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Satala D, Bednarek A, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. The Recruitment and Activation of Plasminogen by Bacteria-The Involvement in Chronic Infection Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10436. [PMID: 37445613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria is largely related to the specific properties of the bacterial cell surface and extracellular hydrolytic activity. Furthermore, a significant role of hijacking of host proteolytic cascades by pathogens during invasion should not be disregarded during consideration of the mechanisms of bacterial virulence. This is the key factor for the pathogen evasion of the host immune response, tissue damage, and pathogen invasiveness at secondary infection sites after initial penetration through tissue barriers. In this review, the mechanisms of bacterial impact on host plasminogen-the precursor of the important plasma serine proteinase, plasmin-are characterized, principally focusing on cell surface exposition of various proteins, responsible for binding of this host (pro)enzyme and its activators or inhibitors, as well as the fibrinolytic system activation tactics exploited by different bacterial species, not only pathogenic, but also selected harmless residents of the human microbiome. Additionally, the involvement of bacterial factors that modulate the process of plasminogen activation and fibrinolysis during periodontitis is also described, providing a remarkable example of a dual use of this host system in the development of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Bednarek
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Park S, Kim H, Ko KS. Reduced virulence in tigecycline-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae caused by overexpression of ompR and down-regulation of ompK35. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:22. [PMID: 37004036 PMCID: PMC10064660 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00910-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of tigecycline resistance in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strains has resulted in decreased virulence that is associated with reduced production of capsular polysaccharides (CPS). In this study, we investigated the mechanisms that link tigecycline susceptibility to decreased virulence. METHODS We compared transcriptomes from tigecycline-susceptible wild-type strains and tigecycline-resistant mutants using mRNA sequencing. ompR-overexpressed and ompR-deleted mutants were constructed from wild-type strains and tigecycline-resistant mutants, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed, and string tests and precipitation assays were conducted to identify phenotypic changes related to tigecycline susceptibility and ompR expression. Bacterial virulence was assessed by serum resistance and Galleria mellonella infection assays. RESULTS Transcriptomic analyses demonstrated a significant decrease in the expression of ompK35 in the tigecycline-resistant mutants. We observed that tigecycline-resistant mutants overexpressed ompR, and that the expression of ompK35 was regulated negatively by ompR. While tigecycline-resistant mutants and ompR-overexpressed mutants exhibited reduced hypermucoviscosity and virulence, deletion of ompR from tigecycline-resistant mutants restored their hypermucoviscosity and virulence. CONCLUSIONS In hypervirulent K. pneumoniae strains, ompR expression, which is regulated by exposure to tigecycline, may affect the production of CPS, leading to bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Park
- Department of Microbiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkeun Kim
- Department of Advanced Bioconvergence Product, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Ko
- Department of Microbiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Wang J, Yu Y, Li Y, Li S, Wang L, Wei Y, Wu Y, Pillay B, Olaniran AO, Chiliza TE, Shao G, Feng Z, Xiong Q. A multifunctional enolase mediates cytoadhesion and interaction with host plasminogen and fibronectin in Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Vet Res 2022; 53:26. [PMID: 35337383 PMCID: PMC8951703 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis may cause systemic inflammation of pigs, typically polyserositis and arthritis, and is also associated with several types of human cancer. However, the pathogenesis of M. hyorhinis colonizing and breaching the respiratory barrier to establish systemic infection is poorly understood. Glycolytic enzymes are important moonlighting proteins and virulence-related factors in various bacteria. In this study, we investigated the functions of a glycolytic critical enzyme, enolase in the infection and systemic spread of M. hyorhinis. Bacterial surface localization of enolase was confirmed by flow cytometry and colony hybridization assay. Recombinant M. hyorhinis enolase (rEno) was found to adhere to pig kidney (PK-15) cells, and anti-rEno serum significantly decreased adherence. The enzyme was also found to bind host plasminogen and fibronectin, and interactions were specific and strong, with dissociation constant (KD) values of 1.4 nM and 14.3 nM, respectively, from surface plasmon resonance analysis. Activation of rEno-bound plasminogen was confirmed by its ability to hydrolyze plasmin-specific substrates and to degrade a reconstituted extracellular matrix. To explore key sites during these interactions, C-terminal lysine residues of enolase were replaced with leucine, and the resulting single-site and double-site mutants show significantly reduced interaction with plasminogen in far-Western blotting and surface plasmon resonance tests. The binding affinities of all mutants to fibronectin were reduced as well. Collectively, these results imply that enolase moonlights as an important adhesin of M. hyorhinis, and interacts with plasminogen and fibronectin. The two lysine residues in the C-terminus are important binding sites for its multiple binding activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shiyang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yuzi Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bala Pillay
- College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Thamsanqa E Chiliza
- College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China. .,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Hussain M, Kohler C, Becker K. Enolase of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Is a Surface-Exposed Moonlighting Protein That Binds to Extracellular Matrix and the Plasminogen/Plasmin System. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:837297. [PMID: 35308335 PMCID: PMC8928124 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.837297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CoNS) species Staphylococcus lugdunensis is unique in causing serious infections in humans that resemble those of Staphylococcus aureus rather than those of other CoNS species. The colonization and invasion of host tissue presupposes the presence of adherence factors, but only a few proteins mediating adhesion of S. lugdunensis to biotic surfaces are known yet. Here, we report on the functionality of the S. lugdunensis enolase (SlEno), which performs two distinct roles, first, as the metabolic enzyme of the glycolysis, and second, as an adherence factor to the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cells. Phylogenetic analyses of the SlEno confirmed their high conservation to enolases of other species and revealed a closer relationship to Staphylococcus epidermidis than to S. aureus. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and Western blot experiments, we identified SlEno to be located in the cytoplasm as well as on the cell surface of S. lugdunensis. Recombinantly generated and surface-associated SlEno showed the usual enolase activity by catalyzing the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate but, in addition, also displayed strong binding to immobilized laminin, fibronectin, fibrinogen, and collagen type IV in a dose-dependent manner. We also showed a strong binding of SlEno to plasminogen (Plg) and observed a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-dependent conversion of Plg to plasmin (Pln) whereby the Plg activation significantly increased in the presence of SlEno. This interaction might be dependent on lysines of the SlEno protein as binding to Plg was inhibited by ε-aminocaproic acid. Furthermore, the enhanced activation of the Plg/Pln system by SlEno enabled S. lugdunensis to migrate through a fibrin matrix. This migration was about 10-fold higher than without exogenously added SlEno. Finally, we observed a significantly higher clearance of S. lugdunensis by freshly prepared granulocytes and in the presence of anti-SlEno antibodies. In conclusion, these data demonstrate for the first time a moonlighting function of the S. lugdunensis enolase, which is an underrated virulence factor for colonization and invasion of tissues. Hence, SlEno might be a potential vaccine candidate to prevent severe infections caused by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffar Hussain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Kohler
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Karsten Becker,
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González-Morena JM, Sánchez-Gómez FJ, Vida Y, Pérez-Inestrosa E, Salas M, Montañez MI, Altomare A, Aldini G, Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Amoxicillin Haptenation of α-Enolase is Modulated by Active Site Occupancy and Acetylation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:807742. [PMID: 35095517 PMCID: PMC8793629 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.807742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic reactions to antibiotics are a major concern in the clinic. ß-lactam antibiotics are the class most frequently reported to cause hypersensitivity reactions. One of the mechanisms involved in this outcome is the modification of proteins by covalent binding of the drug (haptenation). Hence, interest in identifying the corresponding serum and cellular protein targets arises. Importantly, haptenation susceptibility and extent can be modulated by the context, including factors affecting protein conformation or the occurrence of other posttranslational modifications. We previously identified the glycolytic enzyme α-enolase as a target for haptenation by amoxicillin, both in cells and in the extracellular milieu. Here, we performed an in vitro study to analyze amoxicillin haptenation of α-enolase using gel-based and activity assays. Moreover, the possible interplay or interference between amoxicillin haptenation and acetylation of α-enolase was studied in 1D- and 2D-gels that showed decreased haptenation and displacement of the haptenation signal to lower pI spots after chemical acetylation of the protein, respectively. In addition, the peptide containing lysine 239 was identified by mass spectrometry as the amoxicillin target sequence on α-enolase, thus suggesting a selective haptenation under our conditions. The putative amoxicillin binding site and the surrounding interactions were investigated using the α-enolase crystal structure and molecular docking. Altogether, the results obtained provide the basis for the design of novel diagnostic tools or approaches in the study of amoxicillin-induced allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M González-Morena
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Sánchez-Gómez
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Vida
- Dpto. Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Pérez-Inestrosa
- Dpto. Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Salas
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María I Montañez
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alessandra Altomare
- Department of Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - María A Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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