10.1155/2010/218752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines intended to induce a cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell response are highly sought after. However, some of these vaccines can be problematic if they replicate in the host. An alternative strategy is to exploit cross-presentation of exogenous antigens to express peptides on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. During cross-presentation, the delivered exogenous antigen can be taken up and processed through diverse mechanisms. Here, we will discuss the recent advances regarding the complex nature of the cross-priming process and the models that reflect its relevance in vivo. Moreover, we summarize current data that explore potential adjuvants and vaccine vectors that deliver antigens to activate CD8+ T cells relying on cross-presentation.
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Pone EJ, Zan H, Zhang J, Al-Qahtani A, Xu Z, Casali P. Toll-like receptors and B-cell receptors synergize to induce immunoglobulin class-switch DNA recombination: relevance to microbial antibody responses. Crit Rev Immunol 2010; 30:1-29. [PMID: 20370617 PMCID: PMC3038989 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v30.i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of naïve B cells, including immunoglobulin class-switch DNA recombination, is critical for the immune response and depends on the extensive integration of signals from the B-cell receptor (BCR), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and cytokine receptors. TLRs and BCR synergize to induce class-switch DNA recombination in T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antibody responses to microbial pathogens. BCR triggering together with simultaneous endosomal TLR engagement leads to enhanced B-cell differentiation and antibody responses. Te requirement of both BCR and TLR engagement would ensure appropriate antigen-specific activation in an infection. Co-stimulation of TLRs and BCR likely plays a significant role in anti-microbial antibody responses to contain pathogen loads until the T cell-dependent antibody responses peak. Furthermore, the temporal sequence of different signals is also critical for optimal B cell responses, as exemplified by the activation of B cells by initial TLR engagement, leading to the up-regulation of co-stimulatory CD80 and MCH-II receptors, which result in more efficient interactions with T cells, thereby enhancing the germinal center reaction and antibody affinity maturation. Overall, BCR and TLR stimulation and the integration with signals from the pathogen or immune cells and their products determine the ensuing B-cell antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egest J. Pone
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Hong Zan
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Ahmed Al-Qahtani
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Paolo Casali
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
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Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of CpG oligonucleotides using biodegradable microparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:218-25. [PMID: 19168103 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides, with specific sequence surrounding CpG motifs, appear to be very effective for the induction of a potent Th1 responses. This molecule represents pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that allows the pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) present on innate immune cells to recognize them and become activated. PAMPs and related compounds are often labelled as immunopotentiators, allowing a clear distinction between them and particulate delivery systems such as emulsions, liposomes, virus-like particles and microparticles. Microparticles prepared from biodegradable, biocompatible polyesters, and poly (lactide co-glycolide) (PLG). They have been proven to be a good particulate delivery system for the co-delivery of antigens and adjuvants. PLG has been used in humans for many years as a resorbable suture material and controlled-release drug delivery systems. It has been demonstrated that antigen presenting cells (APCs) efficiently uptake the PLG microparticles ( approximately 1 microm) both in vivo and in vitro. After uptake, the PLG subsequently induces an antigen specific CTL response in rodents. Several groups, including our group, have evaluated CpG as an immunopotentiator in various formulations and delivery systems (i.e. emulsions and particulate systems). This review will discuss in detail the work conducted so far with CpG using PLG microparticles as a delivery system. We will also discuss the advantages and enhancement of immune properties of formulating CpG (soluble, adsorbed, and encapsulated forms) with PLG microparticles along with future directions for these microparticles with CpG.
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Kovacs-Nolan J, Latimer L, Landi A, Jenssen H, Hancock REW, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. The novel adjuvant combination of CpG ODN, indolicidin and polyphosphazene induces potent antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2009; 27:2055-64. [PMID: 19428830 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The need to enhance the immunogenicity of purified subunit antigens and modulate resulting immune responses has prompted the development of new adjuvants. Here, the ability of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), a bovine host defence peptide indolicidin, and polyphosphazene to synergistically combine and enhance innate and adaptive immune responses was examined in mice. In vitro, the adjuvant combination of CpG ODN, indolicidin and polyphosphazene (CpG/indol/PP) enhanced the secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-12p40, and IL-6 by bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) when compared to the individual components. When co-formulated with ovalbumin (OVA), CpG/indol/PP formed antigen-adjuvant complexes, and enhanced antibody and cell-mediated responses in mice, via both MHC I and II pathways, promoting a more balanced antibody-mediated and type 1-biased cell-mediated immune response. Furthermore, substitution of the proline residues of indolicidin with arginine increased the synergistic adjuvant effect of the peptide, and induced significantly higher IgG1 and IgG2a titers and IFN-gamma secretion, as well as increased uptake by antigen presenting cells. These results clearly demonstrate that the use of a combination of CpG ODN, indolicidin, and polyphosphazene as adjuvant can significantly enhance an antigen-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kovacs-Nolan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
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Heffernan MJ, Kasturi SP, Yang SC, Pulendran B, Murthy N. The stimulation of CD8+ T cells by dendritic cells pulsed with polyketal microparticles containing ion-paired protein antigen and poly(inosinic acid)-poly(cytidylic acid). Biomaterials 2008; 30:910-8. [PMID: 19036430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
New adjuvants and delivery strategies are needed to optimize the ability of protein-based vaccines to elicit CD8(+) T cell responses. We have developed a model vaccine formulation containing ovalbumin (OVA) and the double-stranded RNA analog poly(inosinic acid)-poly(cytidylic acid) (poly(I:C)), a TLR3 agonist. OVA and poly(I:C) were each ion-paired to cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to produce hydrophobic complexes, which were co-encapsulated in pH-sensitive polyketal (PK3) microparticles (1-3 microm) using a single emulsion method. Loading levels ranged from 13.6 to 18.8 microg/mg OVA and 4.8 to 10.3 microg/mg poly(I:C). Murine splenic dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with PK3-OVA-poly(I:C) microparticles, at antigen doses of 0.01 and 0.1 microg/mL, induced a higher percentage of IFNgamma-producing CD8(+) T cells than DCs treated with PK3-OVA particles or soluble OVA/poly(I:C). A higher antigen dose (1 microg/mL) was less effective, which can be attributed to CTAB toxicity. At the lowest antigen dose (0.01 microg/mL), PK3-OVA-poly(I:C) microparticles also enhanced TNF-alpha and IL-2 production in CD8(+) T cells. These data demonstrate the potential of polyketal microparticles in formulating effective CD8(+) T cell-inducing vaccines comprising protein antigens and dsRNA adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Heffernan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Titball RW. Vaccines against intracellular bacterial pathogens. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13:596-600. [PMID: 18598915 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a long history of remarkable success in developing vaccines against bacteria that are extracellular pathogens. In general, the development of vaccines against intracellular bacterial pathogens has proven to be more challenging. Typically, such vaccines need to induce a range of immune responses, including antibody, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. These responses can be induced by live attenuated vaccines, but eliciting these responses with non-living vaccines has proven to be difficult. The difficulties appear to be related partly to the problems associated with the identification of protective antigens and partly with the difficulties associated with inducing CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Titball
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD Devon, UK.
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