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Aramide Modupe Dosunmu-Ogunbi A, Galley JC, Yuan S, Schmidt HM, Wood KC, Straub AC. Redox Switches Controlling Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Resistance Vasculature and Implications for Blood Pressure Regulation: Mid-Career Award for Research Excellence 2020. Hypertension 2021; 78:912-926. [PMID: 34420371 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.16493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The arterial resistance vasculature modulates blood pressure and flow to match oxygen delivery to tissue metabolic demand. As such, resistance arteries and arterioles have evolved a series of highly orchestrated cell-cell communication mechanisms between endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells to regulate vascular tone. In response to neurohormonal agonists, release of several intracellular molecules, including nitric oxide, evokes changes in vascular tone. We and others have uncovered novel redox switches in the walls of resistance arteries that govern nitric oxide compartmentalization and diffusion. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of redox switches controlling nitric oxide signaling in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, focusing on new mechanistic insights, physiological and pathophysiological implications, and advances in therapeutic strategies for hypertension and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atinuke Aramide Modupe Dosunmu-Ogunbi
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.A.M.D.-O., J.C.G., S.Y., H.M.S., K.C.W., A.C.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (A.A.M.D.-O., J.C.G., H.M.S., A.C.S), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joseph C Galley
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.A.M.D.-O., J.C.G., S.Y., H.M.S., K.C.W., A.C.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (A.A.M.D.-O., J.C.G., H.M.S., A.C.S), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.A.M.D.-O., J.C.G., S.Y., H.M.S., K.C.W., A.C.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Heidi M Schmidt
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.A.M.D.-O., J.C.G., S.Y., H.M.S., K.C.W., A.C.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (A.A.M.D.-O., J.C.G., H.M.S., A.C.S), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Katherine C Wood
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.A.M.D.-O., J.C.G., S.Y., H.M.S., K.C.W., A.C.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Adam C Straub
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.A.M.D.-O., J.C.G., S.Y., H.M.S., K.C.W., A.C.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (A.A.M.D.-O., J.C.G., H.M.S., A.C.S), University of Pittsburgh, PA.,Center for Microvascular Research (A.C.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
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Cuello F, Eaton P. Cysteine-Based Redox Sensing and Its Role in Signaling by Cyclic Nucleotide-Dependent Kinases in the Cardiovascular System. Annu Rev Physiol 2018; 81:63-87. [PMID: 30216743 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oxidant molecules are produced in biological systems and historically have been considered causal mediators of damage and disease. While oxidants may contribute to the pathogenesis of disease, evidence continues to emerge that shows these species also play important regulatory roles in health. A major mechanism of oxidant sensing and signaling involves their reaction with reactive cysteine thiols within proteins, inducing oxidative posttranslational modifications that can couple to altered function to enable homeostatic regulation. Protein kinase A and protein kinase G are regulated by oxidants in this way, and this review focuses on our molecular-level understanding of these events and their role in regulating cardiovascular physiology during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Cuello
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Philip Eaton
- King's College London, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom;
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Kalyanaraman H, Zhuang S, Pilz RB, Casteel DE. The activity of cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iα is not directly regulated by oxidation-induced disulfide formation at cysteine 43. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8262-8268. [PMID: 28360102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c117.787358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs) are key regulators of smooth muscle tone, cardiac hypertrophy, and other physiological processes. The two isoforms PKGIα and PKGIβ are thought to have unique functions because of their tissue-specific expression, different cGMP affinities, and isoform-specific protein-protein interactions. Recently, a non-canonical pathway of PKGIα activation has been proposed, in which PKGIα is activated in a cGMP-independent fashion via oxidation of Cys43, resulting in disulfide formation within the PKGIα N-terminal dimerization domain. A "redox-dead" knock-in mouse containing a C43S mutation exhibits phenotypes consistent with decreased PKGIα signaling, but the detailed mechanism of oxidation-induced PKGIα activation is unknown. Therefore, we examined oxidation-induced activation of PKGIα, and in contrast to previous findings, we observed that disulfide formation at Cys43 does not directly activate PKGIα in vitro or in intact cells. In transfected cells, phosphorylation of Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein was increased in response to 8-CPT-cGMP treatment, but not when disulfide formation in PKGIα was induced by H2O2 Using purified enzymes, we found that the Cys43 oxidation had no effect on basal kinase activity or Km and Vmax values; however, PKGIα containing the C43S mutation was less responsive to cGMP-induced activation. This reduction in cGMP affinity may in part explain the PKGIα loss-of-function phenotype of the C43S knock-in mouse. In conclusion, disulfide formation at Cys43 does not directly activate PKGIα, and the C43S-mutant PKGIα has a higher Ka for cGMP. Our results highlight that mutant enzymes should be carefully biochemically characterized before making in vivo inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Kalyanaraman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Shunhui Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Darren E Casteel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.
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Kim JJ, Lorenz R, Arold ST, Reger AS, Sankaran B, Casteel DE, Herberg FW, Kim C. Crystal Structure of PKG I:cGMP Complex Reveals a cGMP-Mediated Dimeric Interface that Facilitates cGMP-Induced Activation. Structure 2016; 24:710-720. [PMID: 27066748 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG) is a key regulator of smooth muscle and vascular tone and represents an important drug target for treating hypertensive diseases and erectile dysfunction. Despite its importance, its activation mechanism is not fully understood. To understand the activation mechanism, we determined a 2.5 Å crystal structure of the PKG I regulatory (R) domain bound with cGMP, which represents the activated state. Although we used a monomeric domain for crystallization, the structure reveals that two R domains form a symmetric dimer where the cGMP bound at high-affinity pockets provide critical dimeric contacts. Small-angle X-ray scattering and mutagenesis support this dimer model, suggesting that the dimer interface modulates kinase activation. Finally, structural comparison with the homologous cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase reveals that PKG is drastically different from protein kinase A in its active conformation, suggesting a novel activation mechanism for PKG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Joo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Hesse 34132, Germany
| | - Robin Lorenz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Hesse 34132, Germany
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Albert S Reger
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Darren E Casteel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Hesse 34132, Germany
| | - Choel Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Prysyazhna O, Eaton P. Redox regulation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iα in the cardiovascular system. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:139. [PMID: 26236235 PMCID: PMC4505079 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of oxidants in biological systems have been historically referred to as “oxidative stress,” a choice of words that perhaps conveys an imbalanced view of reactive oxygen species in cells and tissues. The term stress suggests a harmful role, whereas a contemporary view is that oxidants are also crucial for the maintenance of homeostasis or adaptive signaling that can actually limit injury. This regulatory role for oxidants is achieved in part by them inducing oxidative post-translational modifications of proteins which may alter their function or interactions. Such mechanisms allow changes in cell oxidant levels to be coupled to regulated alterations in enzymatic function (i.e., signal transduction), which enables “redox signaling.” In this review we focus on the role of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) Ia disulfide dimerisation, an oxidative modification that is induced by oxidants that directly activates the enzyme, discussing how this impacts on the cardiovascular system. Additionally, how this oxidative activation of PKG may coordinate with or differ from classical activation of this kinase by cGMP is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandra Prysyazhna
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital , London, UK
| | - Philip Eaton
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital , London, UK
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Huang GY, Gerlits OO, Blakeley MP, Sankaran B, Kovalevsky AY, Kim C. Neutron diffraction reveals hydrogen bonds critical for cGMP-selective activation: insights for cGMP-dependent protein kinase agonist design. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6725-7. [PMID: 25271401 PMCID: PMC4222537 DOI: 10.1021/bi501012v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
High selectivity of cyclic-nucleotide
binding (CNB) domains for
cAMP and cGMP are required for segregating signaling pathways; however,
the mechanism of selectivity remains unclear. To investigate the mechanism
of high selectivity in cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), we determined
a room-temperature joint X-ray/neutron (XN) structure of PKG Iβ
CNB-B, a domain 200-fold selective for cGMP over cAMP, bound to cGMP
(2.2 Å), and a low-temperature X-ray structure of CNB-B with
cAMP (1.3 Å). The XN structure directly describes the hydrogen
bonding interactions that modulate high selectivity for cGMP, while
the structure with cAMP reveals that all these contacts are disrupted,
explaining its low affinity for cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Y Huang
- Verna and Mars McClean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine , One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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Huang GY, Kim JJ, Reger AS, Lorenz R, Moon EW, Zhao C, Casteel DE, Bertinetti D, Vanschouwen B, Selvaratnam R, Pflugrath JW, Sankaran B, Melacini G, Herberg FW, Kim C. Structural basis for cyclic-nucleotide selectivity and cGMP-selective activation of PKG I. Structure 2013; 22:116-24. [PMID: 24239458 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinases (PKG and PKA) are closely related homologs, and the cyclic nucleotide specificity of each kinase is crucial for keeping the two signaling pathways segregated, but the molecular mechanism of cyclic nucleotide selectivity is unknown. Here, we report that the PKG Iβ C-terminal cyclic nucleotide binding domain (CNB-B) is highly selective for cGMP binding, and we have solved crystal structures of CNB-B with and without bound cGMP. These structures, combined with a comprehensive mutagenic analysis, allowed us to identify Leu296 and Arg297 as key residues that mediate cGMP selectivity. In addition, by comparing the cGMP bound and unbound structures, we observed large conformational changes in the C-terminal helices in response to cGMP binding, which were stabilized by recruitment of Tyr351 as a "capping residue" for cGMP. The observed rearrangements of the C-terminal helices provide a mechanical insight into release of the catalytic domain and kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Y Huang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeong Joo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Albert S Reger
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robin Lorenz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel 34132, Germany
| | - Eui-Whan Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Darren E Casteel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Bryan Vanschouwen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Rajeevan Selvaratnam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | | | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Building 6R2100, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | | | - Choel Kim
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Wolfertstetter S, Huettner JP, Schlossmann J. cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitors in Health and Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:269-86. [PMID: 24275951 PMCID: PMC3816681 DOI: 10.3390/ph6020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG) exhibit diverse physiological functions in the mammalian system e.g., in vascular and gastrointestinal smooth muscles, in platelets, in kidney, in bone growth, nociception and in the central nervous system. Furthermore, PKG were found in insects and in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Two different genes of PKG exist: a) the PKG-I gene that is expressed as cytosolic PKG-Iα or PKG-Iβ isoform, and b) the PKG-II gene, which expresses the membrane associated PKG-II protein. The enzyme kinetics, the localization and the substrates of these PKG enzymes differ utilizing different physiological functions. Various inhibitors of PKG were developed directed against diverse functional regions of the kinase. These inhibitors of PKG have been used to analyse the specific functions of these enzymes. The review article will summarize these different inhibitors regarding their specificity and their present applications in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, it will be discussed that the distinct inhibition of the PKG enzymes could be used as a valuable pharmacological target e.g., in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, diarrhea, cancer or malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wolfertstetter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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