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Manjunath P, Ahmad J, Samal J, Rani A, Sheikh JA, Zarin S, Ahuja Y, Alam A, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Expression of a unique M. tuberculosis DNA MTase Rv1509 in M. smegmatis alters the gene expression pattern and enhances virulence. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1344857. [PMID: 38803374 PMCID: PMC11129820 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1344857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) genome encompasses 4,173 genes, about a quarter of which remain uncharacterized and hypothetical. Considering the current limitations associated with the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, it is imperative to comprehend the pathomechanism of the disease and host-pathogen interactions to identify new drug targets for intervention strategies. Using in-silico comparative genome analysis, we identified one of the M. tb genes, Rv1509, as a signature protein exclusively present in M. tb. To explore the role of Rv1509, a likely methyl transferase, we constructed a knock-in Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) constitutively expressing Rv1509 (Ms_Rv1509). The Ms_Rv1509 led to differential expression of many transcriptional regulator genes as assessed by RNA-seq analysis. Further, in-vitro and in-vivo studies demonstrated an enhanced survival of Ms_Rv1509 inside the host macrophages. Ms_Rv1509 also promoted phagolysosomal escape inside macrophages to boost bacterial replication and dissemination. In-vivo infection studies revealed that Ms_Rv1509 survives better than BCG and causes pathological manifestations in the pancreas after intraperitoneal infection. Long-time survival of Ms_Rv1509 resulted in lymphocyte migration, increased T regulatory cells, giant cell formation, and likely granuloma formation in the pancreas, pointing toward the role of Rv1509 in M. tb pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Manjunath
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jasmine Samal
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anshu Rani
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sheeba Zarin
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Department of Life Science, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashika Ahuja
- Department of Life Science, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Seyed E. Hasnain
- Department of Life Science, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nasreen Z. Ehtesham
- Department of Life Science, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Han J, Sun R, Huang C, Xie H, Gao X, Yao Q, Yang P, Li J, Gong Z. Effects of Different Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios on Yield, Nutritional Value, and Amino Acid Contents of Flammulina velutipes. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:598. [PMID: 38792619 PMCID: PMC11122278 DOI: 10.3390/life14050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the cultivation medium significantly influences the growth rate, vigor of mycelium, yield of fruiting bodies, and their nutritional composition. Recently, agricultural and forestry wastes have been increasingly used in cultivating Flammulina velutipes. However, systematic research on how these materials affect the nutritional and functional properties of the fruiting bodies is lacking. This study investigated the effects of different C/N ratios on F. velutipes cultivation. We evaluated the agronomic traits, nutritional composition, and flavor compounds of the fruiting bodies. Our findings reveal that an optimal C/N ratio of 27:1 in the composted substrates enhances the total yield of fruiting bodies, with 25.1% soybean straw as the primary raw material. This ratio also significantly increases the levels of crude protein, total amino acids, and essential amino acids in the fruiting bodies (p < 0.05). Fruiting bodies from the high-nitrogen (HN) treatment showed the highest content of umami amino acids and equivalent umami concentration value. Additionally, we employed an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics approach to analyze the metabolite profiles of fruiting bodies cultivated in high-nitrogen (HN), medium-nitrogen (MN), and low-nitrogen (LN) substrates. We found that the carbon-nitrogen ratio can affect the flavor and quality of fruiting bodies by regulating amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism and other related pathways. Our results suggest that a C/N ratio of 27:1 offers numerous benefits for the cultivation of F. velutipes with comprehensive analyses and has promising application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Ruixiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Chunyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Hongyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Xia Gao
- Shandong Agricultural Technology Extending Center, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Qiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
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Zarin S, Shariq M, Rastogi N, Ahuja Y, Manjunath P, Alam A, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Rv2231c, a unique histidinol phosphate aminotransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, supports virulence by inhibiting host-directed defense. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:203. [PMID: 38698289 PMCID: PMC11065945 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen metabolism of M. tuberculosis is critical for its survival in infected host cells. M. tuberculosis has evolved sophisticated strategies to switch between de novo synthesis and uptake of various amino acids from host cells for metabolic demands. Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent histidinol phosphate aminotransferase-HspAT enzyme is critically required for histidine biosynthesis. HspAT is involved in metabolic synthesis of histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and novobiocin. We showed that M. tuberculosis Rv2231c is a conserved enzyme with HspAT activity. Rv2231c is a monomeric globular protein that contains α-helices and β-sheets. It is a secretory and cell wall-localized protein that regulates critical pathogenic attributes. Rv2231c enhances the survival and virulence of recombinant M. smegmatis in infected RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Rv2231c is recognized by the TLR4 innate immune receptor and modulates the host immune response by suppressing the secretion of the antibacterial pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-12, and IL-6. It also inhibits the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 along with antigen presenting molecule MHC-I on macrophage and suppresses reactive nitrogen species formation, thereby promoting M2 macrophage polarization. Recombinant M. smegmatis expressing Rv2231c inhibited apoptosis in macrophages, promoting efficient bacterial survival and proliferation, thereby increasing virulence. Our results indicate that Rv2231c is a moonlighting protein that regulates multiple functions of M. tuberculosis pathophysiology to increase its virulence. These mechanistic insights can be used to better understand the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis and to design strategies for tuberculosis mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Zarin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Mohd Shariq
- Cell Signaling and Inflammation Biology Lab, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Nilisha Rastogi
- Cell Signaling and Inflammation Biology Lab, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Yashika Ahuja
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - P Manjunath
- Cell Signaling and Inflammation Biology Lab, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.
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Wei L, Liu L, Meng Z, Qi K, Gao X, Feng J, Luo J. Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophage Toll-like receptor and its role in autophagy. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:753-770. [PMID: 38563966 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogen responsible for tuberculosis is called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its interaction with macrophages has a significant impact on the onset and progression of the disease. METHODS The respiratory pathway allows Mycobacterium tuberculosis to enter the body's lungs where it battles immune cells before being infected latently or actively. In the progress of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis activates the body's immune system and creates inflammatory factors, which cause tissue inflammation to infiltrate and the creation of granulomas, which seriously harms the body. Toll-like receptors of macrophage can mediate host recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, initiate immune responses, and participate in macrophage autophagy. New host-directed therapeutic approaches targeting autophagy for drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis have emerged, providing new ideas for the effective treatment of tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS In-depth understanding of the mechanisms by which macrophage autophagy interacts with intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as the study of potent and specific autophagy-regulating molecules, will lead to much-needed advances in drug discovery and vaccine design, which will improve the prevention and treatment of human tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Wei
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Zudi Meng
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Kai Qi
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Xuehan Gao
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Jihong Feng
- Department of Oncology, Lishui People's Hospital, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junmin Luo
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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Malik AA, Shariq M, Sheikh JA, Zarin S, Ahuja Y, Fayaz H, Alam A, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Activation of the lysosomal damage response and selective autophagy: the coordinated actions of galectins, TRIM proteins, and CGAS-STING1 in providing immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38470107 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2321494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a crucial immune defense mechanism that controls the survival and pathogenesis of M. tb by maintaining cell physiology during stress and pathogen attack. The E3-Ub ligases (PRKN, SMURF1, and NEDD4) and autophagy receptors (SQSTM1, TAX1BP1, CALCOCO2, OPTN, and NBR1) play key roles in this process. Galectins (LGALSs), which bind to sugars and are involved in identifying damaged cell membranes caused by intracellular pathogens such as M. tb, are essential. These include LGALS3, LGALS8, and LGALS9, which respond to endomembrane damage and regulate endomembrane damage caused by toxic chemicals, protein aggregates, and intracellular pathogens, including M. tb. They also activate selective autophagy and de novo endolysosome biogenesis. LGALS3, LGALS9, and LGALS8 interact with various components to activate autophagy and repair damage, while CGAS-STING1 plays a critical role in providing immunity against M. tb by activating selective autophagy and producing type I IFNs with antimycobacterial functions. STING1 activates cGAMP-dependent autophagy which provides immunity against various pathogens. Additionally, cytoplasmic surveillance pathways activated by ds-DNA, such as inflammasomes mediated by NLRP3 and AIM2 complexes, control M. tb. Modulation of E3-Ub ligases with small regulatory molecules of LGALSs and TRIM proteins could be a novel host-based therapeutic approach for controlling TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrar Ahmad Malik
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Shariq
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Javaid Ahmad Sheikh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheeba Zarin
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Yashika Ahuja
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Haleema Fayaz
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science and Engineering Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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Quadir N, Shariq M, Sheikh JA, Singh J, Sharma N, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein MoxR1 enhances virulence by inhibiting host cell death pathways and disrupting cellular bioenergetics. Virulence 2023; 14:2180230. [PMID: 36799069 PMCID: PMC9980616 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2180230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) utilizes the multifunctionality of its protein factors to deceive the host. The unabated global incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains warrant the discovery of novel drug targets that can be exploited to manage TB. This study reports the role of M. tb AAA+ family protein MoxR1 in regulating host-pathogen interaction and immune system functions. We report that MoxR1 binds to TLR4 in macrophage cells and further reveal how this signal the release of proinflammatory cytokines. We show that MoxR1 activates the PI3K-AKT-MTOR signalling cascade by inhibiting the autophagy-regulating kinase ULK1 by potentiating its phosphorylation at serine 757, leading to its suppression. Using autophagy-activating and repressing agents such as rapamycin and bafilomycin A1 suggested that MoxR1 inhibits autophagy flux by inhibiting autophagy initiation. MoxR1 also inhibits apoptosis by suppressing the expression of MAPK JNK1/2 and cFOS, which play critical roles in apoptosis induction. Intriguingly, MoxR1 also induced robust disruption of cellular bioenergetics by metabolic reprogramming to rewire the citric acid cycle intermediates, as evidenced by the lower levels of citric acid and electron transport chain enzymes (ETC) to dampen host defence. These results point to a multifunctional role of M. tb MoxR1 in dampening host defences by inhibiting autophagy, apoptosis, and inducing metabolic reprogramming. These mechanistic insights can be utilized to devise strategies to combat TB and better understand survival tactics by intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Quadir
- National Institute of Pathology, ICMR, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd. Shariq
- National Institute of Pathology, ICMR, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jasdeep Singh
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- National Institute of Pathology, ICMR, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India,Department of Life Science,School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India,CONTACT Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- National Institute of Pathology, ICMR, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India,Nazreen Zafar Ehtesham
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Rastogi N, Zarin S, Alam A, Konduru GV, Manjunath P, Mishra A, Kumar S, Nagarajaram HA, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Structural and Biophysical properties of therapeutically important proteins Rv1509 and Rv2231A of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125455. [PMID: 37331537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Through comparative analyses using BLASTp and BLASTn of the 25 target sequences, our research identified two unique post-transcriptional modifiers, Rv1509 and Rv2231A, which serve as distinctive and characteristic proteins of M.tb - the Signature Proteins. Here, we have characterized these two signature proteins associated with pathophysiology of M.tb which may prove to be therapeutically important targets. Dynamic Light Scattering and Analytical Gel Filtration Chromatography exhibited that Rv1509 exists as a monomer while Rv2231A as a dimer in solution. Secondary structures were determined using Circular Dichroism and further validated through Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Both the proteins are capable of withstanding a wide range of temperature and pH variations. Fluorescence spectroscopy based binding affinity experiments showed that Rv1509 binds to iron and may promote organism growth by chelating iron. In the case of Rv2231A, a high affinity for its substrate RNA was observed, which is facilitated in presence of Mg2+ suggesting it might have RNAse activity, supporting the prediction through in-silico studies. This is the first study on biophysical characterization of these two therapeutically important proteins, Rv1509 and Rv2231A, providing important insights into their structure -function correlations which are crucial for development of new drugs/ early diagnostics tools targeting these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilisha Rastogi
- Cell Signaling and Inflammation Biology Lab, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sheeba Zarin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India; Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Guruprasad Varma Konduru
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, India; Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - P Manjunath
- Cell Signaling and Inflammation Biology Lab, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Abhay Mishra
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Hampapathalu Adimurthy Nagarajaram
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Department of Systems and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof C.R. Rao Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India; Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India.
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Malik AA, Sheikh JA, Ehtesham NZ, Hira S, Hasnain SE. Can Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection lead to cancer? Call for a paradigm shift in understanding TB and cancer. Int J Med Microbiol 2022; 312:151558. [PMID: 35842995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2022.151558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are known to cause tumours though more attributed to viruses. Strong epidemiological links suggest association between bacterial infections and cancers as exemplified by Helicobacter pylori and Salmonella spp. Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), has been reported to predispose patients to lung cancers and possibly in other organs as well. While this etiopathogenesis warrant inclusion of M. tb in IARC's (International Agency for Research on Cancer) classified carcinogenic agents, the lack of well-defined literature and direct experimental studies have barred the research community from accepting the role of M. tb as a carcinogen. The background research, case studies, and experimental data extensively reviewed in Roy et al., 2021; provoke the debate for elucidating carcinogenic properties of M. tb. Moreover, proper, timely and correct diagnosis of both diseases (which often mimic each other) will save millions of lives that are misdiagnosed. In addition, use of Anti Tubercular therapy (ATT) in misdiagnosed non-TB patients contributes to drug resistance in population thereby severely impacting TB disease control measures. Research in this arena can further aid in saving billions of dollars by preventing the superfluous use of cancer drugs. In order to achieve these goals, it is imperative to identify the underlying mechanism of M. tb infection acting as major risk factor for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrar A Malik
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Javaid A Sheikh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhash Hira
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India; Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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