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Grillo R, Reis BAQ, Lima BC, Melhem-Elias F. Shaping the 4D frontier in maxillofacial surgery with faceMesh evolution. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2024; 125:101843. [PMID: 38521241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2024.101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work aims to introduce a Python-based algorithm and delve into the recent paradigm shift in Maxillofacial Surgery propelled by technological advancement. The provided code exemplifies the utilization of the MediaPipe library, created by Google in C++, with an additional Python interface available as a binding. TECHNICAL NOTE The advent of FaceMesh coupled with artificial intelligence (AI), has brought about a transformative wave in contemporary maxillofacial surgery. This cutting-edge deep neural network, seamlessly integrated with Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP), offers surgeons precise 4D facial mapping capabilities. It accurately identifies facial landmarks, tailoring surgical interventions to individual patients, and streamlining the overall surgical procedure. CONCLUSION FaceMesh emerges as a revolutionary tool in modern maxillofacial surgery. This deep neural network empowers surgeons with detailed insights into facial morphology, aiding in personalized interventions and optimizing surgical outcomes. The real-time assessment of facial dynamics contributes to improved aesthetic and functional results, particularly in complex cases like facial asymmetries or reconstructions. Additionally, FaceMesh has the potential for early detection of medical conditions and disease prediction, further enhancing patient care. Ongoing refinement and validation are essential to address limitations and ensure the reliability and effectiveness of FaceMesh in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Grillo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo SP, Brazil; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculdade Patos de Minas, Brasília DF, Brazil.
| | | | - Bernardo Correia Lima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Melhem-Elias
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo SP, Brazil; Private Practice in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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Berends B, Bielevelt F, Schreurs R, Vinayahalingam S, Maal T, de Jong G. Fully automated landmarking and facial segmentation on 3D photographs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6463. [PMID: 38499700 PMCID: PMC10948387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional facial stereophotogrammetry provides a detailed representation of craniofacial soft tissue without the use of ionizing radiation. While manual annotation of landmarks serves as the current gold standard for cephalometric analysis, it is a time-consuming process and is prone to human error. The aim in this study was to develop and evaluate an automated cephalometric annotation method using a deep learning-based approach. Ten landmarks were manually annotated on 2897 3D facial photographs. The automated landmarking workflow involved two successive DiffusionNet models. The dataset was randomly divided into a training and test dataset. The precision of the workflow was evaluated by calculating the Euclidean distances between the automated and manual landmarks and compared to the intra-observer and inter-observer variability of manual annotation and a semi-automated landmarking method. The workflow was successful in 98.6% of all test cases. The deep learning-based landmarking method achieved precise and consistent landmark annotation. The mean precision of 1.69 ± 1.15 mm was comparable to the inter-observer variability (1.31 ± 0.91 mm) of manual annotation. Automated landmark annotation on 3D photographs was achieved with the DiffusionNet-based approach. The proposed method allows quantitative analysis of large datasets and may be used in diagnosis, follow-up, and virtual surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Berends
- 3D Lab Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Freek Bielevelt
- 3D Lab Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Schreurs
- 3D Lab Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), AMC, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shankeeth Vinayahalingam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Maal
- 3D Lab Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido de Jong
- 3D Lab Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Singh P, Bornstein MM, Hsung RTC, Ajmera DH, Leung YY, Gu M. Frontiers in Three-Dimensional Surface Imaging Systems for 3D Face Acquisition in Craniofacial Research and Practice: An Updated Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:423. [PMID: 38396462 PMCID: PMC10888365 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Digitalizing all aspects of dental care is a contemporary approach to ensuring the best possible clinical outcomes. Ongoing advancements in 3D face acquisition have been driven by continuous research on craniofacial structures and treatment effects. An array of 3D surface-imaging systems are currently available for generating photorealistic 3D facial images. However, choosing a purpose-specific system is challenging for clinicians due to variations in accuracy, reliability, resolution, and portability. Therefore, this review aims to provide clinicians and researchers with an overview of currently used or potential 3D surface imaging technologies and systems for 3D face acquisition in craniofacial research and daily practice. Through a comprehensive literature search, 71 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the qualitative analysis, investigating the hardware, software, and operational aspects of these systems. The review offers updated information on 3D surface imaging technologies and systems to guide clinicians in selecting an optimal 3D face acquisition system. While some of these systems have already been implemented in clinical settings, others hold promise. Furthermore, driven by technological advances, novel devices will become cost-effective and portable, and will also enable accurate quantitative assessments, rapid treatment simulations, and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Singh
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (P.S.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Michael M. Bornstein
- Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Richard Tai-Chiu Hsung
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Chu Hai College, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Deepal Haresh Ajmera
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (P.S.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Min Gu
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (P.S.); (D.H.A.)
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Quast A, Sadlonova M, Asendorf T, Derad C, Mouchoux J, Horn J, Schliephake H, Kauffmann P, Meyer-Marcotty P. The impact of orthodontic-surgical treatment on facial expressions-a four-dimensional clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:5841-5851. [PMID: 37561212 PMCID: PMC10560183 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this clinical trial was to compare facial expressions (magnitude, shape change, time, and symmetry) before (T0) and after (T1) orthognathic surgery by implementing a novel method of four-dimensional (4D) motion capture analysis, known as videostereophotogrammetry, in orthodontics. METHODS This prospective, single-centre, single-arm trial included a total of 26 adult patients (mean age 28.4 years; skeletal class II: n = 13, skeletal class III: n = 13) with indication for orthodontic-surgical treatment. Two reproducible facial expressions (maximum smile, lip purse) were captured at T0 and T1 by videostereophotogrammetry as 4D face scan. The magnitude, shape change, symmetry, and time of the facial movements were analysed. The motion changes were analysed in dependence of skeletal class and surgical movements. RESULTS 4D motion capture analysis was feasible in all cases. The magnitude of the expression maximum smile increased from 15.24 to 17.27 mm (p = 0.002), while that of the expression lip purse decreased from 9.34 to 8.31 mm (p = 0.01). Shape change, symmetry, and time of the facial movements did not differ significantly pre- and postsurgical. The changes in facial movements following orthodontic-surgical treatment were observed independently of skeletal class and surgical movements. CONCLUSIONS Orthodontic-surgical treatment not only affects static soft tissue but also soft tissue dynamics while smiling or lip pursing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To achieve comprehensive orthodontic treatment plans, the integration of facial dynamics via videostereophotogrammetry provides a promising approach in diagnostics. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER DRKS00017206.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Quast
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Monika Sadlonova
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Goettingen Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Goettingen Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Asendorf
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Carlotta Derad
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jérémy Mouchoux
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Julia Horn
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Henning Schliephake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Kauffmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Meyer-Marcotty
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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Patel Y, Sharp I, Enocson L, Khambay BS. An innovative analysis of nasolabial dynamics of surgically managed adult patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate using 3D facial motion capture. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023; 85:287-298. [PMID: 37541045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare dynamic nasolabial movement between end-of-treatment cleft and a matched non-cleft group in adult patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen treated adult participants with unilateral cleft lip and palate had images taken using a facial motion capture system performing a maximum smile. Seventeen landmarks were automatically tracked. For each landmark pair, on either side of the midline, changes in the x, y, and z directions were used to analyze the magnitude of displacement and path of motion. An asymmetry score was developed at rest, mid-smile, and maximum smile to assess the shape of the mouth and/or nose. RESULTS At maximum smile, displacement of right and left cheilion was clinically and statistically (p < 0.05) less in the cleft group. The lip asymmetry score was greater (p < 0.05) at each time point in the cleft group using the clinical midline. Using Procrustes superimposition, the differences were significant (p < 0.05) only at rest and mid-smile. The alar bases were displaced significantly less (p < 0.05) in the z direction in the cleft group. The asymmetry score of the alar base was significantly higher using the clinical midline than using Procrustes superimposition in patients with cleft conditions (p < 0.001). In the cleft group, at maximum smile, the right and left cristae philter moved significantly less (p < 0.05) in the x and z directions. CONCLUSIONS There was an increase in asymmetry score of the corners of the mouth and alar bases from rest to maximum smile. The lips were similar in shape but oriented differently in the faces of patients with cleft conditions than in individuals without those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Patel
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - I Sharp
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - L Enocson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - B S Khambay
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, UK.
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Xue Z, Ye G, Qiu T, Liu X, Wang X, Li Z. An objective, quantitative, dynamic assessment of facial movement symmetry changes after orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 52:272-281. [PMID: 35753942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to generate a quantitative dynamic assessment of facial movement symmetry changes after orthognathic surgery. Twenty-five patients diagnosed with skeletal class III malocclusion with facial asymmetry who underwent bimaxillary surgery were recruited. The patients were asked to perform a maximum smile that was recorded using a three-dimensional facial motion capture system preoperatively (T0), 6 months postoperatively (T1), and 12 months postoperatively (T2). Eleven facial landmarks were selected to analyse the cumulative distance and average speed during smiling. The absolute differences for the paired landmarks between the sides were analysed to reflect the symmetry changes. The results showed that the asymmetry index of the cheilions at T2 was significantly lower than that at T0 (P = 0.004), as was the index of the mid-lateral lower lips (P = 0.006). The mean difference in cheilions was 2.13 ± 1.41 mm at T0, 1.33 ± 1.09 mm at T1, and 1.00 ± 0.98 mm at T2. The facial total mobility at T1 was significantly lower than that at T0 (P < 0.001), while the total mobility at T2 was significantly higher than that at T1 (P = 0.012). The orthognathic surgical correction of facial asymmetry was able to improve the associated asymmetry of facial movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - G Ye
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - T Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
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Shujaat S, Bornstein MM, Price JB, Jacobs R. Integration of imaging modalities in digital dental workflows - possibilities, limitations, and potential future developments. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2021; 50:20210268. [PMID: 34520239 PMCID: PMC8474138 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20210268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The digital workflow process follows different steps for all dental specialties. However, the main ingredient for the diagnosis, treatment planning and follow-up workflow recipes is the imaging chain. The steps in the imaging chain usually include all or at least some of the following modalities: cone-beam computed tomographic data acquisition, segmentation of the cone-beam computed tomography image, intraoral scanning, facial three-dimensional soft tissue capture and superimposition of all the images for the creation of a virtual augmented model. As a relevant clinical problem, the accumulation of error at each step of the chain might negatively influence the final outcome. For an efficient digital workflow, it is important to be aware of the existing challenges within the imaging chain. Furthermore, artificial intelligence-based strategies need to be integrated in the future to make the workflow more simplified, accurate and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohaib Shujaat
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael M Bornstein
- Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeffery B Price
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Three-Dimensional Motion Capture of a Smile in Repaired Unilateral Cleft Lip: What's Our Vector, Victor? J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:469-474. [PMID: 34545050 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following surgical repair, patients with unilateral cleft lip (UCL) exhibit dynamic asymmetry during facial expressions compared to healthy individuals. Previous studies using Euclidean distances to describe this asymmetry fail to take the direction of the movement into account. The aim of this study is to compare differences in participants with UCL and controls using analysis of motion vectors during facial expressions. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, twenty-six pediatric participants were recruited: 13 participants with repaired left UCL and 13 participants with no craniofacial diagnosis. Participants were recorded performing a maximal smile by a 4D stereophotogrammetric system. Phases of the smile were divided into closed lip and open lip smiles. Ten regions of interest were analyzed: subnasal area, upper lip, lower lip, oral commissure, and ala on both sides. The motion vectors were calculated and vector magnitude and direction for each region was compared. RESULTS Between cleft and control groups, the differences in vector direction were greater than the magnitude differences. Significant differences in vector direction were identified at both oral commissures in the closed lip smile; and at the oral commissure, subnasal, upper lip, and lower lip regions during open lip smile. CONCLUSIONS Vector analysis demonstrated significant movement asymmetry during facial animation in participants following UCL repair, not previously identified when analyzing magnitude of skin displacement.
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Zhao C, Hallac RR, Seaward JR. Analysis of Facial Movement in Repaired Unilateral Cleft Lip Using Three-Dimensional Motion Capture. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:2074-2077. [PMID: 33770029 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Unilateral cleft lip (UCL) is one of the most common craniofacial deformities. Surgical intervention reconstructs lip and nose anatomy; however, some degree of asymmetry persists after repair. This demonstrates a need for a model for studying and improving outcomes for patients with orofacial clefts. This study's main question was whether there is a significant difference in dynamic facial asymmetry between participants with repaired UCLs and control participants during smiling. Ten pediatric subjects with repaired left UCLs and 12 with no craniofacial diagnoses were recorded performing maximum smiles using a markerless 4D video stereophotogrammetrical system. A facial mesh template containing 884 landmarks was conformed to each initial frame and tracked throughout. Kinetic analysis of smiles was performed by calculating landmark 3D Euclidean distance between frames. Patients with left repaired UCL showed increasing facial asymmetry throughout smiling. Oral commissures, upper, and lower lips demonstrated significantly greater movement on the right side (P < 0.05). Control patients showed facial asymmetry during the first half of smiling, with greater movement on the left side. Displacement difference between right and left was significantly greater at oral commissures and upper lips in patients with repaired ULC compared to control patients. This study provides a highly detailed, quantitative analysis of postoperative UCLs, and help improve outcomes of future repair surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Zhao
- Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, Children's Medical Center
| | - Rami R Hallac
- Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, Children's Medical Center.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - James R Seaward
- Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, Children's Medical Center.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Qiu T, Xue Z, Wu L, Yang R, Liu X, Wang X, Li Z. Three-Dimensional Dynamic Analysis of the Reproducibility of Verbal and Nonverbal Facial Expressions. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 59:22-31. [PMID: 33882695 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211001998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare the short- and long-term reproducibility of verbal and nonverbal facial expressions of normal people using dynamic 3-dimensional (3-D) imaging. DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional, controlled study. SETTING Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS Twenty-seven participants, 12 males and 15 females, were recruited for this study. METHODS A 3-D dynamic system was applied to capture the process of 4 nonverbal facial expressions (smile lips closed, smile lips open, lip purse, cheek puff) and 2 verbal facial expressions (/i:/, /u:/) at an initial time point, 15 minutes later, and 1 week later. Key frames were selected from each expression recording sequence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The root mean square (RMS) between each key frame and its corresponding frame at rest was calculated. ΔRMS reflected the difference of the same key frames between the different sessions of the same expression of the same participant. The reproducibility of different facial expressions at different time intervals were analyzed. RESULTS There was no significant difference in verbal and nonverbal expression repeatability during a 15-minute interval, except for cheek puff motion. Following a 1-week interval, verbal expression repeatability was superior to that of nonverbal expressions (P < .01). Compared with nonverbal expressions, the repeatability of verbal expressions did not obviously decrease with the increase in recording interval. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic 3-D imaging is a useful technique for facial expression analysis. Verbal expressions showed greater reproducibility than nonverbal expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zulin Xue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zili Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Three-dimensional acquisition technologies for facial soft tissues – Applications and prospects in orthognathic surgery. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2020; 121:721-728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gattani S, Ju X, Gillgrass T, Bell A, Ayoub A. An Innovative Assessment of the Dynamics of Facial Movements in Surgically Managed Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Using 4D Imaging. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 57:1125-1133. [PMID: 32419475 PMCID: PMC7594373 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620924871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess facial asymmetry during maximum smile in patients with surgically managed unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), using a dynamic 3-dimensional (3D) imaging (4-dimensional) system. DESIGN Prospective 2 cohort comparative study. METHODS Twenty-five surgically managed UCLP cases and 75 controls at 8 to 10 years of age were recruited. Facial movements during maximum smile were recorded using video stereophotogrammetry at a rate of 60 3D facial images per second. Maximum smile took approximately 3 seconds and generated 180 3D facial images for the analysis. A generic facial mesh which consists of more than 7000 quasi landmarks was used for the assessment of facial asymmetry at 5 key 3D frames representing the pattern of maximum smile. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were seen regarding the magnitude of facial asymmetry between the UCLP group and the noncleft controls. Higher average asymmetry in the UCLP group was seen in the 3D frame midway between maximum smile and rest (frame 4) followed by the frame at peak expression of maximum smile (frame 3). The average magnitude of nasolabial asymmetry of the control group was within 0.5 mm in comparison with the UCLP cases which was about 1.8 mm. CONCLUSION This study provided for the first time, an objective tool for analysis of the dynamics of muscle movements which provided an unprecedented insight into the anatomical basis of the residual dysmorphology. The research demonstrates the limitations of the primary lip repair in achieving symmetrical results and underpins the required refinements to improve the quality of surgical repair of cleft lip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Gattani
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangyang Ju
- Medical Devices Unit, Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, National Health Service of Greater Glasgow and Clyde, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Gillgrass
- Glasgow Dental Hospital & School, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen Bell
- Oral Surgery, Glasgow University Dental Hospital & School, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ashraf Ayoub
- Scottish Craniofacial Research Group, Glasgow University Dental Hospital & School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Harkel TCT, Vinayahalingam S, Ingels KJAO, Berge SJ, Maal TJJ, Speksnijder CM. Reliability and Agreement of 3D Anthropometric Measurements in Facial Palsy Patients Using a Low-Cost 4D Imaging System. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2020; 28:1817-1824. [PMID: 32746313 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2020.3007532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The reliability (precision) and agreement (accuracy) of anthropometric measurements based on manually placed 3D landmarks using the RealSense D415 were investigated in this paper. Thirty facial palsy patients, with their face in neutral (resting) position, were recorded simultaneously with the RealSense and a professional 3dMD imaging system. First the RealSense depth accuracy was determined. Subsequently, two observers placed 14 facial landmarks on the 3dMD and RealSense image, assessing the distance between landmark placement. The respective intra- and inter-rater Euclidean distance between the landmark placements was 0.84 mm (±0.58) and 1.00 mm (±0.70) for the 3dMD landmarks and 1.32 mm (±1.27) and 1.62 mm (±1.42) for the RealSense landmarks. From these landmarks 14 anthropometric measurements were derived. The intra- and inter-rater measurements had an overall reliability of 0.95 (0.87 - 0.98) and 0.93 (0.85 - 0.97) for the 3dMD measurements, and 0.83 (0.70 - 0.91) and 0.80 (0.64 - 0.89) for the RealSense measurements, respectively, expressed as the intra-class correlation coefficient. Determined by the Bland-Altman analysis, the agreement between the RealSense measurements and 3dMD measurements was on average -0.90 mm (-4.04 - 2.24) and -0.89 mm (-4.65 - 2.86) for intra- and inter-rater agreement, respectively. Based on the reported reliability and agreement of the RealSense measurements, the RealSense D415 can be considered as a viable option to perform objective 3D anthropomorphic measurements on the face in a neutral position, where a low-cost and portable camera is required.
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Three-Dimensional Dynamic Analysis of the Facial Movement Symmetry of Skeletal Class III Patients With Facial Asymmetry. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 78:267-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hallac RR, Thrikutam N, Chou PY, Huang R, Seaward JR, Kane AA. Kinematic Analysis of Smiles in the Healthy Pediatric Population Using 3-Dimensional Motion Capture. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2019; 57:430-437. [DOI: 10.1177/1055665619887628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Facial normalcy, as measured with 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional photographs, has been documented in the healthy pediatric population. However, static images convey far from a complete representation of an individual’s daily interactions with peers. Craniofacial surgery induces changes to soft or osseous tissues and thereby affects dynamic facial expression. To-date, there has not been rigorous, dynamic quantification of normal facial expression. In this study, we used 4-dimensional (4D) imaging to assess the facial expression of healthy children to provide a normative reference point for craniofacial surgeons. Methods: A total of 36 healthy pediatric volunteers underwent 4D video recordings while performing a maximal voluntary smile. A face template containing 884 landmarks was registered and tracked throughout the videos using Dimensional Imaging software. Participants were divided into 2 smile groups: open-lip smile and closed-lip smile. Kinematic analysis of smiles was calculated for every landmark from its position in the resting frame to its terminal displacement. Results: Composite smiles and Euclidean distance maps were generated displaying areas of greatest displacement near the oral commissures. There was significant difference between closed-lip and open-lip groups in regions of eyes and cheeks. In addition, the open-lip smile group demonstrated significantly greater displacement in the oral commissure on the left side compared to the right ( P < .05); whereas, in the closed-lip group, the eyes and cheeks moved significantly more on the right side. Conclusion: This study presents an innovative method that can be used to evaluate facial expressions to help craniofacial surgeons restore functional movement in patients with facial anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami R. Hallac
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, Children’s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nikhitha Thrikutam
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Pang-Yun Chou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Clinical Research, Children’s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James R. Seaward
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alex A. Kane
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, Children’s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Ye H, Wang KP, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhou Y. Four-dimensional digital prediction of the esthetic outcome and digital implementation for rehabilitation in the esthetic zone. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 123:557-563. [PMID: 31383524 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A technique for 4-dimensional (4D) digital prediction of the outcome of esthetic dentistry for a virtual patient is presented. Static 3D images (which incorporate predicted precise dentition and facial soft tissue in different smiling positions) can be converted into dynamic 3D images by using 3D intraoral imaging, 3D face imaging, and various computer software programs. This strategy can improve the visual perception and quality of esthetic prediction. In addition, the predicted esthetic outcome can be implemented by replicating the contour and shape of digital wax patterns in the definitive ceramic restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Ye
- Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kuan-Paul Wang
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yushu Liu
- Resident, The Second Dental Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.
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Wesselius TS, Verhulst AC, Xi T, Ulrich DJO, Maal TJJ. Effect of skin tone on the accuracy of hybrid and passive stereophotogrammetry. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2019; 72:1564-1569. [PMID: 31229406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) surface images acquired from stereophotogrammetry are increasingly being used to plan or evaluate treatment by plastic surgeons. Stereophotogrammetry exists in active, passive, and hybrid forms. Active and hybrid stereophotogrammetry are believed to capture darker surfaces more accurately than passive stereophotogrammetry. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether skin tone has a clinically relevant effect on the accuracy of hybrid and passive stereophotogrammetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven subjects with different skin tones were recruited. 3D-printed face and breast were spray-painted in six different colors, ranging from white to black. The skin tones and paint colors were objectified by measuring their melanin index. 3D photos of the subjects and 3D prints were acquired with hybrid and passive stereophotogrammetry. These 3D photos were matched with specialized software, and their geometric differences were calculated. RESULTS None of the 3D photos showed a clinically relevant mean inaccuracy. On the 3D prints, hybrid stereophotogrammetry resulted in a smaller standard deviation of the inaccuracies than passive stereophotogrammetry (0.20 ± 0.06 mm vs. 0.35 ± 0.07 mm, p < 0.001). Passive stereophotogrammetry yielded a correlation between the melanin index of the spray paint colors and the standard deviation of the inaccuracy (Pearson's R = 0.60, p = 0.04). On human subjects, no correlation or difference in standard deviation of the accuracy was found. CONCLUSION Skin tone does not influence the accuracy of hybrid and passive 3D stereophotogrammetry in a clinically relevant way.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Wesselius
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 3D Lab Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - A C Verhulst
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 3D Lab Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - T Xi
- 3D Lab Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - D J O Ulrich
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - T J J Maal
- 3D Lab Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Duran GS, Di̇ndaroğlu F, Kutlu P. Hard- and soft-tissue symmetry comparison in patients with Class III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2019; 155:509-522. [PMID: 30935606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to describe hard- and soft-tissue asymmetry in people who have a skeletal Class III malocclusion, and to compare with those without asymmetry. We also performed a regional analysis of a possible correlation between facial soft- and hard-tissue asymmetries. METHODS This retrospective study was performed with the use of the computed tomographic scans of 60 subjects. The skeletal Class III subjects were categorized into 2 subgroups: soft-tissue menton deviation ≤4 mm (n = 20) versus >4 mm (n = 20). The Class III groups were compared with a Class I symmetry group (n = 20). Hard and soft tissues were segmented into different morphologic areas and deviation calculated. Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained, and 1-way analysis of variance was conducted for statistical analysis. RESULTS The highest deviation in the hard tissues of the Class III asymmetry group was in the corpus region (5.55 ± 3.05 mm), with the second highest in the angulus region (4.70 ± 2.43 mm). The highest average deviation in the soft tissues was seen in the lower cheek (7.04 ± 3.46 mm). In the different study groups, the amounts of asymmetry measured in anatomic structures on the mandible were found to be highly correlated between neighboring structures. CONCLUSIONS Clinically and statistically significant differences were found in the anatomic regions located in the middle and lower thirds of the face. There was a medium or high correlation between condyle, coronoid process, ramus, and angulus regions. A low level of correlation was observed between middle face and mandibular asymmetries in hard-tissue upper cheek and lower cheek regions were correlated with different mandibular regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Serhat Duran
- Department of Orthodontics, Gülhane Faculty of Dentistry, Sağlık Bilimleri University, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Furkan Di̇ndaroğlu
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Pınar Kutlu
- Department of Orthodontics, Gülhane Faculty of Dentistry, Sağlık Bilimleri University, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
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Lowney C, Hsung TC, Morris D, Khambay B. Quantitative dynamic analysis of the nasolabial complex using 3D motion capture: A normative data set. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2018; 71:1332-1345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Alagha M, Ju X, Morley S, Ayoub A. Reproducibility of the dynamics of facial expressions in unilateral facial palsy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 47:268-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Depth accuracy of the RealSense F200: Low-cost 4D facial imaging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16263. [PMID: 29176666 PMCID: PMC5701257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The RealSense F200 represents a new generation of economically viable 4-dimensional imaging (4D) systems for home use. However, its 3D geometric (depth) accuracy has not been clinically tested. Therefore, this study determined the depth accuracy of the RealSense, in a cohort of patients with a unilateral facial palsy (n = 34), by using the clinically validated 3dMD system as a gold standard. The patients were simultaneously recorded with both systems, capturing six Sunnybrook poses. This study has shown that the RealSense depth accuracy was not affected by a facial palsy (1.48 ± 0.28 mm), compared to a healthy face (1.46 ± 0.26 mm). Furthermore, the Sunnybrook poses did not influence the RealSense depth accuracy (p = 0.76). However, the distance of the patients to the RealSense was shown to affect the accuracy of the system, where the highest depth accuracy of 1.07 mm was measured at a distance of 35 cm. Overall, this study has shown that the RealSense can provide reliable and accurate depth data when recording a range of facial movements. Therefore, when the portability, low-costs, and availability of the RealSense are taken into consideration, the camera is a viable option for 4D close range imaging in telehealth.
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Bolzoni A, Mapelli A, Baj A, Sidequersky FV, Giannì AB, Sforza C. Evaluation of three-dimensional mandibular movements after reconstruction with free fibula flap. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA 2017; 35:371-8. [PMID: 26900241 PMCID: PMC4755051 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Seven patients who underwent mandibular reconstruction with a fibula free flap (one on the midline, six on either right or left side) and were rehabilitated with implant supported prostheses, performed free mandibular border movements (maximal mouth opening and closing, right and left lateral excursions, protrusion) that were recorded by a non-invasive motion analyser. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) kinematic parameters were compared to those calculated in healthy control subjects using z-scores. Maximum mouth opening was reduced in all patients, with z-scores ranging from -2.742 to -0.106, and performed with a reduced sagittal plane mandibular rotation. Interincisal point forward movement during protrusion was reduced in all but one patient. Lateral mandibular movements (displacement of the interincisal point) and bilateral condylar movements during mouth opening were very variable and sometimes asymmetrical. Mandibular rotation was also variable, with z-scores ranging from -1.265 to 1.388. Together with mandibular range of motion, we investigated biomechanical characteristics of TMJ motion that can provide further information about the joint without submitting the patient to harmful procedures, and that can be followed-up during healing. The investigation indicates those areas that need to be given special attention in preoperative planning, patient information and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bolzoni
- Maxillofacial and Odontostomatology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - A Mapelli
- Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy;; Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Baj
- Maxillofacial and Odontostomatology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - F V Sidequersky
- Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy;; Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A B Giannì
- Maxillofacial and Odontostomatology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - C Sforza
- Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Creation of a 3-dimensional virtual dental patient for computer-guided surgery and CAD-CAM interim complete removable and fixed dental prostheses: A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2017; 117:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Zhao YJ, Xiong YX, Wang Y. Three-Dimensional Accuracy of Facial Scan for Facial Deformities in Clinics: A New Evaluation Method for Facial Scanner Accuracy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169402. [PMID: 28056044 PMCID: PMC5215889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the practical accuracy (PA) of optical facial scanners for facial deformity patients in oral clinic was evaluated. Ten patients with a variety of facial deformities from oral clinical were included in the study. For each patient, a three-dimensional (3D) face model was acquired, via a high-accuracy industrial “line-laser” scanner (Faro), as the reference model and two test models were obtained, via a “stereophotography” (3dMD) and a “structured light” facial scanner (FaceScan) separately. Registration based on the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm was executed to overlap the test models to reference models, and “3D error” as a new measurement indicator calculated by reverse engineering software (Geomagic Studio) was used to evaluate the 3D global and partial (upper, middle, and lower parts of face) PA of each facial scanner. The respective 3D accuracy of stereophotography and structured light facial scanners obtained for facial deformities was 0.58±0.11 mm and 0.57±0.07 mm. The 3D accuracy of different facial partitions was inconsistent; the middle face had the best performance. Although the PA of two facial scanners was lower than their nominal accuracy (NA), they all met the requirement for oral clinic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-jiao Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu-xue Xiong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Kang SH, Kim MK, An SI, Lee JY. The effect of orthognathic surgery on the lip lines while smiling in skeletal class III patients with facial asymmetry. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 38:18. [PMID: 27077071 PMCID: PMC4820018 DOI: 10.1186/s40902-016-0065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between improvements in lip asymmetry at rest and while smiling after orthognathic surgery in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion. METHODS This study included 21 patients with skeletal class III malocclusion and facial asymmetry. We used preoperative and postoperative CT data and photographs to measure the vertical distance of the lips when smiling. The photographs were calibrated based on these distances and the CT image. We compared preoperative and postoperative results with the t test and correlations between measurements at rest and when smiling by regression analyses. RESULTS There were significant correlations between the postoperative changes in canting of the mouth corners at rest, canting of the canines, canting of the first molars, the slope of the line connecting the canines, and the slope of the line connecting first molars. The magnitude of the postoperative lip line improvement while smiling was not significantly correlated with changes in the canting and slopes of the canines, molars, and lip lines at rest. CONCLUSIONS It remains difficult to predict lip line changes while smiling compared with at rest after orthognathic surgery in patients with mandibular prognathism, accompanied by facial asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-ro, Ilsan-donggu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-719 Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Key Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-ro, Ilsan-donggu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-719 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-In An
- Department of Orthodontics, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-ro, Ilsan-donggu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-719 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Lee
- Department of Orthodontics, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-ro, Ilsan-donggu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-719 Republic of Korea
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Chae MP, Rozen WM, Spychal RT, Hunter-Smith DJ. Breast volumetric analysis for aesthetic planning in breast reconstruction: a literature review of techniques. Gland Surg 2016; 5:212-26. [PMID: 27047788 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2227-684x.2015.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate volumetric analysis is an essential component of preoperative planning in both reconstructive and aesthetic breast procedures towards achieving symmetrization and patient-satisfactory outcome. Numerous comparative studies and reviews of individual techniques have been reported. However, a unifying review of all techniques comparing their accuracy, reliability, and practicality has been lacking. METHODS A review of the published English literature dating from 1950 to 2015 using databases, such as PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and EMBASE, was undertaken. RESULTS Since Bouman's first description of water displacement method, a range of volumetric assessment techniques have been described: thermoplastic casting, direct anthropomorphic measurement, two-dimensional (2D) imaging, and computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. However, most have been unreliable, difficult to execute and demonstrate limited practicability. Introduction of 3D surface imaging has revolutionized the field due to its ease of use, fast speed, accuracy, and reliability. However, its widespread use has been limited by its high cost and lack of high level of evidence. Recent developments have unveiled the first web-based 3D surface imaging program, 4D imaging, and 3D printing. CONCLUSIONS Despite its importance, an accurate, reliable, and simple breast volumetric analysis tool has been elusive until the introduction of 3D surface imaging technology. However, its high cost has limited its wide usage. Novel adjunct technologies, such as web-based 3D surface imaging program, 4D imaging, and 3D printing, appear promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Chae
- 1 Monash University Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Department of Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia
| | - Warren Matthew Rozen
- 1 Monash University Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Department of Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia
| | - Robert T Spychal
- 1 Monash University Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Department of Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia
| | - David J Hunter-Smith
- 1 Monash University Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Department of Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia
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Al-Hiyali A, Ayoub A, Ju X, Almuzian M, Al-Anezi T. The Impact of Orthognathic Surgery on Facial Expressions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 73:2380-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Timing of Three-Dimensional Virtual Treatment Planning of Orthognathic Surgery. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2014; 26:475-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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