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O'Toole RF. Antibiotic resistance acquisition versus primary transmission in the presentation of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Mycobacteriol 2022; 11:343-348. [PMID: 36510916 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_187_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading cause of mortality worldwide due to a single bacterial pathogen. Of concern is the negative impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the control of tuberculosis (TB) including drug-resistant forms of the disease. Antimicrobial resistance increases the likelihood of worsened outcomes in TB patients including treatment failure and death. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, resistant to first-line drugs isoniazid and rifampin, and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains with further resistance to second-line drugs (SLD), threaten control programs designed to lower TB incidence and end the disease as a public health challenge by 2030, in accordance with UN Sustainable Development Goals. Tackling TB requires an understanding of the pathways through which drug resistance emerges. Here, the roles of acquired resistance mutation, and primary transmission, are examined with regard to XDR-TB. It is apparent that XDR-TB can emerge from MDR-TB through a small number of additional resistance mutations that occur in patients undergoing drug treatment. Rapid detection of resistance, to first-line drugs and SLD, at the initiation of and during treatment, and prompt adjustment of regimens are required to ensure treatment success in these patients. Primary transmission is predicted to make an increasing contribution to the XDR-TB caseload in the future. Much work is required to improve the implementation of the World Health Organization-recommended infection control practices and block onward transmission of XDR-TB patients to contacts including health-care workers. Finally, limiting background resistance to fluoroquinolones in pre-XDR strains of M. tuberculosis will necessitate better antimicrobial stewardship in the broader use of this drug class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Francis O'Toole
- Department of Biomedicine and Medical Diagnostics, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Imchen M, Kumavath R, Barh D, Vaz A, Góes-Neto A, Tiwari S, Ghosh P, Wattam AR, Azevedo V. Comparative mangrove metagenome reveals global prevalence of heavy metals and antibiotic resistome across different ecosystems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11187. [PMID: 30046123 PMCID: PMC6060162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mangrove ecosystem harbors a complex microbial community that plays crucial role in biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we analyzed mangrove sediments from India using de novo whole metagenome next generation sequencing (NGS) and compared their taxonomic and functional community structures to mangrove metagenomics samples from Brazil and Saudi Arabia. The most abundant phyla in the mangroves of all three countries was Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. A total of 1,942 genes were found to be common across all the mangrove sediments from each of the three countries. The mangrove resistome consistently showed high resistance to fluoroquinolone and acriflavine. A comparative study of the mangrove resistome with other ecosystems shows a higher frequency of heavy metal resistance in mangrove and terrestrial samples. Ocean samples had a higher abundance of drug resistance genes with fluoroquinolone and methicillin resistance genes being as high as 28.178% ± 3.619 and 10.776% ± 1.823. Genes involved in cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance were higher in the mangrove (23.495% ± 4.701) and terrestrial (27.479% ± 4.605) ecosystems. Our comparative analysis of samples collected from a variety of habitats shows that genes involved in resistance to both heavy metals and antibiotics are ubiquitous, irrespective of the ecosystem examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madangchanok Imchen
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya P.O, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya P.O, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India.
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India.,Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, NITTE University Center for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India.,Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline Vaz
- Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sandeep Tiwari
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, 23284, USA
| | - Alice R Wattam
- Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Zaidi SMA, Haseeb A, Habib SS, Malik A, Khowaja S, SaifUllah N, Rizvi N. Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance among drug resistant tuberculosis patients at a tertiary care facility in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:313. [PMID: 28743312 PMCID: PMC5526320 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pakistan is classified as one of the high multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden countries. A poorly regulated private sector, over-prescription of antibiotics and self-medication has led to augmented rates of drug-resistance in the country. Pakistan's first national anti-tuberculosis drug resistance survey identified high prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance among MDR-TB patients. Further institutional evidence of fluoroquinolone drug-resistance can support re-evaluation of treatment regimens as well as invigorate efforts to control antibiotic resistance in the country. FINDINGS In this study, data for drug-susceptibility testing (DST) was retrospectively analyzed for a total of 133 patients receiving MDR-TB treatment at the Chest Department of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan. Frequency analyses for resistance patterns was carried out and association of fluoroquinolone (ofloxacin) resistance with demographics and past TB treatment category were assessed. Within first-line drugs, resistance to isoniazid was detected in 97.7% of cases, followed by rifampicin (96.9%), pyrazinamide (86.4%), ethambutol (69.2%) and streptomycin (64.6%). Within second-line drugs, ofloxacin resistance was detected in 34.6% of cases. Resistance to ethionamide and amikacin was 2.3% and 1.6%, respectively. Combined resistance of oflaxacin and isoniazid was detected in 33.9% of cases. Age, gender and past TB treatment category were not significantly associated with resistance to ofloxacin. CONCLUSION Fluoroquinolone resistance was observed in an alarmingly high proportion of MDR-TB cases. Our results suggest caution in their use for empirical management of MDR-TB cases and recommended treatment regimens for MDR-TB may require re-evaluation. Greater engagement of private providers and stringent pharmacy regulations are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mohammad Asad Zaidi
- Interactive Research & Development, Suite 508, Ibrahim Trade Tower, Main Shahrah-e-Faisal, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Department of Chest Medicine, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre, Rafiqi H J Rd, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shifa Salman Habib
- Interactive Research & Development, Suite 508, Ibrahim Trade Tower, Main Shahrah-e-Faisal, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amyn Malik
- Interactive Research & Development, Suite 508, Ibrahim Trade Tower, Main Shahrah-e-Faisal, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saira Khowaja
- Interactive Research & Development, Suite 508, Ibrahim Trade Tower, Main Shahrah-e-Faisal, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nausheen SaifUllah
- Department of Chest Medicine, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre, Rafiqi H J Rd, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Rizvi
- Department of Chest Medicine, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre, Rafiqi H J Rd, Karachi, Pakistan
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