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Tian Y, Chen C, Xu X, Wang J, Hou X, Li K, Lu X, Shi H, Lee ES, Jiang HB. A Review of 3D Printing in Dentistry: Technologies, Affecting Factors, and Applications. SCANNING 2021; 2021:9950131. [PMID: 34367410 PMCID: PMC8313360 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9950131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies are advanced manufacturing technologies based on computer-aided design digital models to create personalized 3D objects automatically. They have been widely used in the industry, design, engineering, and manufacturing fields for nearly 30 years. Three-dimensional printing has many advantages in process engineering, with applications in dentistry ranging from the field of prosthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and oral implantology to orthodontics, endodontics, and periodontology. This review provides a practical and scientific overview of 3D printing technologies. First, it introduces current 3D printing technologies, including powder bed fusion, photopolymerization molding, and fused deposition modeling. Additionally, it introduces various factors affecting 3D printing metrics, such as mechanical properties and accuracy. The final section presents a summary of the clinical applications of 3D printing in dentistry, including manufacturing working models and main applications in the fields of prosthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and oral implantology. The 3D printing technologies have the advantages of high material utilization and the ability to manufacture a single complex geometry; nevertheless, they have the disadvantages of high cost and time-consuming postprocessing. The development of new materials and technologies will be the future trend of 3D printing in dentistry, and there is no denying that 3D printing will have a bright future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyi Tian
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - ChunXu Chen
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Xiaotong Xu
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Jiayin Wang
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Xingyu Hou
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Kelun Li
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Xinyue Lu
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - HaoYu Shi
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Eui-Seok Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Heng Bo Jiang
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
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Thuaksuban N, Pannak R, Boonyaphiphat P, Monmaturapoj N. In vivo biocompatibility and degradation of novel Polycaprolactone-Biphasic Calcium phosphate scaffolds used as a bone substitute. Biomed Mater Eng 2018; 29:253-267. [PMID: 29457598 DOI: 10.3233/bme-171727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biocompatibility and degradation of poly ε-caprolactone (PCL)-Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) scaffolds fabricated by the "Melt Stretching and Compression Molding (MSCM)" technique were evaluated in rat models. OBJECTIVES Degradation behaviors and histological biocompatibility of the PCL-20% BCP MSCM scaffolds and compare with those of PCL-20% β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds commercially fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) were evaluated. METHODS The study groups included Group A: PCL-20% BCP MSCM scaffolds and Group B: PCL-20% TCP FDM scaffolds, which were implanted subcutaneously in twelve male Wistar rats. On day 14, 30, 60 and 90, dimensional changes of the scaffolds and their surrounding histological features were assessed using Micro-Computed Tomography (μ-CT) and histological analysis. Changes of their molecular weight were assessed using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). RESULTS Formation of collagen and new blood vessels throughout the scaffolds of both groups increased with time with low degrees of inflammation. The μ-CT and GPC analysis demonstrated that the scaffolds of both groups degraded with time, but, their molecular weight slightly changed over the observation periods. All results of both groups were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS The PCL-20% BCP MSCM scaffolds were biocompatible and biodegradable in vivo. Their properties were comparable to those of the commercial PCL-20% TCP scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttawut Thuaksuban
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Rungrot Pannak
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Pleumjit Boonyaphiphat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Naruporn Monmaturapoj
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Impact of a Porous Si-Ca-P Monophasic Ceramic on Variation of Osteogenesis-Related Gene Expression of Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hajiali F, Tajbakhsh S, Shojaei A. Fabrication and Properties of Polycaprolactone Composites Containing Calcium Phosphate-Based Ceramics and Bioactive Glasses in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review. POLYM REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2017.1332640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Hajiali
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Tajbakhsh
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Shojaei
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Alves LB, Souza SLSD, Taba Jr M, Novaes Jr AB, Oliveira PTD, Palioto DB. Bioactive Glass Particles in Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Osteogenic Cell Cultures. Braz Dent J 2017; 28:307-316. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to investigate the influence of a three-dimensional cell culture model and bioactive glass (BG) particles on the expression of osteoblastic phenotypes in rat calvaria osteogenic cells culture. Cells were seeded on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) collagen with BG particles for up to 14 days. Cell viability and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was performed. Cell morphology and immunolabeling of noncollagenous bone matrix proteins were assessed by epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. The expressions of osteogenic markers were analyzed using RT-PCR. Mineralized bone-like nodule formation was visualized by microscopy and calcium content was assessed quantitatively by alizarin red assay. Experimental cultures produced a growing cell viability rate up to 14 days. Although ALP activity at 7 days was higher on BG cultures, cells on 3D and 3D+BG had an activity decrease of ALP at 14 days. Three-dimensional conditions favored the immunolabeling for OPN and BSP and the expression of ALP and COL I mRNAs. BG particles influenced positively the OC and OPN mRNAs expression and calcified nodule formation in vitro. The results indicated that the 3D cultures and BG particles contribute to the expression of osteoblastic phenotype and to differentiated and mineralized matrix formation.
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Gurlek AC, Sevinc B, Bayrak E, Erisken C. Synthesis and characterization of polycaprolactone for anterior cruciate ligament regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 71:820-826. [PMID: 27987777 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most frequently torn ligament in the knee, and complete healing is unlikely due to lack of vascularization. Current approaches for the treatment of ACL injuries include surgical interventions and grafting, however recent reports show that surgeries have 94% recurrency, and that repaired tissues are biomechanically inferior to the native tissue. These necessitate the need for new strategies for scar-free repair/regeneration of ACL injuries. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymer, which has been widely used in the connective tissue repair/regeneration attempts. Here, we report on the synthesis of PCL via ring opening polymerization using ε-caprolactone as the monomer, and ammonium heptamolybdate as a catalyst. The synthesized PCL was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It was then processed using electrospinning to form nanofiber-based scaffolds. These scaffolds were characterized in terms of surface as well as mechanical properties, and compared to the properties of commercially available PCL, and of native ACL tissue harvested from sheep. In addition, scaffolds fabricated with synthesized PCL were evaluated regarding their cell attachment capacity using human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). Our findings demonstrated that the synthesized PCL is similar to its commercially available counterpart in terms of surface morphology and mechanical properties. In addition, fibrous scaffolds generated with electrospinning showed weaker mechanical properties visa vis native ACL tissue in terms of ultimate stress, and elastic modulus. Also, the synthesized PCL can accommodate cell attachment when tested with hBMSCs. Putting together, these observations reveal that the PCL synthesized in this study could be a good candidate as a biomaterial for ligament repair or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Cansu Gurlek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Sevinc
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ece Bayrak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cevat Erisken
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey.
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Barazanchi A, Li KC, Al-Amleh B, Lyons K, Waddell JN. Additive Technology: Update on Current Materials and Applications in Dentistry. J Prosthodont 2016; 26:156-163. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Barazanchi
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Kai Chun Li
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Basil Al-Amleh
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Karl Lyons
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - J. Neil Waddell
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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Thuaksuban N, Luntheng T, Monmaturapoj N. Physical characteristics and biocompatibility of the polycaprolactone-biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds fabricated using the modified melt stretching and multilayer deposition. J Biomater Appl 2016; 30:1460-72. [PMID: 27013219 DOI: 10.1177/0885328216633890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Physical properties and biocompatibility of polycaprolactone (PCL)-biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffolds fabricated by the modified melt stretching and multilayer deposition (mMSMD) technique were evaluated in vitro. The PCL-BCP scaffold specimens included group A; PCL: BCP (wt%) = 80:20 and group B; 70:30. Mechanical properties of the scaffolds were assessed using a universal testing machine. Degradation behaviors of the scaffolds were assessed over 60 days. The amount of calcium and phosphate ions released from the scaffolds was detected over 30 days. Attachment and growth of osteoblasts on the scaffolds and indirect cytocompatibility to those cells were evaluated. The results showed that the scaffolds of both groups could withstand compressive forces on their superior aspect very well; however, their lateral aspect could only withstand light forces. Degradation of the scaffolds over 2 months was low (group A = 1.92 ± 0.47% and group B = 2.9 ± 1.3%,p > 0.05). The concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions released from the scaffolds of both groups significantly increased on day 7 (p < 0.05). Growth of the cells seemed to relate to accumulative increase in those ions. All results between the two ratios of the scaffolds were not statistically different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttawut Thuaksuban
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Thunmaruk Luntheng
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Naruporn Monmaturapoj
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Long bone fractures that fail to heal or show a delay in healing can lead to increased morbidity. Bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) containing bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) has been suggested as an autologous biologic adjunct to aid long bone healing. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the basic science in vivo evidence for the use of BMAC with BMSCs in the treatment of segmental defects in animal long bones. DATA SOURCES The PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were screened in July 14-25, 2014. STUDY SELECTION The following search criteria were used: [("bmac" OR "bone marrow aspirate concentrate" OR "bmc" OR "bone marrow concentrate" OR "mesenchymal stem cells") AND ("bone" OR "osteogenesis" OR "fracture healing" OR "nonunion" OR "delayed union")]. DATA EXTRACTION Three authors extracted data and analyzed for trends. Quality of evidence score was given to each study. DATA SYNTHESIS Results are presented as Hedge G standardized effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The search yielded 35 articles for inclusion. Of studies reporting statistics, 100% showed significant increase in bone formation in the BMAC group on radiograph. Ninety percent reported significant improvement in earlier bone healing on histologic/histomorphometric assessment. Eighty-one percent reported a significant increase in bone area on micro-computed tomography. Seventy-eight percent showed a higher torsional stiffness for the BMAC-treated defects. CONCLUSION In the in vivo studies evaluated, BMAC confer beneficial effects on the healing of segmental defects in animal long bone models when compared with a control. Proof-of-concept has been established for BMAC in the treatment of animal segmental bone defects.
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Thuaksuban N, Nuntanaranont T, Suttapreyasri S, Boonyaphiphat P. Repairing calvarial defects with biodegradable polycaprolactone–chitosan scaffolds fabricated using the melt stretching and multilayer deposition technique. Biomed Mater Eng 2015; 25:347-60. [DOI: 10.3233/bme-151539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuttawut Thuaksuban
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Thailand
| | - Thongchai Nuntanaranont
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Thailand
| | - Srisurang Suttapreyasri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Thailand
| | - Pleumjit Boonyaphiphat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Thailand
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Altmann B, Löchner A, Swain M, Kohal RJ, Giselbrecht S, Gottwald E, Steinberg T, Tomakidi P. Differences in morphogenesis of 3D cultured primary human osteoblasts under static and microfluidic growth conditions. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3208-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhou W, Liu Z, Yao J, Chi F, Dong K, Yue X, Teng T, Rausch X. The Effects of Exenatide Microsphere on Serum BGP and ALP Levels in ZDF Rats after Implantation. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2013; 17:765-70. [PMID: 24299614 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this project is to investigate the impact of diabetes mellitus and different glycemic control times on early osseointegration of dental implants by expression and significance of serum bone Gla protein (BGP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats after implantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals were divided into three groups, each group with 11 rats and each rat with two dental implants (33 rats and 66 implants in total): group A, diabetic rats with dental implants (controls); group B, diabetic rats treated with insulin and implants placed simultaneously; and group C, diabetic rats treated with insulin until serum glucose at a constant level and then implants be placed. Levels of BGP and ALP in the serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in each group. The software program SPSS (version 17.0 for Windows) was used to analyze all data; p < .05 was set as the level of statistical significance. RESULTS At the 7th day, serum levels of BGP in group B and C were lower than that in group A (p > 0.05). At the 14th day, serum levels of BGP in group C were significantly higher (p < 0.05). After 30 days, compared with group A, the serum levels of BGP in group B and C seems to be lower. Compared with group A, the serum levels of ALP in group B and C were significantly higher, whereas the serum levels of ALP in group C seems to be higher than B (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that injection of delayed release microsphere of exenatide on ZDF rats can release exenatide at a steady rate and the blood glucose can be controlled at a constant level. Implant survival rates could be enhanced in DM subjects when blood plasma glucose level is under control; the serum levels of BGP in this study seems to have no relationship with local osseointegration, whereas the serum levels of ALP might offer insights into the activity of osseointegration around the implant surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhou
- Department of Dental Implantology, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Zhonghao Liu
- Department of Dental Implantology, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Dental Implantology, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Fei Chi
- Department of Dental Implantology, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Kai Dong
- Department of Dental Implantology, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xilong Yue
- Department of Dental Implantology, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Teng Teng
- Department of Dental Implantology, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaohui Rausch
- Department of Dental Implantology, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai, China
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Moroni L, Nandakumar A, de Groot FB, van Blitterswijk CA, Habibovic P. Plug and play: combining materials and technologies to improve bone regenerative strategies. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:745-59. [PMID: 23671062 DOI: 10.1002/term.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the development of biomaterials intended to replace natural bone grafts for the regeneration of large, clinically relevant defects, most synthetic solutions that are currently applied in the clinic are still inferior to natural bone grafts with regard to regenerative potential and are limited to non-weight-bearing applications. From a materials science perspective, we always face the conundrum of the preservation of bioactivity of calcium phosphate ceramics in spite of better mechanical and handling properties and processability of polymers. Composites have long been investigated as a method to marry these critical properties for the successful regeneration of bone and, indeed, have shown a significant improvement when used in combination with cells or growth factors. However, when looking at this approach from a clinical and regulatory perspective, the use of cells or biologicals prolongs the path of new treatments from the bench to the bedside. Applying 'smart' synthetic materials alone poses the fascinating challenge of instructing tissue regeneration in situ, thereby tremendously facilitating clinical translation. In the journey to make this possible, and with the aim of adding up the advantages of different biomaterials, combinations of fabrication technologies arise as a new strategy for generating instructive three-dimensional (3D) constructs for bone regeneration. Here we provide a review of recent technologies and approaches to create such constructs and give our perspective on how combinations of technologies and materials can help in obtaining more functional bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anandkumar Nandakumar
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibovic
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Nandakumar A, Cruz C, Mentink A, Tahmasebi Birgani Z, Moroni L, van Blitterswijk C, Habibovic P. Monolithic and assembled polymer-ceramic composites for bone regeneration. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5708-17. [PMID: 23142480 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The rationale for the use of polymer-ceramic composites for bone regeneration stems from the natural composition of bone, with collagen type I and biological apatite as the main organic and inorganic constituents, respectively. In the present study composite materials of PolyActive™ (PA), a poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephtalate) co-polymer, and hydroxyapatite (HA) at a weight ratio of 85:15 were prepared by rapid prototyping (RP) using two routes. In the first approach pre-extruded composite filaments of PA-HA were processed using three-dimensional fibre deposition (3DF) (conventional composite scaffolds). In the second approach PA scaffolds were fabricated using 3DF and combined with HA pillars produced inside stereolithographic moulds that fitted inside the pores of the PA three-dimensional structure (assembled composite scaffolds). Analysis of calcium and phosphate release in a simulated physiological solution, not containing calcium or phosphate, revealed significantly higher values for the HA pillars compared with other scaffolds. Release in simulated body fluid saturated with respect to HA did not show significant differences among the different scaffolds. Human mesenchymal stromal cells were cultured on polymer (3DF), conventional composite (3DF-HA) and assembled composite (HA assembled in 3DF) scaffolds and assessed for morphology, metabolic activity, DNA amount and gene expression of osteogenic markers using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the cells attached to and infiltrated all the scaffolds. Assembled composites had a higher metabolic activity compared with 3DF-HA scaffolds while no significant differences were observed in DNA amounts. Gene expression of osteopontin in the assembled composite was significantly higher compared with the conventional composites. The strategy of composite fabrication by assembly appears to be a promising alternative to the conventional composite fabrication route for scaffolds for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandkumar Nandakumar
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, The Netherlands
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Tsuno H, Yoshida T, Nogami M, Koike C, Okabe M, Noto Z, Arai N, Noguchi M, Nikaido T. Application of human amniotic mesenchymal cells as an allogeneic transplantation cell source in bone regenerative therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Tamimi F, Nihouannen DL, Eimar H, Sheikh Z, Komarova S, Barralet J. The effect of autoclaving on the physical and biological properties of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate bioceramics: brushite vs. monetite. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:3161-9. [PMID: 22522010 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (brushite) is an osteoconductive biomaterial with great potential as a bioresorbable cement for bone regeneration. Preset brushite cement can be dehydrated into dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (monetite) bioceramics by autoclaving. This heat treatment results in changes in the physical characteristics of the material, improving in vivo bioresorption. This property is a great advantage in bone regeneration; however, it is not known how autoclaving brushite preset cement might improve its capacity to regenerate bone. This study was designed to compare brushite bioceramics with monetite bioceramics in terms of physical characteristics in vitro, and in vivo performance upon bone implantation. In this study we observed that monetite bioceramics prepared by autoclaving preset brushite cements had higher porosity, interconnected porosity and specific surface area than their brushite precursors. In vitro cell culture experiments revealed that bone marrow cells expressed higher levels of osteogenic genes Runx2, Opn, and Alp when the cells were cultured on monetite ceramics rather than on brushite ones. In vivo experiments revealed that monetite bioceramics resorbed faster than brushite ones and were more infiltrated with newly formed bone. In summary, autoclaving preset brushite cements results in a material with improved properties for bone regeneration procedures.
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Sun DC, Li DH, Ji HC, Rao GZ, Liang LH, Ma AJ, Xie C, Zou GK, Song YL. In vitro culture and characterization of alveolar bone osteoblasts isolated from type 2 diabetics. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:502-9. [PMID: 22473318 PMCID: PMC3854304 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the mechanisms of poor osseointegration following dental implants in type 2 diabetics, it is important to study the biological properties of alveolar bone osteoblasts isolated from these patients. We collected alveolar bone chips under aseptic conditions and cultured them in vitro using the tissue explants adherent method. The biological properties of these cells were characterized using the following methods: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) chemical staining for cell viability, Alizarin red staining for osteogenic characteristics, MTT test for cell proliferation, enzyme dynamics for ALP contents, radio-immunoassay for bone gla protein (BGP) concentration, and ELISA for the concentration of type I collagen (COL-I) in the supernatant. Furthermore, we detected the adhesion ability of two types of cells from titanium slices using non-specific immunofluorescence staining and cell count. The two cell forms showed no significant difference in morphology under the same culture conditions. However, the alveolar bone osteoblasts received from type 2 diabetic patients had slower growth, lower cell activity and calcium nodule formation than the normal ones. The concentration of ALP, BGP and COL-I was lower in the supernatant of alveolar bone osteoblasts received from type 2 diabetic patients than in that received from normal subjects (P < 0.05). The alveolar bone osteoblasts obtained from type 2 diabetic patients can be successfully cultured in vitro with the same morphology and biological characteristics as those from normal patients, but with slower growth and lower concentration of specific secretion and lower combining ability with titanium than normal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Cai Sun
- Department of Implant Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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18
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Altmann B, Steinberg T, Giselbrecht S, Gottwald E, Tomakidi P, Bächle-Haas M, Kohal RJ. Promotion of osteoblast differentiation in 3D biomaterial micro-chip arrays comprising fibronectin-coated poly(methyl methacrylate) polycarbonate. Biomaterials 2011; 32:8947-56. [PMID: 21868090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to the architecture of solid body tissues including bone, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro microenvironments appear favorable, since herein cell growth proceeds under more physiological conditions compared to conventional 2D systems. In the present study we show that a 3D microenvironment comprising a fibronectin-coated PMMA/PC-based micro-chip promotes differentiation of primary human osteoblasts as reflected by the densely-packed 3D bone cell aggregates and expression of biomarkers indicating osteoblast differentiation. Morphogenesis and fluorescence dye-based live/dead staining revealed homogenous cell coverage of the microcavities of the chip array, whereat cells showed high viability up to 14 days. Moreover, Azur II staining proved formation of uniform sized multilayered aggregates, exhibiting progressive intracellular deposition of extracellular bone matrix constituents comprising fibronectin, osteocalcin and osteonectin from day 7 on. Compared to 2D monolayers, osteoblasts grown in the 3D chip environment displayed differential mostly higher gene expression for osteocalcin, osteonectin, and alkaline phosphatase, while collagen type I remained fairly constant in both culture environments. Our results indicate that the 3D microenvironment, based on the PMMA biomaterial chip array promotes osteoblast differentiation, and hereby renders a promising tool for tissue-specific in vitro preconditioning of osteoblasts designated for clinically-oriented bone augmentation or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Altmann
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Fayaz HC, Giannoudis PV, Vrahas MS, Smith RM, Moran C, Pape HC, Krettek C, Jupiter JB. The role of stem cells in fracture healing and nonunion. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2011; 35:1587-97. [PMID: 21863226 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-011-1338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonunion and large bone defects present a therapeutic challenge to the surgeon and are often associated with significant morbidity. These defects are expensive to both the health care system and society. However, several surgical procedures have been developed to maximise patient satisfaction and minimise health-care-associated and socioeconomic costs. Integrating recent evidence into the diamond concept leads to one simple conclusion that not only provides us with answers to the "open questions" but also simplifies our entire understanding of bone healing. It has been shown that a combination of neo-osteogenesis and neovascularisation will restore tissue deficits, and that the optimal approach includes a biomaterial scaffold, cell biology techniques, a growth factor and optimisation of the mechanical environment. Further prospective, controlled, randomised clinical studies will determine the effectiveness and economic benefits of treatment with mesenchymal stem cells, not in comparison to other conventional surgical approaches but in direct conjunction with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangama C Fayaz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Sieh S, Lubik AA, Clements JA, Nelson CC, Hutmacher DW. Interactions between human osteoblasts and prostate cancer cells in a novel 3D in vitro model. Organogenesis 2011; 6:181-8. [PMID: 21197221 DOI: 10.4161/org.6.3.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions play a major role in tumor morphogenesis and cancer metastasis. Therefore, it is crucial to create a model with a biomimetic microenvironment that allows such interactions to fully represent the pathophysiology of a disease for an in vitro study. This is achievable by using three-dimensional (3D) models instead of conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures with the aid of tissue engineering technology. We are now able to better address the complex intercellular interactions underlying prostate cancer (CaP) bone metastasis through such models. In this study, we assessed the interaction of CaP cells and human osteoblasts (hOBs) within a tissue engineered bone (TEB) construct. Consistent with other in vivo studies, our findings show that intercellular and CaP cell-bone matrix interactions lead to elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases, steroidogenic enzymes and the CaP biomarker, prostate specific antigen (PSA); all associated with CaP metastasis. Hence, it highlights the physiological relevance of this model. We believe that this model will provide new insights for understanding of the previously poorly understood molecular mechanisms of bone metastasis, which will foster further translational studies, and ultimately offer a potential tool for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirly Sieh
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, QLD, Australia
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21
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Shokrollahi P, Mirzadeh H, Scherman OA, Huck WTS. Biological and mechanical properties of novel composites based on supramolecular polycaprolactone and functionalized hydroxyapatite. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 95:209-21. [PMID: 20574978 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers based on quadruple hydrogen-bonding ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy) moieties hold promise as dynamic/stimuli-responsive materials in applications such as tissue engineering. Here, a new class of materials is introduced: supramolecular polymer composites. We show that despite the highly ordered structure and tacticity-dependent nature of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers, the bioactivity of these polymers can be tuned through composite preparation with bioceramics. These novel supramolecular composites combine the superior processability of supramolecular polymers with the excellent bioactivity and mechanical characteristics of bioceramics. In particular, the bioactive composites prepared from supramolecular polycaprolactone and UPy-grafted hydroxyapatite (HApUPy) are described that can be easily formed into microporous biomaterials. The compression moduli increased about 40 and 90% upon composite preparation with HAp and HApUPy, respectively, as an indication to improved mechanical properties. These new materials show excellent potential as microporous composite scaffolds for the adhesion and proliferation of rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) as a first step toward bone regeneration studies; rMSCs proliferate about 2 and 2.7 times faster on the conventional composite with HAp and the supramolecular composite with (HApUPy) than on the neat PCL1250(UPy)(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Shokrollahi
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1 EW, United Kingdom
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22
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Im DD, Kruger EA, Huang WR, Sayer G, Rudkin GH, Yamaguchi DT, Jarrahy R, Miller TA. Extracellular-Signal-Related Kinase 1/2 Is Responsible for Inhibition of Osteogenesis in Three-Dimensional Cultured MC3T3-E1 Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:3485-94. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Im
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Erwin A. Kruger
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Weibiao R. Huang
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gregory Sayer
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - George H. Rudkin
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dean T. Yamaguchi
- Research Service, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Reza Jarrahy
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Timothy A. Miller
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Uchiyama H, Yamato M, Sasaki R, Sekine H, Yang J, Ogiuchi H, Ando T, Okano T. In vivo 3D analysis with micro-computed tomography of rat calvaria bone regeneration using periosteal cell sheets fabricated on temperature-responsive culture dishes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 5:483-90. [DOI: 10.1002/term.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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He J, Genetos DC, Yellowley CE, Leach JK. Oxygen tension differentially influences osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells in 2D and 3D cultures. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:87-96. [PMID: 20213746 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal defects commonly suffer from poor oxygen microenvironments resulting from compromised vascularization associated with injury or disease. Adipose stem cells (ASCs) represent a promising cell population for stimulating skeletal repair by differentiating toward the osteogenic lineage or by secreting trophic factors. However, the osteogenic or trophic response of ASCs to reduced oxygen microenvironments is poorly understood. Moreover, a direct comparison between 2D and 3D response of ASCs to hypoxia is lacking. Thus, we characterized the osteogenic and angiogenic potential of human ASCs under hypoxic (1%), normoxic (5%), and atmospheric (21%) oxygen tensions in both 2D and 3D over 4 weeks in culture. We detected greatest alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular calcium deposition in cells cultured in both 2D and 3D under 21% oxygen, and reductions in enzyme activity corresponded to reductions in oxygen tension. ASCs cultured in 1% oxygen secreted more vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) over the 4-week period than cells cultured in other conditions, with cells cultured in 2D secreting VEGF in a more sustained manner than those in 3D. Expression of osteogenic markers revealed temporal changes under different oxygen conditions with peak expression occurring earlier in 3D. In addition, the increase of most osteogenic markers was significantly higher in 2D compared to 3D cultures at 1% and 5% oxygen. These results suggest that oxygen, in conjunction with dimensionality, affects the timing of the differentiation program in ASCs. These findings offer new insights for the use of ASCs in bone repair while emphasizing the importance of the culture microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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25
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Gallego L, Junquera L, García E, García V, Álvarez-Viejo M, Costilla S, Fresno MF, Meana Á. Repair of Rat Mandibular Bone Defects by Alveolar Osteoblasts in a Novel Plasma-Derived Albumin Scaffold. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:1179-87. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Gallego
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cabueñes Hospital, Gijón, Spain
| | - Luis Junquera
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Central Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
- University of Medicine, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva García
- Tissue Engineering Research Unit, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - María Álvarez-Viejo
- Tissue Engineering Research Unit, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Transplant and Cell Therapy Unit, Central University Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Serafín Costilla
- University of Medicine, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Radiology, Central University Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Manuel F. Fresno
- University of Medicine, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Central University Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Álvaro Meana
- Tissue Engineering Research Unit, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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26
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Gallego L, Junquera L, Meana Á, Álvarez-Viejo M, Fresno M. Ectopic Bone Formation from Mandibular Osteoblasts Cultured in a Novel Human Serum-derived Albumin Scaffold. J Biomater Appl 2009; 25:367-81. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328209353643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ectopic bone formation using a novel serum-derived albumin scaffold and cultured human mandibular osteoblasts in nude mice. Osteoblasts were cultured with 10% human serum and plated in a novel spongy noncalcified protein scaffold prepared with plasmatic albumin crossed with a glutaraldehyde type agent. Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed a bone-like extracellular matrix and in vitro mineralization was confirmed by von Kossa staining. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation showed progression of mineralization in vivo. These results suggest the clinical feasibility of alveolar cells and albumin scaffold as a good alternative for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Gallego
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cabueñes Hospital Gijón, Spain
| | - Luis Junquera
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Medicine, University Central Hospital, Oviedo, Spain,
| | - Álvaro Meana
- Tissue Engineering Research Unit, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Fresno
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine University Central Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
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27
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Cuomo AV, Virk M, Petrigliano F, Morgan EF, Lieberman JR. Mesenchymal stem cell concentration and bone repair: potential pitfalls from bench to bedside. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91:1073-83. [PMID: 19411455 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.h.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent and have the ability to differentiate into bone. We conducted a preclinical trial comparing the osteogenic potential of human bone marrow aspirate with that of mesenchymal stem cell-enriched bone marrow aspirate (both mixed with demineralized bone matrix) in a critical-sized rat femoral defect model. METHODS The buffy coat was extracted from human bone marrow aspirate to obtain mesenchymal stem cell-enriched bone marrow aspirate. Fifty-nine athymic rats, each with a 6-mm femoral defect, were divided into six treatment groups: defect only (Group I), demineralized bone matrix and saline solution (Group II), demineralized bone matrix and bone marrow aspirate (Group III), demineralized bone matrix and mesenchymal stem cell-enriched bone marrow aspirate (Group IV), demineralized bone matrix and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) (Group V [positive control]), and absorbable collagen sponge and rhBMP-2 (Group VI [positive control]). All animals were killed at twelve weeks for radiographic, micro-computed tomography, histomorphometric, and histologic analysis. RESULTS There was wide variability in the mesenchymal stem cell concentrations obtained from the human donors. All ten defects healed in the positive control groups (Groups V and VI). Only one defect healed in each experimental group (Groups II, III, and IV) (i.e., three of forty-four defects healed). There was no significant difference among the radiographic scores of Groups II, III, and IV (p = 0.59), and the score for each of those groups was significantly higher than that for Group I (p <or= 0.005) and significantly lower than those for Groups V and VI (p <or= 0.001). The bone volume and mineral density did not differ among Groups III, IV, and V (p = 0.53). The percent total bone volume and percent normal bone volume in Group VI were significantly higher than those values in Groups I, III, and IV (p < 0.0001) and those in Group II (p = 0.048). In Groups II through V, the cortical bone was more dense than the lace-like bone in Group VI. CONCLUSIONS Neither bone marrow aspirate nor mesenchymal stem cell-enriched bone marrow aspirate mixed with demineralized bone matrix resulted in reliable healing of critical-sized bone defects. It is possible that a greater number of mesenchymal stem cells or an enhanced osteoinductive signal is required for adequate bone-healing. Mesenchymal stem cell and/or carrier variability may also contribute to differences in bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Cuomo
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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28
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Misra SK, Philip SE, Chrzanowski W, Nazhat SN, Roy I, Knowles JC, Salih V, Boccaccini AR. Incorporation of vitamin E in poly(3hydroxybutyrate)/Bioglass composite films: effect on surface properties and cell attachment. J R Soc Interface 2008; 6:401-9. [PMID: 18765336 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the possibility of incorporating alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) into poly(3hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB))/Bioglass composites, which are being developed for bone tissue engineering matrices. P(3HB) films with 20 wt% Bioglass and 10 wt% vitamin E were prepared using the solvent casting technique. Addition of vitamin E significantly improved the hydrophilicity of the composites along with increasing the total protein adsorption. The presence of protein adsorbed on the composite surface was further confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Preliminary cell culture studies using MG-63 human osteoblasts showed that the addition of vitamin E in the P(3HB)/20 wt% Bioglass films significantly increased cell proliferation. The results achieved in this study confirmed the possibility of incorporating vitamin E as a suitable additive in P(3HB)/Bioglass composites to engineer the surface of the composites by promoting higher protein adsorption and increasing the hydrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Superb K Misra
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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29
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Olszewski R, Tran Duy K, Raucent B, Hebda A, Reychler H. Communicating a clinical problem to the engineers: towards a common methodology. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 37:269-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Hormonal, pH, and calcium regulation of connexin 43-mediated dye transfer in osteocytes in chick calvaria. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:350-60. [PMID: 17997713 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.071102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Gap junctional intercellular communication among osteocytes in chick calvaria, their natural 3D environment, was examined using FRAP analysis. Cell-cell communication among osteocytes in chick calvaria was mediated by Cx43 and was regulated by extracellular pH, extracellular calcium ion concentration, and PTH. INTRODUCTION The intercellular network of communication among osteocytes is mediated by gap junctions. Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is thought to play an important role in integration and synchronization of bone remodeling. We hypothesized that extracellular pH (pH(o)) and extracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+](e)), both of which are dynamically altered by osteoclasts during bone remodeling, affect GJIC among osteocytes. Using fluorescence replacement after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis, we examined the effect of changes in pH(o) and [Ca2+](e) and addition of PTH on GJIC in osteocytes in chick calvaria. Additionally, we examined the role of intracellular calcium on the regulation of GJIC among osteocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-Connexin43 (Cx43) immunolabeling was used to localize gap junctions in chick calvaria. GJIC among osteocytes in chick calvariae was assessed using FRAP. RESULTS Cx43 immunoreactivity was detected in most of the osteocyte processes. FRAP analysis showed dye-coupling among osteocytes in chick calvariae. In untreated osteocytes, fluorescence intensity recovered 43.7 +/- 2.2% within 5 min after photobleaching. Pretreatment of osteocytes with 18 alpha-GA, a reversible inhibitor of GJIC, significantly decreased fluorescence recovery to 10.7 +/- 2.2%. When pH(o) was decreased from 7.4 to 6.9, fluorescence recovery significantly decreased from 43.3 +/- 2.9% to 19.7 +/- 2.3%. Conversely, when pH(o) was increased from 7.4 to 8.0, fluorescence recovery was significantly increased to 61.9 +/- 4.5%. When [Ca2+](e) was increased from 1 to 25 mM, fluorescence recovery was significantly decreased from 47.0 +/- 6.1% to 16.1 +/- 2.1%. In bone fragments exposed to 1.0-10 nM rPTH for 3 h, replacement of fluorescence was significantly increased to 60.7 +/- 7.2%. Chelating intracellular calcium ions affected GJIC regulation by [Ca2+](e) and PTH. CONCLUSIONS Our study of cell-cell communication between osteocytes in chick calvaria showed for the first time that GJIC among osteocytes is regulated by the extracellular environment and by hormonal stimulation during bone remodeling. This method may be more biologically relevant to living bone than current methods.
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