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Wilkat M, Liu S, Schwerter M, Schrader F, Saigo L, Karnatz N, Kübler NR, Rana M. A New Approach to Virtual Occlusion in Orthognathic Surgery Planning Using Mixed Reality-A Technical Note and Review of the Literature. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1709. [PMID: 38138936 PMCID: PMC10744857 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthognathic surgery plays a vital role in correcting various skeletal discrepancies of the maxillofacial region. Achieving optimal occlusion is a fundamental aspect of orthognathic surgery planning, as it directly influences postoperative outcomes and patient satisfaction. Traditional methods for setting final occlusion involve the use of dental casts which are time-consuming, prone to errors and cannot be easily shared among collaborating specialties. In recent years, advancements in digital technology have introduced innovative approaches, such as virtual occlusion, which may offer enhanced accuracy and efficiency in orthognathic surgery planning. Furthermore, the emergence of mixed reality devices and their 3D visualization capabilities have brought about novel benefits in the medical field, particularly in computer-assisted planning. This paper presents for the first time a prototype tool for setting virtual occlusion during orthognathic surgery planning using mixed reality technology. A complete walkthrough of the workflow is presented including an explanation of the implicit advantages of this novel tool. The new approach to defining virtual occlusion is set into context with other published methods of virtual occlusion setting, discussing advantages and limitations as well as concepts of surgical occlusion for orthognathic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Wilkat
- Department of Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shufang Liu
- Brainlab AG, Olof-Palme-Str. 9, 81829 München, Germany
| | | | - Felix Schrader
- Department of Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leonardo Saigo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Dental Centre Singapore, 5 Second Hospital Ave., Singapore 168938, Singapore
| | - Nadia Karnatz
- Department of Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert R. Kübler
- Department of Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Majeed Rana
- Department of Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Almadi D, Benington P, Ju X, Ayoub A. Reproducibility and reliability of digital occlusal planning for orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 52:1074-1080. [PMID: 36941160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The digital articulation of dental models is gradually replacing the conventional physical approach for occlusal prediction planning. This study was performed to compare the accuracy and reproducibility of free-hand articulation of two groups of digital and physical dental models, 12 Class I (group 1) and 12 Class III (group 2). The models were scanned using an intraoral scanner. The physical and digital models were independently articulated 2 weeks apart by three orthodontists to achieve the maximum inter-digitation, with coincident midlines and a positive overjet and overbite. The occlusal contacts provided by the software color-coded maps were assessed and the differences in the pitch, roll, and yaw were measured. The reproducibility of the achieved occlusion of both the physical and digital articulation was excellent. The z-axis displayed the smallest absolute mean differences of 0.10 ± 0.08 mm and 0.27 ± 0.24 mm in the repeated physical and repeated digital articulations, respectively, both in group 2. The largest discrepancies between the two methods of articulation were in the y-axis (0.76 ± 0.60 mm, P = 0.010) and in roll (1.83° ± 1.72°, P = 0.005). The overall measured differences were< 0.8 mm and< 2°. Despite the steep learning curve, digital occlusal planning is accurate enough for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Almadi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Glasgow University Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, UK
| | - P Benington
- Orthodontic Service, Glasgow University Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, UK
| | - X Ju
- Medical Device Unit, Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, West Glasgow Ambulatory Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Ayoub
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Glasgow University Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, UK.
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Plaster Casts vs. Intraoral Scans: Do Different Methods of Determining the Final Occlusion Affect the Simulated Outcome in Orthognathic Surgery? J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12081288. [PMID: 36013237 PMCID: PMC9409745 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A virtual occlusal adjustment in orthognathic surgery has many advantages; however, the haptic information offered by plaster casts is missing when using intraoral scans. Feeling the interferences may be helpful in defining the best possible occlusion. Whether the use of a virtual occlusal adjustment instead of the conventional approach has a significant effect on the postsurgical position of the jaws is a question that remains unanswered. This study compares a virtual method to the conventional method of defining the final occlusion. Twenty-five orthognathic patients were included. Bimaxillary and single-jaw orthognathic surgery (mandible only) was simulated. The two methods were compared regarding discrepancies in the simulated postsurgical position of the mandible, measured three-dimensionally using MeshLab (MeshLab 2020.12 3D). An analysis using SPSS revealed no significant differences between the tested methods (p-values: 0.580 to 0.713). The mean absolute discrepancies ranged from 0.14 mm to 0.72 mm, laying within the scope of the clinically acceptable inaccuracies of an osteosynthesis in orthognathic surgery. The lack of haptic information in virtual planning had no relevant influence on the definition of the final occlusion and the simulated postsurgical outcome. However, in individual cases, plaster models might still be helpful in finding the adequate occlusion, especially in the sagittal dimension and in cases of patients with an anterior open bite, but this remains to be tested.
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Study on Collision Detection and Force Feedback Algorithm in Virtual Surgery. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:6611196. [PMID: 33628402 PMCID: PMC7889397 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6611196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of virtual reality technology is expected to solve traditional surgical training. The lack of methods has brought revolutionary advances in technology. The virtual surgery system based on collision detection and force feedback can enable the operator to have stronger interaction, which is an exploration of the feature of touch in virtual reality technology. Reality is an important indicator of the virtual surgical system. This article improves the realism of the system from the visual and tactile senses and uses the surrounding ball collision detection and force feedback algorithms to build a realistic surgical platform. In the virtual surgery training system, the introduction of force feedback greatly improves the sense of presence during virtual surgery interaction. The operator can feel the softness and hardness of different tissues and organs through the force feedback device. Virtual reality is an interdisciplinary comprehensive technology that has been widely used in military, film, medical, and gaming fields. Virtual reality can simulate the objective world and display it visually, making people feel immersive. Virtual surgery provides surgeons with a recyclable surgical practice platform and can help doctors perform preoperative rehearsals and predict the results of surgery. The design of collision detection and force feedback algorithms is a prerequisite to ensure the immersion and transparency of the virtual surgical training system. This article mainly introduces the collision detection and force feedback algorithm research in virtual surgery, with the intention of providing some ideas and directions for the development of virtual surgery. This paper proposes two collision detection algorithms, space decomposition method and hierarchical bounding box method, and three force feedback algorithms including spring mass point algorithm, Runge–Kutta method, and Euler method to construct virtual surgery collision detection and force feedback. Experiment with the Overall System Architecture. This paper proves through experimental results that the average collision detection time after the application of the improved collision detection and force feedback algorithm in the virtual surgery system is more than 80.7% less than the traditional method, which greatly improves the detection speed.
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Baan F, van Meggelen EM, Verhulst AC, Bruggink R, Xi T, Maal TJJ. Virtual occlusion in orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 50:1219-1225. [PMID: 33358521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective study was to determine whether a virtually created occlusion is as accurate as a conventionally created occlusion. Seventeen orthognathic patients were included in the study, which was conducted in a university clinic. Plaster cast models were obtained and digitized. Two experienced observers created the conventional (gold standard) and virtual occlusion to assess inter-observer variability. One observer created the conventional and virtual occlusion a second time to assess the intra-observer variability. The criterion for accepting the virtual occlusion was that the difference between the gold standard and the virtual occlusion was not larger than the intra-observer variability for the gold standard. A non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis H test was performed to detect statistically significant differences between the intra- and inter-observer groups for both the conventional and virtual occlusion. No statistically significant differences were found between the different groups. The difference between the conventional and virtual occlusion group was 0.20mm larger than the intra-observer variability of the gold standard. The virtual occlusion tool presented here can be utilized in daily clinical practice and makes the use of physical dental models redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baan
- Radboudumc 3DLab The Netherlands, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - E M van Meggelen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A C Verhulst
- Radboudumc 3DLab The Netherlands, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Bruggink
- Radboudumc 3DLab The Netherlands, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T Xi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T J J Maal
- Radboudumc 3DLab The Netherlands, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ho CT, Lin HH, Lo LJ. Intraoral Scanning and Setting Up the Digital Final Occlusion in Three-Dimensional Planning of Orthognathic Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 143:1027e-1036e. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000005556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Badiali G, Costabile E, Lovero E, Pironi M, Rucci P, Marchetti C, Bianchi A. Virtual Orthodontic Surgical Planning to Improve the Accuracy of the Surgery-First Approach: A Prospective Evaluation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 77:2104-2115. [PMID: 31108059 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We developed an innovative computer-assisted method to increase the accuracy of the surgery-first (SF) approach by linking the virtual orthodontic planning (VOP) with the virtual surgical planning (VSP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen consecutive patients were enrolled from 2013 to 2015. All 15 patients had initially undergone cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT; 15 × 15 field-of-view) and intraoral digital scanning of the dental arches. The DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) data set and STL files were processed using the SimPlant O&O platform (Dentsply-Sirona, York, PA), which facilitates skeletal, dental, and soft tissue modeling and subsequent realization of the VOP/VSP. The VSP was reproduced using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing surgical splints, and the VOP was realized via postoperative orthodontic treatment. At the end of treatment, all the patients underwent repeat CBCT and digital scanning of the dental arches, and the new data sets were compared with the original data sets to determine the deviations. To evaluate skeletal accuracy, we assessed all points within an arbitrary range of -2 to +2 mm. To evaluate dental accuracy, the arbitrary range was -0.8 to +0.8 mm. RESULTS The average duration of orthodontic treatment was 17.9 months. The accuracy of maxillary treatment averaged 0.0702 ± 2.0724 mm and that of mandibular treatment, 0.2811 ± 1.9993 mm. The average upper and lower dental arch accuracy was -0.0029 ± 1.125 and -0.0147 ± 1.263 mm, respectively. The maxillary surgery accuracy was 75.3% and that of mandibular surgery 74.0%, both within the -2 to +2-mm range. The upper and lower arch accuracy was 58.86 and 51.53%, respectively, both within the -0.8 to +0.8-mm range. CONCLUSIONS The use of the VOP/VSP improved the diagnostic and therapeutic SF preoperative planning. VOP contributed significantly in this context. The accuracy of skeletal repositioning was acceptable; however, the VSP should be rendered more reproducibly in the future to minimize the need for orthodontic compensation and to maximize the advantages of SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Badiali
- Junior Assistant Professor, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Enrico Costabile
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "Vittorio Emanuele" University Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Elisa Lovero
- PhD Student, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Pironi
- Orthodontist, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Rucci
- Associate Professor, Division of Hygiene and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Marchetti
- Full Professor and Head, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Bianchi
- Associate Professor, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Lin HH, Lonic D, Lo LJ. 3D printing in orthognathic surgery − A literature review. J Formos Med Assoc 2018; 117:547-558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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A New Procedure Assisted by Digital Techniques for Secondary Mandibular Reconstruction With Free Fibula Flap. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 27:2009-2014. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000003096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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