The Chinese version of the Outcome Expectations for Exercise scale: validation study

Outcome Expectations and Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis: Their Exercise Outcome Expectations in Relation to Perceived Health, Self-Efficacy, and Fear of Falling

Outcome expectations are a determinant of exercise engagement and adherence. However, the factors that influence outcome expectations for exercise remain poorly understood for people with knee osteoarthritis. In this paper, a cross-sectional study was conducted by recruiting 211 older adults from three clinics in Southern Taiwan. This study explored older adults with knee osteoarthritis exercise outcome expectations and perceived health, self- efficacy, and fear of falling. The older adults completed the Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale (OEES), the pain and physical function subscales of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the Perceived Health Status Scale, the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale (SEE- C), the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Multiple logistic regression models were used to determine associations between outcome expectations for exercise and physical and psychosocial outcomes in the knee OA population. Among the participants of the cross-sectional study, the mean age was 72.04 (SD = 5.53) years, and 71.6% were female. Higher outcome expectations for exercise were associated with higher physical function (OR = 0.98; 95% CI [0.96−1.99]; p = 0.007), better perceived health (OR = 1.30; 95% CI [1.12−1.51]; p < 0.001), greater self-efficacy (OR =1.03; 95% CI [1.01−1.04]; p = 0.006), and less fear of falling (OR = 3.33; 95% CI [1.21−9.19]; p = 0.020). Thus, the results indicated that outcome expectations for exercise among the participants were significantly associated with physical function, perceived health, self-efficacy, and fear of falling. These findings suggest the importance of personal factors in the design of interventions to promote exercise behavior changes among elderly patients with Knee Osteoarthritis.

Social Cognitive Correlates of Physical Activity among Chinese University Employees: A Cross-Sectional Study

Despite the well-documented benefits of leisure time physical activity, university employees are often reported to be at high risk of physical inactivity and low fitness levels. However, few efforts have been made to identify modifiable correlates of physical activity among this population. From the perspective of Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), the current study aims to examine the relationship between physical activity and a series of demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, income, education), self-reported fitness, and social cognitive variables. Data were collected through mail-based surveys from a convenience sample consisting of 116 Chinese university employees (age = 36.59 ± 8.7 y). An array of SCT variables, namely, exercise self-efficacy (r = 0.55, p < 0.01), barrier self-efficacy (r = 0.35, p < 0.01), exercise social support (r = 0.37, p < 0.01), importance of physical self (r = 0.30, p < 0.01), outcome expectations (r = 0.24, p < 0.05), and satisfaction with health(r = 0.32, p < 0.01) were found to be positively correlated with physical activity in Chinese faculty and staff, and most of the correlations were moderate to large in magnitude. Further regression analyses indicate that exercise self-efficacy (β = 0.29, p < 0.01) and exercise social support from friends (β = 0.70, p < 0.01) emerge as significant predictors of physical activity after controlling for age, gender, occupation (faculty or staff), and self-reported fitness. It is concluded that these SCT variables are important correlates of university employees' physical activity behavior. Future physical activity promotion interventions in this population should incorporate strategies to improve one's confidence in maintaining regular physical activity and enhance social support from friends, which are likely to increase the effectiveness of these programs.

Reliability of the Swedish version of the multidimensional outcome expectations for exercise scale (MOEES-SW) in a cardiac population

Purpose: Translate and adapt the Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale (MOEES) into Swedish language and to explore psychometric properties, in terms of test-retest reliability, internal consistency as well as factor structure and floor and ceiling effects, of the Swedish version of MOEES in cardiac patients.Materials and methods:This prospective psychometrical study set in a Swedish cardiac rehabilitation outpatient clinic included 74 patients; age ³18 years after acute coronary syndrome or that had undergone cardiac surgery. Translation and adaptation procedure of the MOEES followed established international guidelines. To evaluate test-retest reliability, relative (intra-class correlation coefficient ICC, 2.1)and absolute reliability (standard error of measurement (SEM) standard error of measurement % (SEM%), percentage of absolute agreement and Kappa coefficient for each item were calculated. Internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach´s alpha. The original 3-factor structure was tested with a confirmatory factor analysis. Floor and ceiling effects were calculated. Results: In total, 60 patients, mean age 65 years, were included in the study. The test-retest showed for the three outcome expectations subscales (Physical, Self-evaluative and Social) ICC-values of 0.40 (CI 95% 0.20-0.58), 0.57 (0.39-0.71) and 0.72 (0.57-0.83), respectively. In general, the Kappa coefficients were low and varied between 0.11 and 0.44. Two questions had low loadings in the confirmatory factor analysis (<0.5) , contributing to a weak fit of the model. There was no floor effect, but the subscales physical and self-evaluative outcome expectation showed ceiling effects. Conclusion:This is the first study to analyse test-retest reliability of the translated version of MOEES into Swedish in cardiac patients and shows need for further development of the instrument before use in clinical practice and research.

Predictive Ability of Pender’s Health Promotion Model for Physical Activity and Exercise in People With Spinal Cord Injuries

The main objective of this study was to validate Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) as a motivational model for exercise/physical activity self-management for people with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Quantitative descriptive research design using hierarchical regression analysis (HRA) was used. A total of 126 individuals with SCI were recruited through the National Spinal Cord Injury Association, other SCI support groups, and professors in rehabilitation counseling across the United States. Outcome measures used were the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Physical Activity Stages of Change Instrument. The HRA results indicated that preinjury physical activity/exercise level, severity of SCI, and commitment to a plan for exercise and physical activity were predictive of postinjury exercise and physical activity level. In addition, friend/family support, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived benefits were the strongest predictors of commitment to a plan of action for exercise and physical activity. The research findings support the applicability of Pender’s HPM as a motivational model for exercise/physical activity for people with SCI. The information can be used to design health promotion behavioral interventions for people with SCI living in the community.

Introducing an Outcome Expectation Questionnaire and Its Psychometric Properties Regarding Leisure Time Physical Activity for Iranian Male Adolescent

BACKGROUND

Outcome expectation (OE) is known as a psychosocial determinant of leisure time physical activity (LTPA). Despite importance of this construct evaluation, there is no evidence of special questionnaire for measuring OE in Persian speaking Iranian male adolescents.

OBJECTIVES

This article reports development and psychometric evaluation process of a specific questionnaire that evaluates OE about LTPA among Iranian male adolescents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Literature review and group discussions were used to select 26 items of this questionnaire based on 3 dimensions of OE (self-evaluation, social expectancy, and physical expectancy). All Participants (n = 720) were divided into two groups randomly after evaluating comprehensibility, face and content validity, and items analysis. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were separately operated on one of these groups for evaluation of the construct validity of questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated by the Cronbach α.

RESULTS

EFA extracted 3 main factors explained 45.80%, 10.31%, and 7.51% of OE variance, respectively. Almost all fit indexes in CFA were acceptable (CMIN = 107.39, CMIN/DF = 2.619, CFI = 0.938, PCFI = 0.699, RMSEA = 0.067, PCLOSE = 0.034). Finally 11 items remained in the questionnaire, which showed excellent reliability on main study (α = 0.85).

CONCLUSIONS

This study provided evidence regarding the reliability and validity of the Iranian male adolescent outcome expectation about leisure time physical activity (IMAO-PAC) and illustrated that this new questionnaire can be used to measure the perceived exercise benefits among target group in observational and interventional studies.

[Validity and reliability of a scale to assess self-efficacy for physical activity in elderly]

This study aimed to analyze the confirmatory factor validity and reliability of a self-efficacy scale for physical activity in a sample of 118 elderly (78% women) from 60 to 90 years of age. Mplus 6.1 was used to evaluate the confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was tested by internal consistency and temporal stability. The original scale consisted of five items with dichotomous answers (yes/no), independently for walking and moderate and vigorous physical activity. The analysis excluded the item related to confidence in performing physical activities when on vacation. Two constructs were identified, called "self-efficacy for walking" and "self-efficacy for moderate and vigorous physical activity", with a factor load ≥ 0.50. Internal consistency was adequate both for walking (> 0.70) and moderate and vigorous physical activity (> 0.80), and temporal stability was adequate for all the items. In conclusion, the self-efficacy scale for physical activity showed adequate validity, reliability, and internal consistency for evaluating this construct in elderly Brazilians.