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Joshi U, Pandya M, Gupta S, George LB, Highland H. Extracellular Proteomic Profiling from the Erythrocytes Infected with Plasmodium Falciparum 3D7 Holds Promise for the Detection of Biomarkers. Protein J 2024:10.1007/s10930-024-10212-1. [PMID: 39009910 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), which causes the most severe form of malaria, if left untreated, has 24 h window in which it can cause severe illness and even death. The aim of this study was to create the most comprehensive and informative secretory-proteome possible by combining high-accuracy and high-sensitivity protein identification technology. In this study, we used Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (Pf3D7) as the model parasite to develop a label-free quantification proteomic strategy with the main goal of identifying Pf3D7 proteins that are supposed to be secreted outside the infected erythrocytes in the spent media culture during the in-vitro study. The spent culture media supernatant was subjected to differential and ultra-centrifugation steps followed by total protein extraction, estimation, and in-solution digestion using trypsin, digested peptides were analyzed using Nano-LC coupled with ESI for MS/MS. MS/MS spectra were processed using Maxquant software (v2.1.4.0.). Non-infected erythrocytes incubated spent cultured media supernatant were considered as control. Out of discovered 38 proteins, proteins belonging to P. falciparum spp. were EGF-like protein (C0H544), Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP170 (C0H5H0), Small GTP-binding protein sar1 (Q8I1S0), Erythrocyte membrane protein 1, PfEMP1 (Q8I639), aldehyde reductase (Q8ID61), Conserved Plasmodium proteins (Q8IEH3, Q8ILD1), Antigen 332, DBL-like protein (Q8IHN4), Fe-S cluster assembly protein (Q8II78), identified and chosen for further in-depth investigation. This study highlights the value of secretory Plasmodium proteins play crucial roles in various aspects of the disease progression and host-pathogen interactions which can serve as diagnostic markers for malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urja Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
- Department of Zoology, BMTC, Human Genetics and WLC, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
| | - Maulik Pandya
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate change, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Biological Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Linz-Buoy George
- Department of Zoology, BMTC, Human Genetics and WLC, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Hyacinth Highland
- Department of Zoology, BMTC, Human Genetics and WLC, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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2
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Gabriela M, Barnes CBG, Leong D, Sleebs BE, Schneider MP, Littler DR, Crabb BS, de Koning‐Ward TF, Gilson PR. Sequence elements within the PEXEL motif and its downstream region modulate PTEX-dependent protein export in Plasmodium falciparum. Traffic 2024; 25:e12922. [PMID: 37926971 PMCID: PMC10952997 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The parasite Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and to invade and replicate in red blood cells (RBCs), it exports hundreds of proteins across the encasing parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) into this host cell. The exported proteins help modify the RBC to support rapid parasite growth and avoidance of the human immune system. Most exported proteins possess a conserved Plasmodium export element (PEXEL) motif with the consensus RxLxE/D/Q amino acid sequence, which acts as a proteolytic cleavage recognition site within the parasite's endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Cleavage occurs after the P1 L residue and is thought to help release the protein from the ER so it can be putatively escorted by the HSP101 chaperone to the parasitophorous vacuole space surrounding the intraerythrocytic parasite. HSP101 and its cargo are then thought to assemble with the rest of a Plasmodium translocon for exported proteins (PTEX) complex, that then recognises the xE/D/Q capped N-terminus of the exported protein and translocates it across the vacuole membrane into the RBC compartment. Here, we present evidence that supports a dual role for the PEXEL's conserved P2 ' position E/Q/D residue, first, for plasmepsin V cleavage in the ER, and second, for efficient PTEX mediated export across the PVM into the RBC. We also present evidence that the downstream 'spacer' region separating the PEXEL motif from the folded functional region of the exported protein controls cargo interaction with PTEX as well. The spacer must be of a sufficient length and permissive amino acid composition to engage the HSP101 unfoldase component of PTEX to be efficiently translocated into the RBC compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikha Gabriela
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- School of MedicineDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Claudia B. G. Barnes
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Dickson Leong
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Dene R. Littler
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Brendan S. Crabb
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of ImmunologyMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tania F. de Koning‐Ward
- School of MedicineDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT)Deakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Paul R. Gilson
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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3
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Hasan MM, Polino AJ, Mukherjee S, Vaupel B, Goldberg DE. The mature N-termini of Plasmodium effector proteins confer specificity of export. mBio 2023; 14:e0121523. [PMID: 37646514 PMCID: PMC10653839 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01215-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Malaria parasites export hundreds of proteins to the cytoplasm of the host red blood cells for their survival. A five amino acid sequence, called the PEXEL motif, is conserved among many exported proteins and is thought to be a signal for export. However, the motif is cleaved inside the endoplasmic reticulum of the parasite, and mature proteins starting from the fourth PEXEL residue travel to the parasite periphery for export. We showed that the PEXEL motif is dispensable for export as long as identical mature proteins can be efficiently produced via alternative means in the ER. We also showed that the exported and non-exported proteins are differentiated at the parasite periphery based on their mature N-termini; however, any discernible export signal within that region remained cryptic. Our study resolves a longstanding paradox in PEXEL protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad M. Hasan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander J. Polino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sumit Mukherjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Barbara Vaupel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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4
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Das D, Krishnan SR, Roy A, Bulusu G. A network-based approach reveals novel invasion and Maurer's clefts-related proteins in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Omics 2019; 15:431-441. [PMID: 31631203 DOI: 10.1039/c9mo00124g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a major concern in developing countries despite continuous efforts to find a cure for the disease. Understanding the pathogenesis mechanism is necessary to identify more effective drug targets against malaria. Many years of experimental research have generated a large amount of data for the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. These data are useful to understand the importance of certain parasite proteins, but it often remains unclear how these proteins come together, interact with other proteins and carry out their function. Identification of all proteins involved in pathogenesis is an important step towards understanding the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis. In this study, dynamic stage-specific protein-protein interaction networks were created based on gene expression data during the parasite's intra-erythrocytic stages and static protein-protein interaction data. Using previously known proteins of a biological event as seed proteins, the random walk with restart (RWR) method was used on the dynamic protein-protein interaction networks to identify novel proteins related to that event. Two screening procedures namely, permutation test and GO enrichment test were performed to increase the reliability of the RWR predictions. The proposed method was first validated on Plasmodium falciparum proteins related to invasion, where it could reproduce the existing knowledge from a small set of seed proteins. It was then used to identify novel Maurer's clefts resident proteins, where it could identify 152 parasite proteins. We show that the current approach can annotate conserved proteins with unknown function. The predicted proteins can help build a mechanistic model for disease pathogenesis, which will be useful in identifying new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajyoti Das
- TCS Innovation Labs - Hyderabad (Life Sciences Division), Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Hyderabad, India.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Pool
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Health Innovation Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ilaria Russo
- Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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6
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Charnaud SC, Dixon MWA, Nie CQ, Chappell L, Sanders PR, Nebl T, Hanssen E, Berriman M, Chan JA, Blanch AJ, Beeson JG, Rayner JC, Przyborski JM, Tilley L, Crabb BS, Gilson PR. The exported chaperone Hsp70-x supports virulence functions for Plasmodium falciparum blood stage parasites. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181656. [PMID: 28732045 PMCID: PMC5521827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by five different Plasmodium spp. in humans each of which modifies the host erythrocyte to survive and replicate. The two main causes of malaria, P. falciparum and P. vivax, differ in their ability to cause severe disease, mainly due to differences in the cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes (IE) in the microvasculature. Cytoadhesion of P. falciparum in the brain leads to a large number of deaths each year and is a consequence of exported parasite proteins, some of which modify the erythrocyte cytoskeleton while others such as PfEMP1 project onto the erythrocyte surface where they bind to endothelial cells. Here we investigate the effects of knocking out an exported Hsp70-type chaperone termed Hsp70-x that is present in P. falciparum but not P. vivax. Although the growth of Δhsp70-x parasites was unaffected, the export of PfEMP1 cytoadherence proteins was delayed and Δhsp70-x IE had reduced adhesion. The Δhsp70-x IE were also more rigid than wild-type controls indicating changes in the way the parasites modified their host erythrocyte. To investigate the cause of this, transcriptional and translational changes in exported and chaperone proteins were monitored and some changes were observed. We propose that PfHsp70-x is not essential for survival in vitro, but may be required for the efficient export and functioning of some P. falciparum exported proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W. A. Dixon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Lia Chappell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Nebl
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jo-Anne Chan
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J. Blanch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julian C. Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan S. Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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7
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Oxidative insult can induce malaria-protective trait of sickle and fetal erythrocytes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13401. [PMID: 27824335 PMCID: PMC5105170 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infections can cause severe malaria, but not every infected person develops life-threatening complications. In particular, carriers of the structural haemoglobinopathies S and C and infants are protected from severe disease. Protection is associated with impaired parasite-induced host actin reorganization, required for vesicular trafficking of parasite-encoded adhesins, and reduced cytoadherence of parasitized erythrocytes in the microvasculature. Here we show that aberrant host actin remodelling and the ensuing reduced cytoadherence result from a redox imbalance inherent to haemoglobinopathic and fetal erythrocytes. We further show that a transient oxidative insult to wild-type erythrocytes before infection with P. falciparum induces the phenotypic features associated with the protective trait of haemoglobinopathic and fetal erythrocytes. Moreover, pretreatment of mice with the pro-oxidative nutritional supplement menadione mitigate the development of experimental cerebral malaria. Our results identify redox imbalance as a causative principle of protection from severe malaria, which might inspire host-directed intervention strategies.
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8
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Spillman NJ, Beck JR, Goldberg DE. Protein export into malaria parasite-infected erythrocytes: mechanisms and functional consequences. Annu Rev Biochem 2015; 84:813-41. [PMID: 25621510 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phylum Apicomplexa comprises a large group of obligate intracellular parasites of high medical and veterinary importance. These organisms succeed intracellularly by effecting remarkable changes in a broad range of diverse host cells. The transformation of the host erythrocyte is particularly striking in the case of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. P. falciparum exports hundreds of proteins that mediate a complex cellular renovation marked by changes in the permeability, rigidity, and cytoadherence properties of the host erythrocyte. The past decade has seen enormous progress in understanding the identity and function of these exported effectors, as well as the mechanisms by which they are trafficked into the host cell. Here we review these advances, place them in the context of host manipulation by related apicomplexans, and propose key directions for future research.
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9
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Chan JA, Fowkes FJI, Beeson JG. Surface antigens of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes as immune targets and malaria vaccine candidates. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3633-57. [PMID: 24691798 PMCID: PMC4160571 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the targets and mechanisms of human immunity to malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is crucial for advancing effective vaccines and developing tools for measuring immunity and exposure in populations. Acquired immunity to malaria predominantly targets the blood stage of infection when merozoites of Plasmodium spp. infect erythrocytes and replicate within them. During the intra-erythrocytic development of P. falciparum, numerous parasite-derived antigens are expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes (IEs). These antigens enable P. falciparum-IEs to adhere in the vasculature and accumulate in multiple organs, which is a key process in the pathogenesis of disease. IE surface antigens, often referred to as variant surface antigens, are important targets of acquired protective immunity and include PfEMP1, RIFIN, STEVOR and SURFIN. These antigens are highly polymorphic and encoded by multigene families, which generate substantial antigenic diversity to mediate immune evasion. The most important immune target appears to be PfEMP1, which is a major ligand for vascular adhesion and sequestration of IEs. Studies are beginning to identify specific variants of PfEMP1 linked to disease pathogenesis that may be suitable for vaccine development, but overcoming antigenic diversity in PfEMP1 remains a major challenge. Much less is known about other surface antigens, or antigens on the surface of gametocyte-IEs, the effector mechanisms that mediate immunity, and how immunity is acquired and maintained over time; these are important topics for future research.
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10
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Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria, completely remodels the infected human erythrocyte to acquire nutrients and to evade the immune system. For this process, the parasite exports more than 10% of all its proteins into the host cell cytosol, including the major virulence factor PfEMP1 (P. falciparum erythrocyte surface protein 1). This unusual protein trafficking system involves long-known parasite-derived membranous structures in the host cell cytosol, called Maurer's clefts. However, the genesis, role, and function of Maurer's clefts remain elusive. Similarly unclear is how proteins are sorted and how they are transported to and from these structures. Recent years have seen a large increase of knowledge but, as yet, no functional model has been established. In this perspective we review the most important findings and conclude with potential possibilities to shed light into the enigma of Maurer's clefts. Understanding the mechanism and function of these structures, as well as their involvement in protein export in P. falciparum, might lead to innovative control strategies and might give us a handle with which to help to eliminate this deadly parasite.
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11
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Matz JM, Matuschewski K, Kooij TW. Two putative protein export regulators promote Plasmodium blood stage development in vivo. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 191:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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The N-terminal segment of Plasmodium falciparum SURFIN4.1 is required for its trafficking to the red blood cell cytosol through the endoplasmic reticulum. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:215-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Reid AJ, Berriman M. Genes involved in host-parasite interactions can be revealed by their correlated expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 41:1508-18. [PMID: 23275547 PMCID: PMC3561955 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular interactions between a parasite and its host are key to the ability of the parasite to enter the host and persist. Our understanding of the genes and proteins involved in these interactions is limited. To better understand these processes it would be advantageous to have a range of methods to predict pairs of genes involved in such interactions. Correlated gene expression profiles can be used to identify molecular interactions within a species. Here we have extended the concept to different species, showing that genes with correlated expression are more likely to encode proteins, which directly or indirectly participate in host–parasite interaction. We go on to examine our predictions of molecular interactions between the malaria parasite and both its mammalian host and insect vector. Our approach could be applied to study any interaction between species, for example, between a host and its parasites or pathogens, but also symbiotic and commensal pairings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam James Reid
- Parasite genomics group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
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14
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Orito Y, Ishino T, Iwanaga S, Kaneko I, Kato T, Menard R, Chinzei Y, Yuda M. Liver-specific protein 2: a Plasmodium protein exported to the hepatocyte cytoplasm and required for merozoite formation. Mol Microbiol 2012; 87:66-79. [PMID: 23216750 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver stage is the first stage of the malaria parasite that replicates in the vertebrate host. However, little is known about the interplay between the parasite liver stage and its host cell, the hepatocyte. In this study, we identified an exported protein that has a critical role in parasite development in host hepatocytes. Expressed sequence tag analysis of Plasmodium berghei liver-stage parasites indicated that transcripts encoding a protein with an N-terminal signal peptide, designated liver-specific protein 2 (LISP2), are highly expressed in this stage. Expression of LISP2 was first observed 24 h after infection and rapidly increased during the liver-stage schizogony. Immunofluorescent staining with anti-LSP2 antibodies showed that LISP2 was carried to the parasitophorous vacuole and subsequently transported to the cytoplasm and nucleus of host hepatocytes. Gene targeting experiments demonstrated that majority of the LISP2-mutant liver-stage parasites arrested their development during formation of merozoites. These results indicate that exported LISP2 is involved in parasite-host interactions required for the development of liver-stage parasites inside hepatocytes. This study demonstrated that mid-to-late liver-stage malarial parasites have a system for exporting proteins to the host cell as intraerythrocytic stages do and presumably to use the proteins to modify the host cell and improve the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Orito
- Department of Medical Zoology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Tsu 514-0001, Japan
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15
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Bullen HE, Crabb BS, Gilson PR. Recent insights into the export of PEXEL/HTS-motif containing proteins in Plasmodium parasites. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:699-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Deponte M, Hoppe HC, Lee MC, Maier AG, Richard D, Rug M, Spielmann T, Przyborski JM. Wherever I may roam: Protein and membrane trafficking in P. falciparum-infected red blood cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 186:95-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Ku MJ, Dossin FDM, Hansen MAE, Genovesio A, Ayong L, Freitas-Junior LH. An image-based drug susceptibility assay targeting the placental sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41765. [PMID: 22952585 PMCID: PMC3430655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental malaria is a significant cause of all malaria-related deaths globally for which no drugs have been developed to specifically disrupt its pathogenesis. To facilitate the discovery of antimalarial drugs targeting the cytoadherence process of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes in the placenta microvasculature, we have developed an automated image-based assay for high-throughput screening for potent cytoadherence inhibitors in vitro. Parasitized erythrocytes were drug-treated for 24 h and then allowed to adhere on a monolayer of placental BeWo cells prior to red blood cell staining with glycophorin A antibodies. Upon image-acquisition, drug effects were quantified as the proportion of treated parasitized erythrocytes to BeWo cells compared to the binding of untreated iRBCs. We confirmed the reliability of this new assay by comparing the binding ratios of CSA- and CD36-panned parasites on the placental BeWo cells, and by quantifying the effects of chondroitin sulfate A, brefeldin A, and artemisinin on the binding. By simultaneously examining the drug effects on parasite viability, we could discriminate between cytoadherence-specific inhibitors and other schizonticidal compounds. Taken together, our data establish that the developed assay is highly suitable for drug studies targeting placental malaria, and will facilitate the discovery and rapid development of new therapies against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Je Ku
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Fernando de M. Dossin
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Michael A. E. Hansen
- Center for Core Technologies-Image Mining, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Auguste Genovesio
- Center for Core Technologies-Image Mining, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Lucio H. Freitas-Junior
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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18
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Külzer S, Charnaud S, Dagan T, Riedel J, Mandal P, Pesce ER, Blatch GL, Crabb BS, Gilson PR, Przyborski JM. Plasmodium falciparum-encoded exported hsp70/hsp40 chaperone/co-chaperone complexes within the host erythrocyte. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1784-95. [PMID: 22925632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Malaria parasites modify their host cell, the mature human erythrocyte. We are interested in the molecules mediating these processes, and have recently described a family of parasite-encoded heat shock proteins (PfHsp40s) that are targeted to the host cell, and implicated in host cell modification. Hsp40s generally function as co-chaperones of members of the Hsp70 family, and until now it was thought that human Hsp70 acts as the PfHsp40 interaction partner within the host cell. Here we revise this hypothesis, and identify and characterize an exported parasite-encoded Hsp70, referred to as PfHsp70-x. PfHsp70-x is exported to the host erythrocyte where it forms a complex with PfHsp40s in structures known as J-dots, and is closely associated with PfEMP1. Interestingly, Hsp70-x is encoded only by parasite species that export the major virulence factor EMP1, implying a possible role for Hsp70-x in EMP1 presentation at the surface of the infected erythrocyte. Our data strongly support the presence of parasite-encoded chaperone/co-chaperone complexes within the host erythrocyte, which are involved in protein traffic through the host cell. The host-pathogen interaction within the infected erythrocyte is more complex than previously thought, and is driven notonly by parasite co-chaperones, but also by the parasite-encoded chaperone Hsp70-x itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Külzer
- Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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19
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de Azevedo MF, Gilson PR, Gabriel HB, Simões RF, Angrisano F, Baum J, Crabb BS, Wunderlich G. Systematic analysis of FKBP inducible degradation domain tagging strategies for the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40981. [PMID: 22815885 PMCID: PMC3397994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted regulation of protein levels is an important tool to gain insights into the role of proteins essential to cell function and development. In recent years, a method based on mutated forms of the human FKBP12 has been established and used to great effect in various cell types to explore protein function. The mutated FKBP protein, referred to as destabilization domain (DD) tag when fused with a native protein at the N- or C-terminus targets the protein for proteosomal degradation. Regulated expression is achieved via addition of a compound, Shld-1, that stabilizes the protein and prevents degradation. A limited number of studies have used this system to provide powerful insight into protein function in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. In order to better understand the DD inducible system in P. falciparum, we studied the effect of Shld-1 on parasite growth, demonstrating that although development is not impaired, it is delayed, requiring the appropriate controls for phenotype interpretation. We explored the quantified regulation of reporter Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and luciferase constructs fused to three DD variants in parasite cells either via transient or stable transfection. The regulation obtained with the original FKBP derived DD domain was compared to two triple mutants DD24 and DD29, which had been described to provide better regulation for C-terminal tagging in other cell types. When cloned to the C-terminal of reporter proteins, DD24 provided the strongest regulation allowing reporter activity to be reduced to lower levels than DD and to restore the activity of stabilised proteins to higher levels than DD29. Importantly, DD24 has not previously been applied to regulate proteins in P. falciparum. The possibility of regulating an exported protein was addressed by targeting the Ring-Infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen (RESA) at its C-terminus. The tagged protein demonstrated an important modulation of its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Ferreira de Azevedo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- The Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gilson
- The Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heloisa B. Gabriel
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Roseli F. Simões
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fiona Angrisano
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacob Baum
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan S. Crabb
- The Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerhard Wunderlich
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Plasmodium yoelii blood-stage antigens newly identified by immunoaffinity using purified IgG antibodies from malaria-resistant mice. Immunobiology 2012; 217:823-30. [PMID: 22658767 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the search for an effective human malaria vaccine continues, understanding immune responses to Plasmodium in rodent models is perhaps the key to unlocking new vaccine strategies. The recruitment of parasite-specific antibodies is an important component of natural immunity against infection in blood-stage malaria. Here, we describe the use of sera from naturally surviving ICR mice after infection with lethal doses of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii 17XL to identify highly immunogenic blood-stage antigens. Immobilized protein A/G was used for the affinity-chromatography purification of the IgGs present in pooled sera from surviving mice. These protective IgGs, covalently immobilized on agarose columns, were then used to isolate reactive antigens from whole P. yoelii yoelii 17XL protein extracts obtained from the blood-stage malaria infection. Through proteomics analysis of the recovered parasite antigens, we were able to identify two endoplasmic reticulum lumen proteins: protein disulfide isomerase and a member of the heat shock protein 70 family. Also identified were the digestive protease plasmepsin and the 39 kDa-subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, a ribosome associated protein. Of these four proteins, three have not been previously identified as antigenic during blood-stage malaria infection. This procedure of isolating and identifying parasite antigens using serum IgGs from malaria-protected individuals could be a novel strategy for the development of multi-antigen-based vaccine therapies.
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21
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Treeck M, Sanders JL, Elias JE, Boothroyd JC. The phosphoproteomes of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii reveal unusual adaptations within and beyond the parasites' boundaries. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 10:410-9. [PMID: 22018241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii are obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites that rapidly invade and extensively modify host cells. Protein phosphorylation is one mechanism by which these parasites can control such processes. Here we present a phosphoproteome analysis of peptides enriched from schizont stage P. falciparum and T. gondii tachyzoites that are either "intracellular" or purified away from host material. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified over 5,000 and 10,000 previously unknown phosphorylation sites in P. falciparum and T. gondii, respectively, revealing that protein phosphorylation is an extensively used regulation mechanism both within and beyond parasite boundaries. Unexpectedly, both parasites have phosphorylated tyrosines, and P. falciparum has unusual phosphorylation motifs that are apparently shaped by its A:T-rich genome. This data set provides important information on the role of phosphorylation in the host-pathogen interaction and clues to the evolutionary forces operating on protein phosphorylation motifs in both parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Treeck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Eshar S, Dahan-Pasternak N, Weiner A, Dzikowski R. High resolution 3D perspective of Plasmodium biology: advancing into a new era. Trends Parasitol 2011; 27:548-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cook WJ, Senkovich O, Chattopadhyay D. Structure of the catalytic domain of Plasmodium falciparum ARF GTPase-activating protein (ARFGAP). Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1339-44. [PMID: 22102228 PMCID: PMC3212447 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111032507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the ADP ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein (ARFGAP) from Plasmodium falciparum has been determined and refined to 2.4 Å resolution. Multiwavength anomalous diffraction (MAD) data were collected utilizing the Zn(2+) ion bound at the zinc-finger domain and were used to solve the structure. The overall structure of the domain is similar to those of mammalian ARFGAPs. However, several amino-acid residues in the area where GAP interacts with ARF1 differ in P. falciparum ARFGAP. Moreover, a number of residues that form the dimer interface in the crystal structure are unique in P. falciparum ARFGAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Cook
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CBSE-250, 1015 18th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Olga Senkovich
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CBSE-250, 1015 18th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Debasish Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CBSE-250, 1015 18th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Patarroyo ME, Bermúdez A, Patarroyo MA. Structural and Immunological Principles Leading to Chemically Synthesized, Multiantigenic, Multistage, Minimal Subunit-Based Vaccine Development. Chem Rev 2011; 111:3459-507. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100223m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50, No. 26-00, Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
| | - Adriana Bermúdez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50, No. 26-00, Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad del Rosario
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50, No. 26-00, Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad del Rosario
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Ancient class of translocated oomycete effectors targets the host nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:17421-6. [PMID: 20847293 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1008491107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens use specialized secretion systems and targeting signals to translocate effector proteins inside host cells, a process that is essential for promoting disease and parasitism. However, the amino acid sequences that determine host delivery of eukaryotic pathogen effectors remain mostly unknown. The Crinkler (CRN) proteins of oomycete plant pathogens, such as the Irish potato famine organism Phytophthora infestans, are modular proteins with predicted secretion signals and conserved N-terminal sequence motifs. Here, we provide direct evidence that CRN N termini mediate protein transport into plant cells. CRN host translocation requires a conserved motif that is present in all examined plant pathogenic oomycetes, including the phylogenetically divergent species Aphanomyces euteiches that does not form haustoria, specialized infection structures that have been implicated previously in delivery of effectors. Several distinct CRN C termini localized to plant nuclei and, in the case of CRN8, required nuclear accumulation to induce plant cell death. These results reveal a large family of ubiquitous oomycete effector proteins that target the host nucleus. Oomycetes appear to have acquired the ability to translocate effector proteins inside plant cells relatively early in their evolution and before the emergence of haustoria. Finally, this work further implicates the host nucleus as an important cellular compartment where the fate of plant-microbe interactions is determined.
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Moving in and renovating: exporting proteins from Plasmodium into host erythrocytes. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:617-21. [PMID: 20706280 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Malaria parasites live within erythrocytes in the host bloodstream and induce crucial changes to these cells. By so doing, they can obtain the nutrients that they require for growth and can effect the evasion and perturbation of host defences. In order to accomplish this extensive host cell remodelling, the intracellular parasite exports hundreds of proteins to commander the erythrocyte for its own purposes. An export motif, a processing enzyme that specifies protein targeting and a translocon that mediates the export of proteins from the parasite into the host erythrocyte have been identified. However, important questions remain regarding the secretory pathway and the function of the translocon. In addition, this export pathway provides potentially useful targets for the development of inhibitors to interfere with functions that are vital for the virulence and survival programmes of the parasite.
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Abstract
In order to survive and promote its virulence the malaria parasite must export hundreds of its proteins beyond an encasing vacuole and membrane into the host red blood cell. In the last few years, several major advances have been made that have significantly contributed to our understanding of this export process. These include: (i) the identification of sequences that direct protein export (a signal sequence and a motif termed PEXEL), which have allowed predictions of the exportomes of Plasmodium species that are the cause of malaria, (ii) the recognition that the fate of proteins destined for export is already decided within the parasite's endoplasmic reticulum and involves the PEXEL motif being recognized and cleaved by the aspartic protease plasmepsin V and (iii) the discovery of the Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins (PTEX) that is responsible for the passage of proteins across the vacuolar membrane. We review protein export in Plasmodium and these latest developments in the field that have now provided a new platform from which trafficking of malaria proteins can be dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Haase
- Strategic Research Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic., Australia
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